Chromosome WIKIPEDIA

8/11/2019 Chromosome WIKIPEDIA

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For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics .

Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid oneof the t o identical parts of the chromosome after ! phase . (") Centromere the point here thet o chromatids touch. (#) !hort arm. ($) %ong arm.

& chromosome is packaged and organi'ed chromatin , a comple of macromolecules found incells , consisting of D & , protein and * & . +he main information-carrying macromolecule is asingle piece of coiled dou le-stranded D & , containing many genes , regulatory elements andother non-coding D & . +he D &- ound macromolecules are proteins, hich ser e to packagethe D & and control its functions. Chromosomes ary idely et een different organisms .!ome species also contain plasmids or other e trachromosomal D & .

Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosomeor a t o-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomalrecom ination during meiosis plays a ital role in genetic di ersity. If these structures aremanipulated incorrectly, through processes kno n as chromosomal insta ility and translocation,the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may une pectedly e ade apoptosis leadingto the progression of cancer .

In prokaryotes (see nucleoids ) and iruses , 1/ the D & is often densely packed and organi'ed. Inthe case of &rchaea y homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of 0acteria y histone-like

proteins. !mall circular genomes called plasmids are often found in 0acteria and also inmitochondria and chloroplasts , reflecting their acterial origins.

Contents 1 istory of disco ery " 2rokaryotes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-like_nucleoid-structuring_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplastshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#History_of_discoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Prokaryoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosome.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-like_nucleoid-structuring_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplastshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#History_of_discoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Prokaryoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics


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o ".1 !tructure in se3uences

o "." D & packaging

# 4ukaryotes

o #.1 Chromatin

#.1.1 Interphase chromatin

#.1." 5etaphase chromatin and di ision

o #." uman chromosomes

$ um er of chromosomes in arious organisms

o $.1 4ukaryotes

o $." 2rokaryotes

6 7aryotype

o 6.1 istorical note

8 & errations

9 !ee also

: otes and references

; 4 ternal links

History of discovery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Structure_in_sequenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#DNA_packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Interphase_chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Metaphase_chromatin_and_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Human_chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Number_of_chromosomes_in_various_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Prokaryotes_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Karyotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Historical_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Aberrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Notes_and_referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_sutton.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Structure_in_sequenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#DNA_packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Interphase_chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Metaphase_chromatin_and_divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Human_chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Number_of_chromosomes_in_various_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Prokaryotes_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Karyotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Historical_notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Aberrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Notes_and_referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#External_links


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In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged y proteins into a condensed structure calledchromatin . +his allo s the ery long D & molecules to fit into the cell nucleus . +he structure ofchromosomes and chromatin aries through the cell cycle . Chromosomes are e en morecondensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular di ision. Chromosomes must ereplicated, di ided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic

di ersity and sur i al of their progeny . Chromosomes may e ist as either duplicated orunduplicated. Knduplicated chromosomes are single linear strands, hereas duplicatedchromosomes contain t o identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids ) oined y acentromere .

Fig. ! +he ma or structures in D & compactionL D & , the nucleosome , the 1=nm M eads-on-a-

stringM fi re, the #=nm fi re and the metaphase chromosome.

4ukaryotes (cells ith nuclei such as those found in plants, yeast, and animals) possess multiplelarge linear chromosomes contained in the cell s nucleus. 4ach chromosome has one centromere ,

ith one or t o arms pro ecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, thesearms are not isi le as such. In addition, most eukaryotes ha e a small circular mitochondrial genome , and some eukaryotes may ha e additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.

In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes , the uncondensed D & e ists in a semi-orderedstructure, here it is rapped around histones (structural proteins ), forming a composite material

called chromatin .

Chromatin

5ain articleG Chromatin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromatin_Structures.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin


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Chromatin is the comple of D & and protein found in the eukaryotic nucleus, hich packageschromosomes. +he structure of chromatin aries significantly et een different stages of the cellcycle , according to the re3uirements of the D &.

"nterphase chromatin

During interphase (the period of the cell cycle here the cell is not di iding), t o types ofchromatin can e distinguishedG

4uchromatin , hich consists of D & that is acti e, e.g., eing e pressed as protein. eterochromatin , hich consists of mostly inacti e D &. It seems to ser e structural

purposes during the chromosomal stages. eterochromatin can e further distinguishedinto t o typesG

o Constitutive heterochromatin , hich is ne er e pressed. It is located around thecentromere and usually contains repetiti e se3uences .

o Facultative heterochromatin , hich is sometimes e pressed.

#etaphase chromatin and division

!ee alsoG mitosis and meiosis

uman chromosomes during metaphase

In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell di ision), the chromatin strands ecome more andmore condensed. +hey cease to function as accessi le genetic material ( transcription stops) and

ecome a compact transporta le form. +his compact form makes the indi idual chromosomesisi le, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each

other at the centromere . +he shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit , small) and thelonger arms are called q arms (q follo s p in the %atin alpha etL 3-g MgrandeML alternati ely it issometimes said 3 is short for queue meaning tail in French 19/). +his is the only natural conte t in

hich indi idual chromosomes are isi le ith an optical microscope .

During mitosis, microtu ules gro from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell andalso attach to the centromere at speciali'ed structures called kinetochores , one of hich is

present on each sister chromatid . & special D & ase se3uence in the region of the kinetochores
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetochoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetochoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatid


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pro ides, along ith special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. +he microtu ulesthen pull the chromatids apart to ard the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one setof chromatids. Jnce the cells ha e di ided, the chromatids are uncoiled and D & can again etranscri ed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, hichena les these giant D & structures to e contained ithin a cell nucleus (Fig. ").

Human chromosomes

Chromosomes in humans can e di ided into t o typesG autosomes and se chromosomes .Certain genetic traits are linked to a person s se and are passed on through the sechromosomes. +he autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. &ll act inthe same ay during cell di ision. uman cells ha e "# pairs of chromosomes ("" pairs ofautosomes and one pair of se chromosomes), gi ing a total of $8 per cell. In addition to these,human cells ha e many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome . !e3uencing of thehuman genome has pro ided a great deal of information a out each of the chromosomes. 0elois a ta le compiling statistics for the chromosomes, ased on the !anger Institute s human

genome information in the erte rate >enome &nnotation ( 4>&) data ase .1:/

um er ofgenes is an estimate as it is in part ased on gene predictions . +otal chromosome length is anestimate as ell, ased on the estimated si'e of unse3uenced heterochromatin regions.

4stimated num er of genes and ase pairs (in mega ase pairs) on each human chromosome

Chromosome $enes %ota&'ase pairs Sequenced 'ase

pairs()*+

Cumu&ative

,-1 ",=== "$9,1;;,91; ""$,;;;,91; 9.;" 1,#== "$",961,1$; "#9,91",8$; 18."# 1,=== 1;;,$$8,:"9 1;$,9=$,:"9 "#.=$ 1,=== 1;1,"8#,=8# 1:9,";9,=8# ";.86 ;== 1:=,:#9,:88 199,9=",988 #6.:8 1,=== 19=,:;8,;;# 189,"9#,;;# $1.8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_and_Genome_Annotation_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_5_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genes_and_base_pairs_on_chromosomes.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_and_Genome_Annotation_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_predictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_5_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)


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Chromosome $enes %ota&'ase pairs Sequenced 'asepairs ()*+Cumu&ative

,-9 ;== 16:,:"1,$"$ 16$,;6",$"$ $9.1: 9== 1$8,"9$,:"8 1$",81",:"8 6".=; :== 1$=,$$",";: 1"=,#1",";: 68.#

1= 9== 1#6,#9$,9#9 1#1,8"$,9#9 8=.;11 1,#== 1#$,$6",#:$ 1#1,1#=,:6# 86.$1" 1,1== 1#",":;,6#$ 1#=,#=#,6#$ 9=.=1# #== 11$,1"9,;:= ;6,66;,;:= 9#.$1$ :== 1=8,#8=,6:6 ::,";=,6:6 98.$16 8== 1==,##:,;16 :1,#$1,;16 9;.#18 :== ::,:"","6$ 9:,::$,96$ :".=19 1,"== 9:,86$,9$" 99,:==,""= :$.:1: "== 98,119,16# 9$,868,166 :9.$1; 1,6== 8#,:=8,861 66,9:6,861 :;.#"= 6== 8",$#6,;86 6;,6=6,"6$ ;1.$"1 "== $8,;$$,#"# #$,191,;;: ;".8"" 6== $;,6":,;6# #$,:;#,;6# ;#.:

N (sechromosome) :== 16$,;1#,96$ 161,=6:,96$ ;;.1

O (sechromosome) 6= 69,9$1,86" "6,1"1,86" 1==.=

%ota& /0/// to10/// ( /+ 20/3*04520353 041306*4016/ )//./

Num'er of chromosomes in various organisms5ain articleG %ist of num er of chromosomes of arious organisms

Eukaryotes

+hese ta les gi e the total num er of chromosomes (including se chromosomes) in a cellnucleus. For e ample, human cells are diploid and ha e "" different types of autosome , each

present as t o copies, and t o se chromosomes . +his gi es $8 chromosomes in total. Jtherorganisms ha e more than t o copies of their chromosomes, such as read heat , hich ishexaploid and has si copies of se en different chromosomes $" chromosomes in total.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_7_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_10_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_13_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_15_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_18_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_20_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_21_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_22_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number_of_chromosomes_of_various_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_7_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_10_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_13_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_15_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_18_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_20_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_21_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_22_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number_of_chromosomes_of_various_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat


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Chromosomenum ers in some

plants

P&antSpecies 7

Arabidopsisthaliana (diploid) "1/

1=

*ye (diploid) ""/ 1$

5ai'e (diploid or

palaeotetraploid) "#/

"=

4inkornheat

(diploid) "$/1$

Durumheat

(tetraploid)"$/

":

0read heat(he aploid)

"$/$"

Culti atedto acco (tetraploid)

"6/

$:

&dder s appr

Chromosome num ers("n) in some animals

Species 7 Species 7

Commonfruit fly :

>uinea pig "9/ 8$

>uppy ( poeciliareticulata )

":/

$8 >ardensnail ";/ 6$

4arth or m ( ctodril uscomplanatus ) #=/

#8

2illmillipede

( Arthrosphaera fumosa ) #1/

#=

+i etanfo #8

Domesticcat #"/ #:

Domestic pig #:

%a orator ymouse ##/

#$/

$=%a oratoryrat #$/

$"

*a it $$ !yrian $$

Chromosome num ers in other organisms

Species

8arge

Chromosomes

"ntermediate

Chromosomes

#icrochromosomes

Trypano somabrucei

11 8 P1==

Domestic pigeon(Columba liviadomestics) $$/

1: - 6;-8#

Chicken$6/ :

" sechromosomes

8=
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkorn_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkorn_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Dubcovsky-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durum_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durum_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Dubcovsky-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Dubcovsky-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guppyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_snailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_snailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_snailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_millipedehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_millipedehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Romanenko-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Painter-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Painter-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_bruceihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_bruceihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_bruceihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thalianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkorn_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkorn_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Dubcovsky-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durum_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durum_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Dubcovsky-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Dubcovsky-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guppyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_snailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_snailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_millipedehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_millipedehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Romanenko-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Painter-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Painter-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_bruceihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_bruceihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_bruceihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-45


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Chromosomenum ers in some

plants

P&antSpecies 7

tongue fern (diploid) "8/

o .1,"==

Chromosome num ers("n) in some animals

Species 7 Species 7

( ryctola guscuniculus )

#6/

hamster##/

ares #8/ #9/ $: uman#

:/ $8

>orillas ,chimpan'ees #:/

$: Domestic sheep 6$

4lephants#;/ 68 Co 8=

Donkey 8" orse 8$

Dog $=/ 9: 7ingfisher $1/1#"

>oldfish $"/

1==-1=$

!ilk or m $#/ 68

ormal mem ers of a particular eukaryotic species all ha e the same num er of nuclearchromosomes (see the ta le). Jther eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more aria le in num er, and there may e thousands ofcopies per cell.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Romanenko-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Grouchy-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Grouchy-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Grouchy-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_morihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_morihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_hamsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Romanenko-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Romanenko-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Grouchy-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Grouchy-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-Grouchy-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_morihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_morihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species


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+he "# human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fi ro last cells.

&se ually reproducing species ha e one set of chromosomes, hich are the same in all odycells. o e er, ase ual species can e either haploid or diploid.

!e ually reproducing species ha e somatic cells ( ody cells), hich are diploid "n/ ha ing t osets of chromosomes ("# pairs in humans ith one set of "# chromosomes from each parent),one set from the mother and one from the father. >ametes , reproducti e cells, are haploid n/G+hey ha e one set of chromosomes. >ametes are produced y meiosis of a diploid germ line cell.During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can e change small parts ofthemsel es ( crosso er ), and thus create ne chromosomes that are not inherited solely fromeither parent.


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9aryotype

5ain articleG 7aryotype

Figure 2 G 7aryogram of a human male

In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species .6=/ +he preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics .

&lthough the replication and transcription of D & is highly standardi'ed in eukaryotes , the same cannot be said for their "aryotypes , hich are often highly aria le. +here may e

ariation et een species in chromosome num er and in detailed organi'ation. In some cases,there is significant ariation ithin species. Jften there isG

1. ariation et een the t o se es". ariation et een the germ-line and soma ( et een gametes and the rest of the ody)#. ariation et een mem ers of a population, due to alanced genetic polymorphism$. geographical ariation et een races6. mosaics or other ise a normal indi iduals.

&lso, ariation in karyotype may occur during de elopment from the fertilised egg.

+he techni3ue of determining the karyotype is usually called "aryotyping . Cells can e locked part- ay through di ision (in metaphase) in itro (in a reaction ial) ith colchicine . +hese cellsare then stained, photographed, and arranged into a "aryogram , ith the set of chromosomesarranged, autosomes in order of length, and se chromosomes (here NQO) at the endG Fig. #.

%ike many se ually reproducing species, humans ha e special gonosomes (se chromosomes, incontrast to autosomes ). +hese are NN in females and NO in males.

Historica& noteIn estigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most asic 3uestionG Ho#many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain$ In 1;1", ans on


13/15

e techni3ues ere needed to definiti ely sol e the pro lemG

1. Ksing cells in culture". &rresting mitosis in metaphase y a solution of colchicine

#. 2retreating cells in a hypotonic solution =.=96 m 7Cl, hich s ells them and spreads thechromosomes

$. !3uashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane

6. Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputa le karyogram.

It took until 1;6$ efore the human diploid num er as confirmed as $8. 6$/ 66/ Considering thetechni3ues of


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+he t o ma or t o-chromosome mutationsL insertion (1) and translocation (").

In Do n syndrome, there are three copies of chromosome "1

Chromosomal a errations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are ama or cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Do n syndrome , although mosta errations ha e little to no effect. !ome chromosome a normalities do not cause disease incarriers, such as translocations , or chromosomal in ersions , although they may lead to a higher

chance of earing a child ith a chromosome disorder. & normal num ers of chromosomes orchromosome sets, called aneuploidy , may e lethal or may gi e rise to genetic disorders. >eneticcounseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement.

+he gain or loss of D & from chromosomes can lead to a ariety of genetic disorders . umane amples includeG

Cri du chat , hich is caused y the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 6.MCri du chatM means Mcry of the catM in FrenchL the condition as so-named ecauseaffected a ies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. &ffectedindi iduals ha e ide-set eyes, a small head and a , moderate to se ere mental health

pro lems, and are ery short. Do n syndrome , the most common trisomy, usually caused y an e tra copy of

chromosome "1 ( trisomy "1 ). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier uild, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate de elopmental disa ility. 69/

4d ards syndrome , or trisomy-1:, the second most common trisomy. citation needed / !ymptoms include motor retardation, de elopmental disa ility and numerous congenitalanomalies causing serious health pro lems. inety percent of those affected die ininfancy. +hey ha e characteristic clenched hands and o erlapping fingers.

Isodicentric 16 , also called idic(16), partial tetrasomy 163, or in erted duplication 16 (indup 16).

Haco sen syndrome , hich is ery rare. It is also called the terminal 113 deletion disorder.6:/ +hose affected ha e normal intelligence or mild de elopmental disa ility, ith poor

e pressi e language skills. 5ost ha e a leeding disorder called 2aris-+rousseausyndrome .

7linefelter syndrome (NNO). 5en ith 7linefelter syndrome are usually sterile, and tendto e taller and ha e longer arms and legs than their peers. 0oys ith the syndrome are
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translocationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_inversionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_inversionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_inversionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counselinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counselinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_deletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodicentric_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Trousseau_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Trousseau_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosome_21.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translocationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_inversionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counselinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counselinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_deletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodicentric_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Trousseau_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Trousseau_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome


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often shy and 3uiet, and ha e a higher incidence of speech delay and dysle ia .

Documents

Chromosome WIKIPEDIA