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Name:"CHRISTOPHER"KELLY"

Module:"AR3020"DISSERTATION"

KU"Number:"K1000740"

Title:"Discuss"whether"the"functional"design"ethos"of"Charles"Holden"was"realised"in"his"1932"Southgate"Station"on"the"London"Underground."Was"the"stated"aim"of"functional"design"

implemented"consistently"and"successfully?"

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Table!of!Contents!

Charles"Holden"Timeline"..........................................................................................................."4"!1."Introduction".........................................................................................................................."5"

""""""""""1.1"Charles"Holden"..........................................................................................................."5"

2."Holden"and"the"Underground"Company"..............................................................................."7"

""""""""""2.1"Relationship"with"the"Client"......................................................................................."7"

""""""""""2.2"Projects"for"Frank"Pick"..............................................................................................."7"

""""""""""2.3"Trip"to"Europe".........................................................................................................."12"

3."Architect's"Approach"..........................................................................................................."16"

""""""""""3.1"Sense"of"Purpose"....................................................................................................."16"

""""""""""3.2"Efficient"Building"Use"..............................................................................................."18"

""""""""""3.3"Collaboration"..........................................................................................................."18"

4."Formal"and"Constructional"Aspects"of"the"Design".............................................................."20"

""""""""""4.1"Praise"and"Criticism".................................................................................................."22"

""""""""""4.2"Original"Site".............................................................................................................."22"

""""""""""4.3"Modern"Changes"......................................................................................................"27"

""""""""""4.4"Observation"............................................................................................................."27"

""""""""""""""""""""4.4.1"Exterior"........................................................................................................"27"

""""""""""""""""""""4.4.2"Interior"........................................................................................................."30"

""""""""""""""""""""4.4.3"Shopping"Parade".........................................................................................."33"

""""""""""4.5"Changing"Technology"..............................................................................................."33"

5."Architect's"Intellectual"Position".........................................................................................."36"

""""""""""5.1"How"Holden's"Appoach"Informed"the"Design"for"Southgate"Station"......................."36"

""""""""""5.2"The"End"of"the"Relationship"with"the"Client"............................................................"36"

""""""""""5.3"Holden's"Influence"..................................................................................................."37"

6."Conclusion".........................................................................................................................."39"

7."Bibliography"........................................................................................................................"42"

8."Image"Credits"......................................................................................................................"44"!"

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4

1875

1897

1899

1903

1906

1908

1913

1915

1924

1924

1926

1928

Born

Holden came to London

Worked with Adams

Designed Belgrave Hospital ;ĚǁĂƌĚŝĂŶƌƚƐĂŶĚƌĂŌƐͿ

Bristol Central Reference Library

ƌŝƟƐŚDĞĚŝĐĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐ;DĂŶŶĞƌŝƐŵͿ

Holden became a partner in AHP

DĞƚ&ƌĂŶŬWŝĐŬ

&ŝƌƐƚ:ŽďĨŽƌWŝĐŬͲtĞƐƚŵŝŶƐƚĞƌ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

^ƚĂƟŽŶĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌƐ

EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ>ŝŶĞĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶŽƉĞŶĞĚ

WŝĐĐĂĚŝůůLJŝƌĐƵƐ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

1929

1930

1931

1931

1932

1933

1934

1937

1936

1939

1960

55 Broadway (EĞŽͲůĂƐƐŝĐŝƐŵĂŶĚƌƚĞĐŽͿ

dƌĂǀĞůůĞĚƚŽEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶƵƌŽƉĞ

>ĂƐƚƵƐĞŽĨWŽƌƚůĂŶĚ^ƚŽŶĞ

^ƵĚďƵƌLJdŽǁŶ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

WŝĐĐĂĚŝůůLJ>ŝŶĞĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ;DŽĚĞƌŶŝƐŵͿ

^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶŽƉĞŶĞĚ

2nd^ƚĂŐĞŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨďƌŝĐŬďŽdžǁŝƚŚĂĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞůŝĚ

^ĞŶĞƚĞ,ŽƵƐĞ;EĞŽͲůĂƐƐŝĐŝƐŵĂŶĚƌƚĞĐŽͿ

Z/'ŽůĚDĞĚĂů

WWII

Died

Charles Holden Timeline

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Discuss!whether!the!functional!design!ethos!of!Charles!Holden!was!realised!in!his!1932!Southgate!Station!on!the!London!Underground.!Was!the!stated!aim!of!functional!design!

implemented!consistently!and!successfully?!

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1.!Introduction!

London"Underground"is"part"of"the"identity"of"the"Capital."Its"stations"help"to"define"the"human"geography"of"large"parts"of"London,"forming"a"key"component"of"the"demographic"and"economic"fabric"of"the"City."The"network"currently"moves"an"average"of"4"million"passengers"each"weekday.1"The"architectural"heritage"of"its"stations"spans"a"period"from"1863"to"the"present"day"with"styles"such"as"Edwardian,"Modernist"and"Art"Deco."Charles"Holden"was"an"architect"involved"in"39"stations"built"between"the"First"and"Second"World"Wars2,"all"of"which"still"stand"today.3"His"work"has"been"called"“functional*design*at*its*very*best”.4"A"building"that"exemplifies"this"characteristic"and"Holden’s"approach"is"Southgate"Station"on"the"Piccadilly"Line"in"North"London.""

The"construction"of"Southgate"Station"began"in"August"1931"and"was"completed"in"September"1932"as"part"of"an"eight\mile"extension"from"Finsbury"Park"to"Cockfosters."Holden"set"out"to"design"an"architecturally"functional"station"that"was"fit"for"its"purpose"of"serving"passengers"and"staff."Holden"wrote,"“There*is*no*need*to*go*out*of*one’s*way*in*the*search*for*novelty:*a*proper*sense*of*fitness*for*purpose*will*supply*all*the*material*for*adventure.”5""

This"dissertation"analyses"how"successfully"this"aim"was"achieved"in"the"design"of"Southgate"Station."It"begins"with"a"study"of"Holden’s"relationship"with"his"client,"identifying"the"aims"they"shared"and"their"collaboration"to"achieve"them."This"is"followed"by"an"analysis"of"influences"from"different"cultural"contexts"and"an"analysis"of"Holden’s"approach"to"architecture."An"observational"account"of"the"building"will"then"enable"the"discussion"of"the"extent"to"which"Holden’s"intellectual"position"informed"the"design"for"Southgate."Comparisons"with"other"London"stations"and"possible"external"influencing"factors"that"may"have"conflicted"with"the"functional"design"ethos"will"be"discussed"throughout."

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1.1"Charles"Holden"

Charles"Holden"was"born"in"1875."He"began"his"career"in"architecture"studying"in"Manchester"and"moving"to"London"in"1897."In"1899"he"joined"the"practice"of"H"Percy"Adams"and"later"became"a"partner"at"Adams,"Holden"and"Pearson"(AHP),"an"architects’"practice"that"specialised"in"designing"hospitals."Holden"was"also"a"founder"member"of"the"Design"&"Industries"Association"(DIA).6"The"DIA"was"set"up"to"promote"arts"and"crafts"as"an"integral"part"of"the"modern"manufacturing"and"design"process."It"strived"to"encourage"excellence"in"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1"Transport"for"London,"Transport*for*London*Fact*Sheet,"July"2012,"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/TFL_FACTSHEET_090812.pdf."p.2"2"Georgia"Butina\Watson"and"Ian"Bentley,"Identity*by*Design"(Taylor"&"Francis,"2007)."p.112"3"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.179"4"London*Transport*Magazine"14,"no."3"(June"1960)."5"Charles"Holden,"“Designing"a"Passenger"Station,”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."6"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.264"

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design"by"hosting"exhibitions"and"lectures.7"In"1915"during"a"DIA"exhibition"Holden"met"Frank"Pick,8"the"Assistant"Managing"Director"for"the"Underground"Electric"Railways"Company"of"London."He"was"responsible"for"railway"line"extensions,"bus"route"development"and"commercial"advertising.9""

Pick"had"been"following"Holden’s"work"with"interest"and"valued"his"energy"in"pursuing"what"Pick"saw"as"honest"functional"hospital"architecture.10"They"both"shared"“a*common*aim*of*trying*to*find*a*proper*solution*for*the*problems*of*everyday*life.”11""To"Pick,"Holden"was"the"only"architect"with"an"established"practice"who"shared"his"views"on"architecture"and"understood"the"challenge"that"the"DIA"set"out"to"solve."""Over"the"next"15"years"Holden"and"his"team"at"AHP"were"instrumental"in"the"development"of"Underground"stations"in"London."The"main"projects"Holden"was"involved"in"were"the"Northern"Line"Extension"(1926),"the"Underground"Company’s"headquarters"at"55"Broadway"(1929)"and"the"Piccadilly"Line"extension"to"Cockfosters"(1932)."

Holden"and"Pick"were"influenced"by"the"functionality"and"simplicity"of"Dutch"architecture"after"their"17"day"tour"of"Northern"Europe"in"1930,"particularly"the"spacious"booking"hall"at"Bussum"Station"designed"by"Dutch"railway"architect"HGJ"Schelling."This"inspired"Holden"to"produce"his"‘brick"box"with"a"concrete"lid’"architecture"of"which"Southgate"Station"is"a"late"example.12"

It"can"be"argued"that"for"a"station"building"to"be"functional,"should"it"be"an"elaborate"modernist"landmark"integrated"with"other"commercial"space"and"purpose"built"transport"interchanges,"or"should"it"be"understated"and"inconspicuous?"Functionally"it"could"be"more"efficient"for"Southgate"Station"to"be"integrated"into"the"fabric"of"the"town"rather"than"a"stand\alone"building"occupying"a"large"plot"of"prime"land."This"possible"contradiction"is"explored"in"this"dissertation."

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7"Rajesh"Heynickx"and"Tom"Avermaete,"Architecture*&*Communities*in*Interwar*Europe"(Minrebroederstraat:"Leuven"University"Press,"2012)."p.89"8"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.264"9"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.10"10"Christian"Barman,"The*Man*Who*Built*London*Transport:*A*Biograhy*of*Frank*Pick"(David"&"Charles,"1979)."p.114"11"“Charles"Holden"giving"his"acceptance"speech"upon"being"awarded"the"gold"medal"of"the"RIBA,”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"43,"no."12"(April"1936):"p626."12"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.334"

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2.!Holden!and!the!Underground!Company!

2.1"Relationship"with"the"Client!

Pick"understood"that"the"success"of"underground"travel"would"depend"on"the"efficiency"and"effectiveness"of"the"service"it"provided,"but"also"a"strong"brand"identity."The"objectives"Pick"aimed"to"achieve"were"to:"

1. Significantly"extend"the"network"through"new"lines"and"extensions"2. Develop"advertising"and"commercial"opportunities"3. Create"a"consistent"corporate"identity"

An"expansion"of"the"Underground"network"would"allow"fast"and"efficient"travel"into"and"out"of"the"city."It"would"reduce"the"population"of"people"living"in"Central"London"enabling"housing"to"be"created"in"less"congested"areas"of"the"capital,"thereby"improving"living"conditions."Pick""intended*to*use*the*expanding*transport*system*to*shape*a*new*urban*community.”13""Station"design"and"the"use"of"lighting,"posters,"signs,"train"colour"schemes"and"a"logo"would"be"used"to"create"consistent"corporate"identity.14"This"would"increase"public"awareness"of"the"interconnection"of"the"underground"lines"and"the"integration"of"different"modes"of"transport"offered"by"the"same"organisation."(Figures"1\3)"

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2.2"Projects"for"Frank"Pick"

In"1924,"Pick"contracted"Holden"to"redesign"a"new"façade"for"Westminster"Station."(Figure"4)"This"was"an"introductory"project"for"Holden"to"see"if"he"was"a"suitable"architect"for"future"developments.15!The"need"for"this"redesign"was"due"to"the"confusing"array"of"signs"and"architectural"details"on"the"existing"façade."Holden’s"new"design"was"formed"by"simple"and"plain"surfaces"with"slight"geometrical"details"dominated"by"the"blue"station"name"frieze"panel"and"the"large"company"logo.16"The"opening"into"the"station"was"wide,"but"had"a"lack"of"natural"light"due"to"the"constricted"site"at"the"base"of"an"existing"building.17"Pictures"of"maps"and"advertisements"were"carefully"arranged"in"frames"of"the"same"proportions."The"combination"of"the"roundel"logo"with"the"word"‘UndergrounD’"and"the"white"station"name"below"on"a"blue"background"would"become"an"iconic"symbol"for"London."

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!13"Michael"Saler,"The*AvantAGarde*in*Interwar*England"(New"York:"Oxford"University"Press,"1999)."p.106"14"David"Lawrence,"A*Logo*for*London"(London:"Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2000)."p.4"15"Christian"Barman,"The*Man*Who*Built*London*Transport:*A*Biograhy*of*Frank*Pick"(David"&"Charles,"1979)."p.115"16"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.14"17"Georgia"Butina\Watson"and"Ian"Bentley,"Identity*by*Design"(Taylor"&"Francis,"2007)."p.110"

1. Poster by Cecil Walter Bacon 19322. Poster by E.M Dinkel 19323. Poster ‘Speed’ by Alan Rogers 1930

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Holden"was"then"taken"on"as"a"consultant"in"1924"to"redesign"station"exteriors"between"Stockwell"and"Clapham"Common."(Figures"6\7)"These"stations"originally"opened"in"the"1890s"on"what"is"now"the"Northern"Line."Holden"was"not"commissioned"to"design"the"interiors"but"was"able"to"include"his"design"for"small"ticket\issuing"booths,"which"he"called"‘passimeters’."The"exteriors"he"designed"can"be"distinguished"into"two"designs:"

1. Elephant"and"Castle"and"Angel"Station"were"low"rectangular"buildings"articulating"the"horizontal"line."A"straight"parapet"finished"the"façade"and"low"relief"panels"were"set"out"from"the"wall"either"side"of"the"entrance.""

2. It"was"evident"that"Old"Street,"Clapham"North,"Oval,"Borough"and"Stockwell"Station"were"second"versions"of"the"low"rectangular"stations.18"The"façades"were"split"into"three"with"the"entrance"in"the"middle."The"parapet"was"built"up"either"side"of"the"entrance"by"steps"forming"a"plinth"for"the"Underground"logo."

These"exteriors"can"be"seen"as"prototypes"for"some"of"the"principles"employed"in"his"designs"to"follow"for"Frank"Pick.19"

The"southern"Morden"extension"on"the"Northern"Line"opened"in"1926."(Figures"8\9)"Here"Holden"developed"the"façades"theme"used"at"Old"Street"station"and"extended"the"design"upwards"over"two"stories"forming"three"large"windows."Pick"said,"“We*are*going*to*represent*the*DIA*gone*mad”.20"They"were"made"from"Portland"stone"with"a"simple"architrave"around"the"perimeter"of"the"façade"and"windows"and"a"fluted"frieze"band"over"the"entrances."This"design"could"be"adapted"to"fit"each"individual"site."Floodlighting"made"the"building"stand"out"at"night"like"a"beacon"giving"it"identity"and"importance"on"the"street."The"Morden"extension"stations"followed"the"Art"Deco"idiom"with"emphasis"on"cubical"forms,"decorated"by"stepped,"ribbed"patterns."21"**Holden"designed"the"underground"booking"hall"and"concourse"at"Piccadilly"Circus"Station"in"1928."(Figure"10)"There"was"no"space"to"build"the"station"above"ground"level"therefore"Holden"designed"an"elliptical"space"to"control"the"flow"of"passengers"below"street"level."Holden’s"next"project"was"55"Broadway"(1929),"the"new"headquarters"for"the"Underground"Company"itself,"also"incorporating"St"James’s"Park"Station."At"the"time"it"was"the"tallest"building"in"London.22"(Figure"11)"

In"1930"Pick"was"planning"the"northern"extension"of"the"Piccadilly"Line"of"which"Southgate"would"be"a"part."AHP"acted"as"the"architects"instead"of"consultants."This"meant"that"Holden"had"full"control"of"the"design.23"It"was"at"this"time"Holden,"Pick"and"Edwards"set"out"to"seek"inspiration"from"different"cultural"contexts.""

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!18"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.16"19"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.16"\17"20"Cited"in"Christian"Barman,"The*Man*Who*Built*London*Transport:*A*Biograhy*of*Frank*Pick"(David"&"Charles,"1979)."p.118"21"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.15\20"22"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.27\30"23"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.333"

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4. WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐtĞƐƚŵŝŶƐƚĞƌ^ƚĂƟŽŶ&ĂĐĂĚĞ5.,ŽůĚĞŶ ƐtĞƐƚŵŝŶƐƚĞƌ^ƚĂƟŽŶ&ĂĐĂĚĞϭϵϮϰ6.ůĞƉŚĂŶƚĂŶĚĂƐƚůĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶϭϵϮϰ7.ůĂƉŚĂŵEŽƌƚŚ^ƚĂƟŽŶϭϵϮϰ8.ůĂƉŚĂŵ^ŽƵƚŚ^ƚĂƟŽŶDŽƌĚĞŶdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶϭϵϮϲ9.ĞůŚĂŵ^ƚĂƟŽŶDŽƌĚĞŶdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶϭϵϮϲ

10. WŝĐĐĂĚŝůůLJŝƌĐƵƐ^ƚĂƟŽŶϭϵϮϴ11. 55 Broadway 1929

10. 11.

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2.3"Trip"to"Europe"

In"June"1930,"Frank"Pick,"Charles"Holden"and"WPN"Edwards"(Personal"Assistant"to"the"chairman"of"the"Underground"Company)"travelled"for"17"days"around"Northern"Europe"to"study"the"architecture"from"different"cultural"contexts."They"aimed"to"explore"the"architectural"ideas"developed"for"the"transport"systems"in"Germany,"Holland"and"Scandinavia,"which"they"could"use"as"influences"to"help"them"design"an"efficient"underground"transport"system"in"London."During"the"tour,"Frank"Pick"met"Walter"Gropius,"founder"of"the"Bauhaus"School."The"ideals"of"the"Bauhaus"and"Walter"Gropius"were"similar"to"that"of"the"DIA."It"aimed"to"increase"the"public"status"and"importance"of"craft"and"encourage"the"collaboration"between"craftsmen,"painters"and"sculptures.24""

They"came"back"with"a"report"written"by"Edwards"called"‘A"Note"on"Contemporary"Architecture"in"Northern"Europe’"with"three"key"conclusions:""

1. The"significance"of"the"horizontal"and"vertical"lines"in"buildings."2. High"regard"for"Dutch"brick"architecture"because"the"buildings"were"

identifiably"modern"but"still"had"traditional"links,"through"the"use"of"traditional"materials."

3. The"success"of"total"design"integration""Edwards"describes"the"significance"of"structural"and"material"advances"on"architecture."The"steel"skeleton"and"the"reinforced"concrete"frame"were"the"basic"structures"found"in"many"of"the"buildings"that"interested"them."Steel"was"generally"associated"with"the"vertical"axis"in"these"designs."Buildings"dominated"by"the"horizontal"axis"were"commonly"made"of"strong"ferro\concrete"allowing"irregular"curvilinear"forms"to"be"built.""

*“With*the*freedom*to*create*forms*possessing*a*new*beauty,*there*goes*also*the*temptation*to*be*merely*bizarre,*so*that*the*need*for*sound*principles*of*design,*a*sane*comprehensive*theory,*is*more*imperative*than*ever.”25*

This"indicates"that"they"did"not"want"to"stray"away"from"the"purely"functional"ethos."Holden"said"that"“a*proper*sense*of*fitness*for*purpose*will*supply*all*the*material*for*adventure”26."Edwards"wrote"that"the"new"direction"of"architecture"especially"in"Holland"and"Germany"was"characterised"by"the"efficient"simplification"of"design"with"the"exclusion"of"ornament"and"emphasis"on"the"natural"line"of"the"building.27"

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!24"Frank"Whitford,"Bauhaus"(London:"Thames"and"Hudson,"1984)."p.11\12"25"WPN"Edwards,"“A"Note"on"Contemporary"Architecture"in"Northern"Europe"20"June"\"7"July,”"(1930)."p.5,"AHP/26/13"26"Charles"Holden,"“Designing"a"Passenger"Station,”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."27"WPN"Edwards,"“A"Note"on"Contemporary"Architecture"in"Northern"Europe"20"June"\"7"July,”"(1930)."p.6,"AHP/26/13"

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12. ,':^ĐŚĞůůŝŶŐ ƐƵƐƐƵŵ^ƚĂƟŽŶͲEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ13.,':^ĐŚĞůůŝŶŐ ƐƵƐƐƵŵ^ƚĂƟŽŶ/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌͲEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ14.ůĨƌĞĚ'ƌĞŶĂŶĚĞƌ ƐůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌƉůĂƚnj^ƚĂƟŽŶͲĞƌůŝŶ

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The"report"indicated"that"in"response"to"their"findings,"Holden"and"Pick"were"to"move"away"from"the"engineer\led"method"of"station"design"and"instead"for"the"architect"to"lead"all"design"aspects"in"order"to"achieve"the"‘Gesamtkunstwerk’"which"translates"to"a"‘total"work"of"art’."

“At*the*time*of*our*visit,*several*new*buses*and*two*new*trams*were*running*about*the*streets*of*the*City,*which*had*been*designed*by*the*City*architect.”28*

*Potentially"this"characteristic"could"be"developed"for"London"and"Holden’s"role"as"an"architect"could"extend"beyond"building"design."" "Holden"admired"the"brick"architecture"and"the"spacious"booking"hall"of"Bussum"Station"in"the"Netherlands"designed"by"HGJ"Schelling."(Figure"12\13)"He"was"keen"to"express"honest"traditional"materials.29""In"his"notes"he"wrote,"“a*stoneAfaced*building*on*the*cheap*is*a*dismal*sham*and*I*would*like*to*see*architects*refusing*to*be*party*to*its*use*in*this*way.*If*we*cannot*afford*to*use*genuine*stone*let*us*use*good*honest*brick”.30"Edwards"wrote"about"their"interest"of"Alexanderplatz"Station,"designed"by"Alfred"Grenander,"the"Chief"Architect"for"the"Berliner"Verkehrs"Akiengesellschaft"metro"system"in"Berlin."(Figure"14)"In"Holden’s"notes"he"recorded"that,"“there*is*an*orderliness*and*spaciousness*in*the*layout*of*this*station”.31"The"station"showed"how"underground"spaces"could"work"well"functionality"and"a"few"carefully"chosen"features"(bright"green"tiles"and"fully"enclosed"lights).32"However,"Holden"disliked"the"depressing"green"colour"used"for"the"tiling"of"the"station."The"artificial"light"did"not"give"the"impression"of"“cheerfulness*and*warmth”"33"that"Holden"aspired"to"create."He"believed"a"colour"and"material"should"be"chosen"depending"on"if"their"best"qualities"were"brought"out"under"artificial"light.34""Holden"was"also"impressed"with"the"smaller"substations"linked"to"Alexanderplatz"writing"that"“the*result*is*very*expressive,*even*beautiful,*although*there*is*a*complete*absence*of*ornament*or*fantastic*illumination”.35""Krumme\Lanke"Station"in"south\western"Berlin"(also"designed"by"Grenander)"bares"striking"similarities"with"Southgate"Station"and"was"a"clear"influence"of"the"design."(Figure"15)"The"booking"hall"has"clerestory"windows"surrounding"the"perimeter"of"the"top"level"of"the"building"allowing"light"to"come"in"from"all"directions."The"entrance"is"semi\circular"with"openings"on"every"side"for"a"smooth"flow"of"passengers."The"interior"is"spacious"and"without"decoration.""On"their"return"in"1931,"a"new"station"design"was"tested"at"Sudbury"Town"in"response"to"their"findings."(Figure"16)"The"design"expressed"simplicity"and"was"made"for"functionality,"speed"and"efficiency."It"was"a"rectangular"plan"brick"structure"covered"by"an"overhanging"concrete"roof.36"Later"this"design"would"be"adapted"and"improved"to"form"the"stations"on"the"Piccadilly"Line"extension."

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!28"WPN"Edwards,"“A"Note"on"Contemporary"Architecture"in"Northern"Europe"20"June"\"7"July,”"(1930)."p.10,"AHP/26/13"29"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.345"30"Charles"Holden,"Notes*on*the*use*of*Concrete*and*Reconstructed*Stone"(1942)."AHP\26\17\1"31"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"Visit"to"Berlin,”"(1930)."AHP/26/12/1"32"WPN"Edwards,"“A"Note"on"Contemporary"Architecture"in"Northern"Europe"20"June"\"7"July,”"(1930)."p.15,"AHP/26/13"33"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"Visit"to"Berlin,”"(1930).""AHP/26/12/1"34"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"Visit"to"Berlin,”"(1930).""AHP/26/12/1"35"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"Visit"to"Berlin,”"(1930).""AHP/26/12/1"36"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.44""

15. ůĨƌĞĚ'ƌĞŶĂŶĚĞƌ Ɛ<ƌƵŵŵĞͲ>ĂŶŬĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ16.^ƵĚďƵƌLJdŽǁŶ^ƚĂƟŽŶďƵŝůƚŝŶϭϵϯϭ

15.

16.

15

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3.!Architect’s!Approach!

Charles"Holden’s"involvement"in"the"DIA"influenced"his"approach"to"architecture"and"the"design"for"many"of"his"stations,"especially"Southgate."The"DIA"had"the"slogan,"“fitness*for*purpose”,37"and"this"was"a"key"part"of"Holden’s"design"philosophy"involving"the"removal"of"unnecessary"details"that"took"away"the"sole"purpose"of"a"building"which"was,"as"he"saw"it,"function."In"a"letter"during"the"Second"World"War,"Holden"wrote:""

“I*was*born*in*an*industrial*age:*that*I*was*urged*by*a*passion*for*building*and*for*service:*and*that*I*have*an*invincible*belief*in*the*power*of*the*human*soul,*the*God*in*man,*to*rise*above,*and*master*ugliness*and*desolating*conditions”*38*

Holden"believed"that"the"role"of"a"professional"architect"was"to"design"buildings"that"fulfilled"their"purpose"with"reasonable"economy"and"to"have"regard"for"the"clients’"best"interests"for"the"future"maintenance"of"the"building.39"

!3.1"Sense"of"Purpose"

Holden’s"approach"to"architecture"evolved"and"changed"over"his"career"from"the"1900s"to"the"1940s."His"styles"ranged"from"Edwardian"Arts"and"Crafts"(Bristol"Central"Reference"Library"1906)"to"Mannerism,"which"featured"collaboration"with"sculptures"(British"Medical"Association"Building"1908)."(Figures"17\18)"He"experimented"with"Neo\Classicism"and"Art"Deco"(Senate"House"and"55"Broadway)"(Figures"19\20)."Holden’s"perspective"on"design"changed"and"he"reverted"to"Dutch"inspired"modernist"1930s"‘brick"box"with"concrete"lid’"Piccadilly"Line"stations"resulting"in"simplistic"forms"and"the"removal"of"all"‘unnecessary’"detailing.40"The"DIA’s"“Fitness*for*purpose”"41"slogan"was"the"possible"reason"for"this"change"in"thinking."Dispensable"details"on"buildings"could"be"done"without"“When*in*doubt*leave*it*out”.42"However,"he"did"not"agree"with"total"elimination"of"ornament."“I"[Holden]"believe*most*firmly*in*man’s*innate*feeling*for*ornament,*and*I*do*not*for*a*moment*suggest*its*complete*exclusion”."Holden"suggests"that"buildings"that"display"a"vast"array"of"ornament"can"divert"attention"from"the"true"meaning"of"architecture"which"he"saw"as"service"and"function.43"It"can"be"seen"that"these"quotes"show"some"inconsistency"in"Holden’s"approach."There"is"a"tension"between"the"DIA’s"‘slogan’"and"Holden’s"acceptance"of"not"completely"rejecting"ornament"from"design."However,"the"apparent"removal"of"ornament"was"well"received"by"railway"representatives"in"the"case"of"Holden’s"station"designs."Their"praise"may"be"due"to"the"lack"of"ornament"resulting"in"a"lower"cost."In"a"letter"to"Holden"from"the"chairman"of"the"Underground"Company"applauded"the"simplicity"of"the"exteriors"and"the"bright"interiors,"which"fit"their"surroundings.44"

"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!37"Charles"Holden,"“Personal,”"Architects*Journal"95"(March"1942):"p233."38"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.ix"39"Charles"Holden,"“Aesthetic"Aspects"of"Civil"Engineering"Design,”"Draft"Paper"(1944)."AHP/26/18/1"40"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.338"41"Charles"Holden,"“Personal,”"Architects*Journal"95"(March"1942):"p233."42"“Charles"Holden"giving"his"acceptance"speech"upon"being"awarded"the"gold"medal"of"the"RIBA,”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"43,"no."12"(April"1936):"p626."43"“Charles"Holden"giving"his"acceptance"speech"upon"being"awarded"the"gold"medal"of"the"RIBA,”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"43,"no."12"(April"1936):"p626."44"Letter"from"Lord"Ashfield"to"Holden,"28"September"1932!

17. ƌŝƐƚŽůĞŶƚƌĂůZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ>ŝďƌĂƌLJϭϵϬϲ18.ƌŝƟƐŚDĞĚŝĐĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐϭϵϬϴ19. 55 Broadway 192920. Senate House 1937

17

17.

19.

18.

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3.2"Efficient"Building"Use"

In"order"for"Holden’s"stations"to"best"serve"their"users,"his"designs"needed"to"promote"efficient"use."He"stated"that"it"is"vital"for"the"“architect*to*put*himself*in*the*place*of*the*user.”45"The"groups"of"users"he"considered"were"the"operating"staff"and"the"passengers,"especially"the"unfamiliar"passenger"that"did"not"know"where"they"were"going.46"One"way"he"‘became"the"passenger’"was"to"create"full\scale"mock\ups"and"trace"the"footsteps"and"thought"process"of"the"user"before"committing"to"a"design."(Figure"21)"The"organisation"of"the"relationship"between"the"booking"hall"and"connecting"spaces"to"the"platforms"were"important"to"Holden."He"allowed"the"architecture"to"control"the"flow"of"people"through"the"station."There"is"evidence"of"this"in"Southgate"Station:"three"wide"entrance"voids"directing"passenger"flow,"two"to"the"high"street"and"one"to"the"bus"pull\in.47"(Figure"23)"However,"Southgate"displays"some"contradiction"in"its"efficiency."The"site"accommodates"retail"spaces"with"access"to"them"from"inside"and"outside"the"booking"hall."For"a"booking"hall"to"be"efficient"the"flow"of"people"would"need"to"be"constant"and"the"passengers"would"need"to"enter"and"exit"as"quickly"as"possible."Passengers"stopping"to"browse"the"shops"would"hinder"this"flow."Goodge"Street"Station"designed"by"Leslie"Green"in"1907"tackles"this"by"not"having"any"distractions"within"the"booking"hall."(Figure"22)"

"

3.3"Collaboration"

Holden"had"the"desire"to"create"the"‘Gesamtkunstwerk’,*where"architects,"craftsmen"and"artists"would"collaborate"to"make"a"perfected"building"design.""

“I*have*always*had*the*feeling*that*Architecture*was*very*much*a*team*affair*depending*so*much*on*the*skills*of*the*many*craftsman*and*collaborators*who*contribute*to*its*making*and*I*like*to*feel*myself*one*of*the*team,*neither*more*nor*less*…*You*may*think*I*am*rather*mad*but*this*is*the*expression*of*my*social*and*political*faith*and*besides,*I*am*nineAtenths*a*Quaker”"48"

The"Quaker"ideal"is"centred"on"a"simple,"pure"lifestyle"and"perhaps"Holden"aimed"to"express"this"purity"through"his"architecture."

"

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!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!45"Charles"Holden,"“Designing"a"Passenger"Station,”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."46"Charles"Holden,"“Designing"a"Passenger"Station,”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."47"Susie"Barson,"“'A"little"Grit"and"Ginger':"The"Impact"of"Charles"Holden"on"the"Architecture"of"the"London"Underground,"1923\40,”"in"The*Architecture*of*British*Transport*in*the*Twentieth*Century."48"Charles"Holden,"Letter"to"Sir"Giles"Gilbert"Scott,"6"Nov"1950."AHP"30\12"

19

21.

23.

22.

21. &ƵůůͲƐĐĂůĞŵŽĐŬƵƉŽĨWŝĐĐĂĚŝůůLJŝƌĐƵƐ^ƚĂƟŽŶ22.'ŽŽĚŐĞ^ƚƌĞĞƚ^ƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ23.WůĂŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

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20"

4.!Formal!and!Constructional!Aspects!of!the!Design!

The"term"‘Metroland’"refers"to"the"suburbanization"of"the"northwest"periphery"of"London"in"the"early"20th"Century."It"is"commonly"associated"with"the"extension"of"the"Metropolitan"Line"but"can"refer"to"the"gradual"outward"growth"of"the"City,"brought"about"by"the"need"to"accommodate"an"increase"in"London’s"population."During"the"interwar"period"the"population"grew"from"6.5"million"to"8.5"million."Rail"transport,"suburban"stations,"property"businesses"and"new"housing"developments"were"key"to"this"demographic"and"social"change"shifting"the"population"growth"from"the"centre"of"the"Capital"to"the"suburbs.49"This"may"have"influenced"Holden"to"compromise"his"desire"for"purely"functional"design"and"make"Southgate"Station"more"of"a"statement"of"modernity."A"brand"new"landmark"station"could"make"the"suburb"of"Southgate"more"attractive"to"prospective"buyers"in"the"housing"market,"presenting"an"efficient"method"of"transportation"into"and"out"of"London"in"the"best"possible"way."

The"construction"process"of"Southgate"Station"was"fast;"it"began"in"August"1931"and"was"completed"in"September"1932,"for"the"opening"of"the"eight"mile"Piccadilly"Line"extension"from"Finsbury"Park"to"Cockfosters."Demand"for"the"stations"arose"because"of"the"need"for"transport"north"of"Finsbury"Park"out"into"the"new"suburbs."Pick"had"access"to"private"and"public"funds"to"commission"the"work.50"Public"funding"came"from"the"Development"(Loan"Guarantees"and"Grants)"Act"1929"in"order"to"reduce"unemployment51."It"is"possible"that"Pick’s"access"to"private"funding"may"have"arisen"from"housing"developers"who"welcomed"the"new"scheme"for"Southgate,"which"could"make"suburbs"more"attractive"to"new"homebuyers."

Holden"and"his"practice"were"responsible"for"the"design"of"every"station"on"the"extension."The"stations"built"were"Manor"House,"Turnpike"Lane,"Wood"Green,"Bounds"Green,"Arnos"Grove,"Southgate,"Enfield"West"(now"Oakwood)"and"Cockfosters.52"(Figures"24\31)"Southgate"Station"opened"officially"to"the"public"on"13"March"1933"and"became"grade"II*"listed"in"February"1971"along"with"all"associated"surface"buildings,"pylons"and"lampposts."Buildings"that"are"Grade"II*"listed"are"particularly"important"buildings"of"more"than"special"architectural"and"historic"interest."The"reasons"noted"for"the"listed"status"of"Southgate"Station"is"its"“bold*massing”,"“logical*planning”"and"“attention*to*detail*and*dramatic*interiors”.53"The"total"cost"for"the"extension"of"the"line"with"8"stations"at"the"time"was"£4.5"million.54,"equivalent"to"approximately"£260"million"today.55"The"Southgate"Station"development"cost"£38,881,"corresponding"to"£2.2"million"at"current"value.56"The"site"included"a"bus"pull\in"with"a"row"of"integrated"shops"resulting"in"one"of"the"most"complete"transport"interchanges"by"Adams,"Holden"and"Pearson."Total"transport"interchanges"were"planned"at"Turnpike"Lane,"Enfield"West"and"Cockfosters;"only"Turnpike"Lane"and"Southgate""

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!49"Robin"Glasscock,"ed.,"Historic*Landscapes*of*Britain*from*the*Air,"ed."Robin"Glasscock"(Cambridge"University"Press,"1992)."p.218"50"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.10"51"David"Welsh,"Underground*Writing"(Liverpool:"Liverpool"University"Press,"2010)."p.196"52"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.350"53"http://list.english\heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1188692"54"Edward"Charles"Lee,"Sixty*Years*of*the*Piccadilly"(London:"London"Transpord"Board,"1966)."p.23"55"Bank"of"England,"Inflation*Calculator,"http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Pages/inflation/calculator/flash/default.aspx."56"Bank"of"England,"Inflation*Calculator,"http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Pages/inflation/calculator/flash/default.aspx."

19

24. DĂŶŽƌ,ŽƵƐĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ25.dƵƌŶƉŝŬĞ>ĂŶĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ26.tŽŽĚ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƚĂƟŽŶ27.ŽƵŶĚƐ'ƌĞĞŶ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

28.ƌŶŽƐ'ƌŽǀĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ29.^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ30.KĂŬǁŽŽĚ^ƚĂƟŽŶ31.ŽĐŬĨŽƐƚĞƌƐ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

21

24.

26.

28.

30.

25.

27.

29.

31.

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were"completed.57"Possible"reasons"why"total"transport"interchanges"were"not"built"at"other"locations"could"have"been"the"cost,"lack"of"space,"or"doubts"about"the"efficiency"and"traffic"flow."

4.1"Praise"and"Criticism"

By"1933"the"Underground"was"receiving"great"praise"by"the"architectural"and"general"press."

“It*hardly*seems*possible*that*Mr*Holden*could*have*improved*upon*improvement,*which*in*fact,*is*what*he*continues*to*do*in*his*quest*for*the*architecturally*and*functionally*perfect*station.”*58"

Holden"took"a"party"of"RIBA"officials"to"visit"the"Piccadilly"line"extension"once"it"was"complete."The"event"was"commended"in"an"article"in"the"Journal"of"the"RIBA."They"were"impressed"with"the"tiny"details"expressing"Holden’s"unifying"influence.59"

In"a"magazine"published"in"1933"there"is"some"evidence"of"criticism"about"the"new"stations"on"Piccadilly"Line"extension."In"relation"to"the"striking"appearance"“one*is*inclined*to*wonder*whether*a*less*elaborate*layout*and*architecture*would*not*have*served*the*purpose*at*much*less*cost.”60"This"criticism"runs"counter"to"Holden’s"aim"of"the"functional"and"suggests"that"Holden"did"not"completely"succeed"in"his"aims.!

"4.2"Original"Site"

The"first"draft"of"the"design"for"Southgate"Station"was"a"lozenge"shape"with"two"extra"floors"for"residential"flats."A"small"semi\circular"booking"hall"including"three"shops"would"have"been"the"main"circulation"space."(Figure"33)"This"design"was"rejected"because"the"flow"of"passengers"could"not"be"efficiently"controlled."The"final"solution"(Figure"36\38)"was"a"circular"booking"hall,"situated"on"an"elliptical"island"with"public"areas"on"both"sides."An"integrated"bus"station"was"formed"around"it,"populated"by"shops"in"a"separate"two"story"arcaded"building."The"location"of"Southgate"lies"on"high"ground"requiring"the"station"platforms"to"be"in"small"sections"of"underground"tunnel."(Figure"32)"A"large"plot"of"land"was"available"to"build"on,"enough"space"to"incorporate"the"bus"pull\in"and"shops,"which"included"a"waiting"room"and"staff"room."A"road"(Crown"Lane)"had"to"be"diverted"resulting"in"the"creation"of"a"small"new"road"called"Ashfield"Parade.61""

The"stations"designed"for"the"Piccadilly"Line"extension"were"not"“simply*a*hole*in*the*wall”62"along"the"street"(the"idea"behind"the"Morden"extension"stations),"but"elaborate"landmarks"in"their"respective"locations."The"Southgate"Station"booking"hall"can"be"thought"of"in"two"stages,"a"lower"section"including"the"public"area,"staff"rooms,"telephones"and"shops"with"a"wide"projecting"concrete"canopy"and"an"upper"section"comprised"of"a"continuous"ring"of"metal"clerestory"windows"and"a"unique"decorative"spire.""!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!57"David"Lawrence,"Underground*Architecture"(Harrow:"Capital"Transport"Publishing,"1994)."58"“Progress"in"Railway"Architecture,”"The*Architect*and*Building*News"134"(April"1933):"64\69."59"“A"Visit"to"the"Underground"Railway"Stations"on"the"Cockfosters"Line,”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"41,"no."1"(November"1933):"p.28."60"V&A"RIBA"Archive"Collection,"AHP\14\16,"accessed"20.12.12"61"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.19"62"Cited"in"Christian"Barman,"The*Man*Who*Built*London*Transport:*A*Biograhy*of*Frank*Pick"(David"&"Charles,"1979)."p.118"

23

32. ^ŚŽƌƚƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚƵŶŶĞůĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ33. Dismissed proposal plan34.^ŝƚĞďĞĨŽƌĞ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ35.^ŝƚĞĂŌĞƌ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞǁĂƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ

32.

34.

33.

35.

2423

36. KǀĞƌĂůůƉůĂŶŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ

36.

25

37.

38.

37. ^ĞĐƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶŬŝŶŐŚĂůů38. Plan of booking hall

25 26

40.

39.

41.

39. ůĞǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŬŝŶŐŚĂůů40. ^ĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŬŝŶŐŚĂůů41. Overall plan of present booking hall

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27"

4.3"Modern"Changes"

Strip"lighting"was"installed"in"the"1960s"and"is"still"present"today."One"of"the"three"entrances"was"closed"in"the"late"1980s"to"make"space"for"a"new"ticket"office."(Figures"39\41)"The"bronze"escalators"were"also"restored"around"this"time."The"walls,"windows"and"roof"have"been"preserved"with"paint"resembling"Holden’s"original"design."In"1991"the"station"was"restored,"replica"signs"were"installed"and"the"original"passimeter"was"preserved."Original"wall"tiles"are"present"in"the"station"although"some"of"them"have"been"damaged"by"damp.63"As"the"station"is"listed"as"grade"II*,"it"is"necessary"to"preserve"the"building’s"original"style"whilst"updating"it"to"fit"modern"standards."However"over"the"last"two"decades"the"preservation"of"the"station"has"been"superficial"and"the"restoration"and"maintenance"does"not"appear"to"have"lasted."(Figure"42)"!Today"the"retail"space"is"occupied"by"two"clothes"shops,"two"fast\food"restaurants,"an"estate"agent,"a"newsagent,"a"shoe"shop,"a"video"rental"store,"a"solicitors,"a"printing"shop,"a"coffee"shop,"a"bags"and"key"cutting"shop,"a"baby"gift"shop,"and"a"florists."They"all"seem"somewhat"neglected."The"Grade"II*"listing"status"prevents"any"re\development"that"does"not"follow"the"character"of"the"building."This"can"be"seen"as"a"disadvantage"to"the"shop"owners"because"they"are"not"able"to"re\build"a"modern"inviting"shop"front"to"compete"against"shops"on"the"main"high"street."This"may"be"a"reason"why"none"of"the"shops"seem"busy"during"rush"hour.""

4.4"Observation"

4.4.1"Exterior"

The"exterior"walls"are"made"of"Buckinghamshire"brick"above"a"Cornish"grey"granite"plinth64,"divided"by"glass"and"bronze"shop"fronts."(Figures"43\45)"In"some"areas"there"is"a"blue"and"white"pattern,"which"is"also"displayed"internally."A"continuous"arrangement"of"frosted"clerestory"windows"run"around"the"perimeter"of"the"upper"level"walls"above"the"over\hanging"precast"concrete"roof."The"windows"allow"light"to"enter"from"every"side"resulting"in"a"naturally"lit"spacious"booking"hall."This"is"achieved"by"the"extension"of"thirteen"steel"vertical"frames"outside"the"windows."Pilasters"faced"with"decorative"black"tiles"cover"the"vertical"frames"on"the"inside"of"the"booking"hall."The"use"of"coloured"tiling"to"improve"aesthetic"qualities"somewhat"contradicts"the"functional"aspirations"of"Pick"and"Holden."On"the"other"hand,"tiling"can"be"a"low"cost"and"an"efficient"way"to"improve"the"“effect*of*cheerfulness*and*warmth”65"of"the"station."Holden"comments"on"the"importance"of"these"qualities"in"his"notes"from"a"trip"to"Berlin"in"1930"with"reference"to"Alexanderplatz."

A"central"column"extends"from"inside"the"booking"hall"through"the"roof"to"the"outside"forming"a"unique"decorative"spire"that"appears"to"be"inspired"by"a"Tesla"coil."(Figure"46)"This"object"is"distinctive"compared"to"the"other"stations"on"the"extension."It"is"made"from"precast""

"

"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!63"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.119"64"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.119"65"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"Visit"to"Berlin,”"(1930)."AHP/26/12/1"

42.

42. ƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂīĞĐƚĞĚďLJĚĂŵƉ

28

43.

44.

45. 46.

43. ŶƚƌĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŽ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ44. ůƵĞĂŶĚǁŚŝƚĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĚĞĐŽƌĂƟŽŶ45. Cornish granite plinth46. Windows and ‘Telsa Coil’

2928

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30"

concrete"blocks,"bronze,"glass"and"a"copper"ball."This"unique"form"of"decoration,"which"conflicts"with"the"DIA’s"“fitness*for*purpose”"functional"approach,"may"suggest"that"an"additional"designer"from"AHP"may"have"worked"on"it"with"Holden."The"object"has"parallels"with"production"designs"from"the"influential"film"Metropolis"made"in"1927"which"depicts"a"futuristic"City.66"This"may"have"influenced"Holden"to"design"the"station"as"a"centrepiece"for"Southgate,"a"contemporary"futuristic"‘gateway’"into"London."The"roof"of"Southgate"Station"extends"past"the"walls"creating"a"concrete"canopy"around"the"building,"lit"by"a"continuous"blue"trough"of"lights"below"it"with"the"station"name."At"night"the"station"could"be"described"as"appearing"like"a"futuristic"electrical"device."The"beacon"on"the"roof"symbolises"a"lightning"conductor"and"the"harnessing"of"power.67""(Figure"48)"

How"important"is"it"for"a"station"to"stand"out"in"a"town"and"does"Southgate"Station"make"full"use"of"its"large"space"efficiently?"In"comparison,"Cockfosters"Station,"the"next"on"the"line"heading"north,"utilises"less"space"than"Southgate"and"still"incorporates"a"bus"terminal."It"works"by"forming"the"train"station"and"bus"terminal"on"either"side"of"the"main"road"with"an"underground"subway"for"passengers"to"transfer"between"the"two"integrated"transport"methods."(Figure"47)"In"another"comparison,"the"entrance"into"Piccadilly"Circus"Station"in"London"is"just"a"staircase"down"to"an"entirely"underground"booking"hall."This"can"be"seen"as"a"more"efficient"use"of"space."However,"space"was"limited"in"Central"London;"Southgate"was"a"new"suburb"with"enough"open"land"to"build"an"over"ground"booking"hall"and"make"more"of"a"‘statement’."""4.4.2"Interior"

A"circular"column"rises"through"the"central"‘passimeter’"and"supports"the"roof."A"passimeter"was"a"Charles"Holden"innovation."It"is"a"small"freestanding"enclosure"that"contained"ticket"production"equipment"and"was"used"by"staff"for"issuing"tickets"to"passengers"quickly"from"a"central"location."It"was"made"from"glass,"wood"and"metal"and"was"a"confined"space"to"work."(Figure"52\53)"In"the"1970s,"expectations"about"working"conditions"made"the"passimeter"increasingly"unsatisfactory"for"staff."When"a"new"ticketing"system"with"electronic"barriers"was"introduced"in"the"1980s,"most"passimeters"were"removed"from"stations.""The"passimeter"at"Southgate"Station"still"remains,"possibly"as"a"requirement"of"the"Grade"II*"listed"status,"but"it"is"unused."The"ceiling"of"the"booking"hall"is"smooth,"gently"rippling"as"is"it"pierced"by"the"central"supporting"column."(Figure"49)"The"roof"structure"is"on"the"exterior,"this"allows"for"the"smooth"ceiling"internally."The"platform"walls"are"lined"with"cream"and"yellow"tiles.68"

Publicity"and"corporate"identity"were"key"factors"in"harmonising"the"image"of"the"Underground"Railway.69"The"13"internal"pilasters"each"have"a"framed"section"for"advertising,"maps"or"information."The"space"available"and"the"position"of"the"frames"are"equal"creating"regularity"and"order."(Figure"50)"Holden"understood"the"poster"both"as"a"revenue"source"and"a"way"of"communicating"with"passengers."As"a"consequence"he"designed"the"poster"as"part"of"the"principle"decoration"of"the"station.70"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!66"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.121"67"David"Lawrence,"Underground*Architecture"(Harrow:"Capital"Transport"Publishing,"1994)."p.99\100"68"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.120"69"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.268\269"70"Charles"Holden,"“Designing"a"Passenger"Station,”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."

48.

47. ŽĐŬĨŽƐƚĞƌƐǁŝƚŚďƵƐƉƵůůͲŝŶŽŶŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌŽĂĚ48. Southgate lit up at night

47.

31

31

49.

51.

53.

52.

50.

49. Ripples in the ceiling50. ůĂĐŬƟůĞĚƉŝůĂƐƚĞƌƐŚŝĚŝŶŐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐ51. >ŝŐŚƟŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĞƐĐĂůĂƚŽƌƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚďLJ,ŽůĚĞŶ52. Original interior with the central passimeter53. WƌĞƐĞŶƚ/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ

32

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33"

Holden’s"work"as"an"architect"went"further"than"just"building"design."He"also"designed"bronze"lighting"columns"for"Southgate,"which"point"upwards"to"give"an"even"light."They"were"positioned"between"the"escalators"and"lower"concourse."(Figure"51)"

4.4.3"Shopping"Parade"

The"shopping"parade"was"designed"as"part"of"the"integrated"scheme."It"shares"a"common"central"axial"line"with"the"circular"booking"hall.71"It"has"three"main"sections.""

• Staff"areas"for"bus"crew""• Public"lavatories""• Ten"retail"spaces"

Each"shop"has"the"same"fronting"as"the"shops"inside"the"booking"hall"consisting"of"bronze"window"frames"and"consistent"white"‘Johnson’"typeface"for"the"shop"category.72"Shop"fronts"are"all"monitored"to"make"sure"they"display"the"typeface"for"the"category"of"their"shop"in"the"correct"position"to"preserve"a"consistent"theme.73"The"Johnson"typeface"was"used"on"signs,"posters"and"station"name"boards"to"create"a"unified"image"across"the"whole"Underground"network.74""(Figure"56)"

Two"stories"of"space"are"available."The"upper"floors"can"be"let"as"flats."They"have"either"independent"access"or"a"separate"connection"with"the"ground"floor."The"shops"can"be"accessed"from"both"sides"of"the"building"and"there"is"a"path"through"the"centre"of"the"shopping"parade"to"walk"from"Crown"Lane"to"the"station."A"large"clock"is"the"central"feature"decorated"with"simple"gilded"details."The"minimalist"clock"tries"to"convey"simplicity"amongst"what"is"actually"a"complex"scheme."(Figure"55)"The"walls"of"the"shopping"centre"are"made"from"Buckinghamshire"brick"facings"in"stretcher"bond"and"English"bond"for"the"entrance"sidewalls."The"pillars"of"the"colonnade,"which"support"the"arcaded"first"floor,"are"faced"with"black"Belgian"marble"mosaic."75"(Figure"57)"

The"circular"bus"shelters"continue"the"curved"theme"of"the"station."Large"over\hanging"concrete"roofs"lit"from"underneath"are"supported"by"a"central"column."This"column"also"protrudes"through"the"roof"becoming"the"housing"for"the"large"‘UndergrounD’"logo"lit"by"spotlights.""

4.5"Changing"Technology"

Advances"in"technology"and"materials"had"a"significant"effect"on"the"form"of"Holden’s"Piccadilly"Line"extension"stations."The"rapid"process"of"translating"designs"on"paper"to"the"finished"building"was"due"to"a"vast"improvement"in"construction"speeds."Prefabrication"allowed"the"roof"to"be"made"quickly"and"efficiently."Reinforced"concrete"allowed"for"the"creation"of"non\geometric"shapes"and"the"horizontal"plane"could"begin"to"be"explored"by"architects."Portland"stone,"previously"Holden’s"preferred"material"was"included"in"the"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!71"“Shopping"Centre"at"Southgate,”"The*Architects*Journal"78"(December"1933):"761\769."72"David"Lawrence,"A*Logo*for*London"(London:"Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2000)."p.21"73"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.119"74"Sheila"Taylor,"ed.,"The*Moving*Metropolis:*A*History*of*London's*Transport*since*1800,"ed."Sheila"Taylor"(Laurence"King,"2001)."p.179"75"“A"Station"Shopping"Centre"at"Southgate,”"The*Architect*and*Building*News"136"(December"1933):"p.280."

!

34"

reinforced"concrete"to"give"it"a"brighter"appearance"closer"to"that"of"stone"surfaces.!Manufacturing"innovations"such"as"flat"plate"glass"presented"designers"with"the"opportunity"to"integrate"larger"window"units,"both"individual"and"multiple"planes."Factory\made"windows"allowed"for"the"expression"of"straight"lines,"which"was"a"design"aim"for"Holden"and"Pick"in"all"of"the"stations"in"the"extension"of"the"Piccadilly"Line.76"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!76"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.119"\121"

35

56. 57.

55.

54.

54. sŝĞǁŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚŐĂƚĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĂďŽǀĞ55. Central clock on the shopping centre56. Shop displaying the Johnson typeface57. Belgian marble colonnade

!

36"

5.!Architect’s!Intellectual!Position!

Holden"believed"functionalism"never"goes"out"of"fashion"but"the"technology"used"to"implement"the"function"will"eventually"be"superseded:""

“It*is*the*vital*force*behind*every*great*constructive*period*the*world*has*known*A*the*lintel,*the*arch,*the*dome,*and*the*vault.*Functionalism,*which*introduced*all*these*in*their*turn,*will*no*doubt*find*a*suitable*idiom*for*the*girder*and*the*stanchion*and*for*the*reinforced*concrete*frame.*That*is*indeed*the*exact*significance*of*the*present*movement*in*the*architectural*world”77*

*

5.1"How"Holden’s"Approach"Informed"the"Design"for"Southgate"Station"

It"can"be"seen"that"Holden’s"intellectual"position"and"his"approach"to"architecture"informed"his"design"for"Southgate"Station."To"Holden,"the"true"meaning"of"architecture"is"service"and"function."In"plan,"the"shops,"entrances"and"ticket"offices"are"arranged"in"an"ordered"fashion"and"it"is"clear"that"Holden"was"focused"on"efficient"design"to"control"the"flow"of"passengers."The"axes"of"the"three"entrances"and"the"escalator"meet"the"central"passimeter"making"it"strategically"placed"and"also"the"most"prominent"object"of"the"whole"interior."

In"a"letter"written"in"1954,"Holden"said"that"he"“discovered*the*significance*of*form*as*distinct*from*the*tricks*of*architectural*ornament”.78"The"booking"hall"and"shopping"centre"at"Southgate"Station"are"simple"curvilinear"forms"that"correspond"with"each"other"representing"the"truth,"order"and"clarity"Holden"wished"to"express.79"However,"Southgate"Station"in"some"ways"contradicts"these"statements"and"displays"ornament"that"does"not"provide"a"function"or"service."It"is"possible"that"other"external"factors"affected"the"design"for"Southgate."A"station"is"commonly"a"point"of"reference"in"a"town."Therefore"Holden"could"have"sacrificed"the"aim"of"pure"functionality"and"instead"chose"to"create"an"elaborate"landmark."The"bold"ornamental"statements"suggest"this."Internal"and"external"blue"and"white"patterns"are"prominent,"emphasised"further"by"the"futuristic"strip"lighting,"making"Southgate"Station"resemble"a"large"electrical"device."The"decorative"spire"in"the"shape"of"a"Telsa"coil"also"supports"this"vision.80"The"circular"shape"of"the"building"sets"it"apart"from"the"straight\edged"high"street"buildings"surrounding"it."The"construction"of"a"circular"building"is"more"laborious"and"time\consuming"than"a"predominantly"straight"building"\"This"all"tends"to"suggest"that"Holden"and"Pick"wanted"to"create"an"elaborate"landmark,"something"people"would"remember"and"which"would"quite"literally"put"Southgate"on"the"map"as"a"new"suburb.""5.2"The"End"of"the"Relationship"with"the"Client"

In"June"1934"the"second"stage"in"the"development"of"the"‘brick"box"with"a"concrete"lid’"stations"began."This"was"part"of"the"new"works"program"from"1935"to"1940."AHP"were"taken"on"as"the"architects"for"11"underground"stations"and"9"sub"stations."However"Holden"became"less"involved"with"the"design"as"his"attention"was"focused"on"a"large"commission"from"the"University"of"London"to"build"Senate"House."This"resulted"in"four"of"the"stations"being"subcontracted"to"other"architects"and"by"1937"this"led"to"tension"with"Pick."Pick"only"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!77"“Charels"Holden,”"The*Listener,"July"1933"p.125."AHP\30\1"78"Charles"Holden,"Letter*to*A.B.*Drought"(1954)."AHP\26\7\1\4"79"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"the"Classical"Influence"of"Architecture,”"(1941)."AHP\26\10\22"80"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.119"\121"

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37"

wanted"Holden"to"design"stations"if"he"was"personally"involved"in"them."Holden"became"critical"of"Pick’s"constant"demand"for"innovation."Pick"resigned"in"1940"due"to"deteriorating"health"and"AHP"ended"their"involvement"as"consulting"architects"to"the"Underground"Company"in"1942."

"

5.3"Holden’s"Influence"

Holden’s"work"has"been"and"remains"influential."The"west"wing"of"the"Glasgow"School"of"Architecture"built"in"1909"and"designed"Charles"Rennie"Makintosh"shares"many"similarities"with"Holden’s"Bristol"Central"Reference"Library.81"Comparable"features"are"the"thin"black"window"fames"and"the"red"brick"texture"and"colour."(Figure"58)"

Park"Royal"Station"was"designed"by"the"architect’s"practice,"Welch"&"Lander."Felix"Lander"was"a"previous"employee"of"AHP"and"was"noticeably"influenced"by"Holden."There"is"a"circular"overhanging"concrete"roof"similar"to"Southgate"Station"and"a"tower"element"similar"to"Turnpike"Lane"Station."(Figure"60)"

Southgate"Station"formed"a"model"for"Hanger"Lane"Station"designed"by"Brian"Lewis"and"Frederick"Curtis,"opened"in"1947.82"The"plan"is"circular"and"the"interior"floor"tile"arrangement"bears"a"resemblance"to"that"of"Southgate."Externally,"it"has"thick"window"framing,"which"is"different"to"Southgate,"but"the"arrangement"and"proportions"of"the"ground"level"for"the"shops"and"ticket"offices"and"the"windows"on"the"upper"level"is"similar."(Figure"60)"

The"end"of"the"20th"Century"saw"a"renewed"interest"in"Holden’s"style"of"station"architecture."Redhill"Station"(1990)"by"Troughton"McAlsan"Architects"and"Canada"Water"Station"by"Eva"Jiricna"Architects"(1999)"are"clearly"influenced"by"Southgate"Station."Circular"in"plan,"the"windows"that"surround"the"perimeter"of"the"walls"are"covered"by"an"overhanging"flat"roof.83"(Figure"59)"

The"reason"for"these"stations"looking"similar"to"Southgate"is"possibly"because"the"design"of"Southgate"Station"was"efficient"and"worked"well"functionally"as"a"station."Charles"Holden"said"that"the"Greeks"have"the"form"for"the"perfect"temple"because"it"has"been"perfected"over"600"years.84"Perhaps"Holden"desired"a"similar"legacy"for"his"stations,"classic"designs"but"which"could"still"evolve."Conversely,"are"the"new"stations"that"resemble"Holden’s"classic"architecture,"more"than"just"simply"pastiche?"The"iconic"design"of"Southgate"certainly"seems"to"encourage"imitation"and"draws"respect"from"modern"architects"wanting"to"live"up"to"Holden’s"legacy.""

!

""

"

"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!81"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)"p.ix"82"David"Lawrence,"Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden"(Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008)."p.66"83"Eitan"Karol,"Charles*Holden:*Architect"(Shaun"Tyas,"2007)."p.13"84"Charles"Holden,"“Notes"on"the"Classical"Influence"of"Architecture,”"(1941)."AHP\26\10\22"

35 38

58.

60.

59.

61.

58. Glasgow School of Art59. ĂŶĂĚĂtĂƚĞƌ^ƚĂƟŽŶ60. WĂƌŬZŽLJĂů^ƚĂƟŽŶ61. ,ĂŶŐĞƌ>ĂŶĞ^ƚĂƟŽŶ

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6.!Conclusion!

This"dissertation"has"analysed"the"functional"design"ethos"of"Charles"Holden"focusing"on"his"1932"Southgate"Station"for"the"London"Underground.""

Holden"and"his"client"had"a"close"relationship"and"had"mutual"interests"in"station"design."Both"were"members"of"the"DIA,"and"shared"“a*common*aim*of*trying*to*find*a*proper*solution*for*the*problems*of*everyday*life”.85"Frank"Pick"contracted"Holden"to"design"a"station"that"was"efficient,"functional"and"fit"for"purpose,"part"of"a"vision"for"an"integrated"Underground"network"to"serve"the"capital."

There"is"a"clear"line"of"development"through"all"of"the"stations"that"Holden"and"his"team"designed."The"Piccadilly"Line"extension"stations"were"influenced"by"findings"from"the"trip"to"Northern"Europe."Brick"buildings"with"large"open"booking"hall"spaces"demonstrated"by"Bussum"Station"in"the"Netherlands"informed"the"design"of"the"stations."Ideas"from"Denmark"where"the"scope"of"the"architect’s"role"extended"beyond"building"design"were"also"implemented"as"Holden"designed"lighting"columns"and"freestanding"ticket"offices"for"Southgate."The"suburban"Krumme\Lanke"Station"in"Germany"was"also"a"likely"key"influence"on"the"design"for"Southgate"as"both"design"have"significant"similarities."

Holden’s"approach"to"architecture"is"summed"up"by"the"DIA’s"slogan,"“fitness*for*purpose”."It"involved"the"removal"of"unnecessary"details"that"take"away"from"the"sole"purpose"of"a"building,"which"he"saw"as"function."The"success"of"the"functional"design"ethos"embodied"in"Southgate"compared"to"other"London"stations"is"debatable."It"can"be"seen"that"for"a"truly"functional"station"to"succeed"it"must"be"efficient"at"a"fundamental"level."The"main"test"of"this"is"successfully"getting"passengers"onto"or"off"trains"efficiently"and"safely."Therefore"for"an"underground"station"to"be"successful"it"does"not"need"to"be"elaborate"or"convey"a"uniform"image."A"simple"entrance"with"a"clear"route"to"ticket"collection"and"the"platforms"could"suffice."As"Holden"wrote,"“There*is*no*need*to*go*out*of*one’s*way*in*the*search*for*novelty:*a*proper*sense*of*fitness*for*purpose*will*supply*all*the*material*for*adventure”86"From"the"comparisons"with"stations"such"as"Cockfosters"and"Piccadilly"Circus,"it"is"possible"to"see"different"ways"of"perusing"a"functional"design."Cockfosters"can"be"seen"to"be"a"station"where"functional"design"has"been"implemented"more"successfully."The"station"and"bus"pull\in"are"located"on"opposite"sides"of"the"high"street,"linked"with"an"underground"subway,"which"is"safer"and"less"disruptive"to"traffic"flow."

Southgate"Station"played"a"role"in"the"evolution"of"Metroland"in"the"suburbs"of"North"London."At"the"time"of"its"construction"it"would"have"been"an"important"landmark"for"Southgate"as"a"new"place"to"live"and"from"which"to"commute."It"is"possible"that"there"would"have"been"external"pressures"to"design"an"elaborate"station"building"to"represent"Southgate"as"a"modern"desirable"suburb"with"easy"transport"into"London."A"less"elaborate"station"might"also"have"been"fit"for"its"purpose"but"also"cost"much"less."

Holden"suggests"that"ornament"can"divert"from"the"true"meaning"of"architecture,"which"is"service"and"function.87"Much"of"the"Southgate"Station"design"contradicts"this"statement"displaying"an"array"of"ornament."However,"the"importance"of"service"and"function"in"a"suburban"station"must"also"be"combined"with"attractive"design"to"provide"a"pleasant"and"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!85"“Charles"Holden"giving"his"acceptance"speech"upon"being"awarded"the"gold"medal"of"the"RIBA,”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"43,"no."12"(April"1936):"p626."86"Charles"Holden,"“Designing"a"Passenger"Station,”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."87"“Charles"Holden"giving"his"acceptance"speech"upon"being"awarded"the"god"medal"of"the"RIBA,”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"43,"no."12"(April"1936):"p626."

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inviting"travelling"experience."Southgate"Station"still"performs"well"as"a"station"and"was"ahead"of"its"time"in"terms"an"integrated"transport"facility.""

Despite"the"fact"that"Holden"may"have"compromised"in"his"desire"for"completely"functional"design,"Southgate"Station"remains"80"years"on"as"one"of"the"finest"suburban"station"buildings"on"the"Underground."It"continues"to"inspire"architects"to"this"day"and"shows"Holden"as"a"visionary"in"integrating"suburban"public"transport"and"at"the"same"time"creating"a"development,"which"provides"a"strong"identity"to"this"suburb."

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7.!Bibliography!

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“A"Station"Shopping"Centre"at"Southgate.”"The*Architect*and*Building*News"136"(December"1933):"280."

“A"Visit"to"the"Underground"Railway"Stations"on"the"Cockfosters"Line.”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"41,"no."1"(November"1933):"28."

Bank"of"England."Inflation*Calculator."http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Pages/inflation/calculator/flash/default.aspx."

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Barson,"Susie."“'A"little"Grit"and"Ginger':"The"Impact"of"Charles"Holden"on"the"Architecture"of"the"London"Underground,"1923\40.”"In"The*Architecture*of*British*Transport*in*the*Twentieth*Century."

Butina\Watson,"Georgia,"and"Ian"Bentley."Identity*by*Design."Taylor"&"Francis,"2007."

“Charels"Holden.”"The*Listener,"July"1933."

“Charles"Holden"giving"his"acceptance"speech"upon"being"awarded"the"god"medal"of"the"RIBA.”"Journal*of*the*RIBA"43,"no."12"(April"1936):"p626."

Design"Indistries"Association."About*Us."http://www.dia.org.uk/page/AboutUs."

Edwards,"WPN."“A"Note"on"Contemporary"Architecture"in"Northern"Europe"20"June"\"7"July.”"1930."

English"Heritage."Listed*Buildings."http://www.english\heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed\buildings/."

Glasscock,"Robin,"ed."Historic*Landscapes*of*Britain*from*the*Air."Cambridge"University"Press,"1992."

Halliday,"Stephen."Underground*to*Everywhere*A*London's*Underground*Railway*in*the*Life*of*the*Capital."Sutton"Publishing,"2001."

Heynickx,"Rajesh,"and"Tom"Avermaete."Architecture*&*Communities*in*Interwar*Europe."Minrebroederstraat:"Leuven"University"Press,"2012."

Holden,"Charles."“Aesthetic"Aspects"of"Civil"Engineering"Design.”"Draft"Paper,"1944."

Holden,"Charles."“Designing"a"Passenger"Station.”"Design*for*Today"1,"no."4"(August"1933)."

Holden,"Charles."“Letter"to"A.B."Drought.”"1954."

Holden,"Charles."“Letter"to"Giles"Gilbert"Scott.”"6"Nov"1950."

Holden,"Charles."“Notes"on"the"Classical"Influence"of"Architecture.”"1941."

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Holden,"Charles."“Notes"on"the"use"of"Concrete"and"Reconstructed"Stone.”"1942."

Holden,"Charles."“Notes"on"Visit"to"Berlin.”"1930."

Holden,"Charles."“Personal.”"Architects*Journal"95"(March"1942):"p233."

http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/enA200575AsouthgateAundergroundAstationAincludingA*.""

Karol,"Eitan."Charles*Holden:*Architect."Shaun"Tyas,"2007."

Lawrence,"David."A*Logo*for*London."London:"Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2000."

Lawrence,"David."Bright*Underground*Spaces*A*The*London*Tube*Station*Architecture*of*Charles*Holden."Capital"Transport"Publishing,"2008."

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Menear,"Laurence."London's*Underground*Stations,*A*Social*and*Architectural*Study."Midas"Books,"1983."

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Welsh,"David."Underground*Writing."Liverpool:"Liverpool"University"Press,"2010."

Whitford,"Frank."Bauhaus."London:"Thames"and"Hudson,"1984."

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8.!Image!Credits!

Cover:"Own"Image"

Inside"Cover:"Own"Image"

1. Lawrence,"David."A*Logo*for*London."p.32"2. Lawrence,"David."A*Logo*for*London."p.32"3. Lawrence,"David."A*Logo*for*London."p.33"4. Lawrence,"David."Bright*Underground*Spaces"p.14"5. Lawrence,"David."Bright*Underground*Spaces"p.15"6. Lawrence,"David."Bright*Underground*Spaces"p.16"7. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199855021\bw\print\topical\

press"8. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199920717\bw\print\topical\

press"9. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199856435\bw\print\topical\

press"10. http://www.architecture.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Exhibitionsandloans/VA

RIBAArchitecturePartnershipexhibitions/UndergroundJourneys/TheHeartofLondon/PiccadillyCutaway.aspx"

11. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199848744\bw\print\john\somerset\murray"

12. http://www.nlwandel.nl/Album/NS\Naardermeer%20(Naarden)/slides/01%20NS\station%20Naarden\Bussum.html"

13. http://www.flickr.com/photos/klaasfotocollectie/3043096148/in/photostream/"14. http://eng.archinform.net/projekte/8775.htm"15. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/french\disko/2806733674/"16. Own"image"17. http://globeedia.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/worlds\most\beautiful\libraries_24.html"18. http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/conway/62ddb8d4.html"19. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199848716\bw\print\topical\

press"20. http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevecadman/327433698/sizes/o/in/photostream/"21. Lawrence,"David."Bright*Underground*Spaces"p.26"22. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199862689\bw\print\topical\

press"23. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"24. Own"image"25. Own"image"26. Own"image"27. Own"image"28. Own"image"29. Own"image"30. Own"image"31. Own"image"32. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"33. http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199877149\bw\glass\neg\topical\press"34. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199877800\bw\glass\neg\

topical\press"35. London"Transport"Museum,"http://www.pickmix.co.uk/199878482\bw\glass\neg\

topical\press"

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36. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"37. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"38. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"39. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"40. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"41. Archive"Database,"55"Broadway,"London"42. Own"image"43. Own"image"44. Own"image"45. Own"image"46. Own"image"47. Own"Image"48. Own"image"49. Own"image"50. Own"image"51. Own"image"52. Own"image"53. Own"image"54. Bing"Maps,"http://binged.it/Wx7FR5"55. Own"image"56. Own"image"57. Own"image"58. Own"image"59. http://www.astecprojects.co.uk/projects/canada_water/"60. Own"image"61. http://www.modernism\in\metroland.co.uk/hanger\lane.html"62. Own"image""

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