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Christianity and War
Holy WarPacifismJust WarEarly Christian attitudes towards war.The Life of St Martin.
Holy Wars: past & present
Judaism: conquest of CanaanIslam: conquest of MeccaChristianity: crusades
Common Features of Holy Wars
Absolute and unlimited goalsConflict between forces of good an forces of evilDestruction of the enemy at any costAny means are justifiedNo moral responsibility for the victims
Modern ‘Total Wars’
GenocideAnti-SemitismArmenian Genocide in TurkeyExtermination of non-Muslims in Sudan
Problems with Holy Wars
Mistaken view of God: God does not care for my enemiesMistaken view of the world: black & white pictureLack of moral restraintHoly wars always fail to achieve their goals
Spiritualization of Holy War tradition
Spiritual warfareApocalyptic war
Christ and the Army of Heaven
Pacifism
It is always wrong to go to war‘You shall not kill’ Ex. 20: 13Words of Jesus:
“Do not resist an evildoer. But if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also.” (Mt 5: 39) “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you” (Mt 5: 44)
“Overcome evil with good, rather than return evil for evil.” Rom 12: 17
Statue in the UN garden
Isaiah’s vision of world peace
He [God] shall judge between the nations, and shall arbitrate for many peoples; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.
Isaiah 2: 4.
Pacifism throughout history
1-3rd c.: Most Christians were pacifistsNon-violent resistance of the martyrsFranciscansMennonitesQuakers
Arguments for Pacifism
Pragmatic argument: “pacifism works”
GhandiMartin Luther King
Witness argument
Strengths of Pacifism
Nonviolent means are sometimes more effectiveReminds that violence is costly: further alienation; human lives; financial expenses of war
Weaknesses of Pacifism
Pragmatic argument is based on anecdotal evidenceGod does not condone sinShallow understanding of sinfulness of human conditionChristians have responsibility to protect the unjustly attacked
Just War
1. Just cause (protection from unjust attack, protect rights, reestablish just political order) .
2. Legitimate authority.3. Last resort.4. Reasonable chance of success.5. Right goal and intention: re-establish peace.6. Proportionality: violence used in war must be
proportional to injury suffered.7. Discrimination between combatants and civilians.
Early Christian Attitudes towards military service & war
Why did most early Christians resist serving in the army?
The viability of two-tiered ethics: ‘natural law’ for the society at large and the ethics of perfection for some in the Church.
Cult of the Saints
Pilgrimages to holy places
Intercession of the saints
Veneration of relics
St. Martin of Tours (d. 397).
An Episode from the Life of St Martin