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hYla]f[] Yf\ `Yj\ ogjc* ;j] o] oaddaf_ lg ]fl]j aflg
km[` af gj\]j l`Yl =`jaklaYfk ^gj o`ge o] hjYq eYq gf]
\Yq !klYf\ h]j^][l Yf\ [gehd]l] af Yddl`] oadd g^ Ag\9!
&=gd*06 -.'* ?hYh`jYk oYk oaddaf_( l`]j]^gj] `ak fYe] ak
ojall]f aflg l`] kY[j]\ hY_]k g^ Ag\%k \anaf] Qgj\*
NL;P;CFCHA JL;S?L
AYdYlaYfk06 -5 Zjaf_k mk aflg Yfgl`]j h`Yk] g^ hjYq]j
kaeadYj lg dYZgmjaf_ hjYq]j* JYmd( af `ak e]kkY_] lg l`]
AYdYlaYfk*j]Zmc]k l`]e ^gj `Ynaf_ \ak[Yj\]\ l`] da^] g^
^Yal` af l`] Bgdq Mhajal ^gj l`] !ogjck g^ l`] ^d]k`!* Bak
`]Yjl ak _ja]n]\ Z][Ymk] g^ l`]aj j]lmjfaf_ lg ogjck YkY
hYjl g^ kYdnYlagf( afkl]Y\ g^ [gflafmaf_ Y da^] g^ ^Yal` Yk
d]\ Zq l`] Mhajal g^ Ag\* !Gq dalld] [`ad\j]f(! kYqk JYmd(
!g^ o`ge C NL; P ;C F af Zajl` Y_Yaf mflad =`jakl Z]
^gje]\ af qgm!*
JYmd `Y\ ljYnYad]\ af hjYq]j( Yk Y ogeYf ljYnYadk
o`]f k`] _an]k Zajl` lg Y [`ad\( af gj\]j l`Yl l`]
AYdYlaYfk[ge] aflg l`] H]o <ajl` af D]kmk=`jakl* Hgo
`] ak l`jgof gf[] Y_Yaf aflg l`] kYe] hYaf^md Yf\
Yj\mgmk dYZgmj af gj\]j l`Yl l`]k] [`ad\j]f g^ Ag\ [ge]
aflg l`] j]Yd da^] g^ l`] Mhajal( l`] ^gjeaf_ g^ =`jakl af
l`]e* N`]aj khajalmYd_jgol` `Y\ Z]]f klY_fYl]\( \m] lg
l`]aj ljmkl af k]d^ ]^^gjl afkl]Y\ g^ h]jeallaf_ l`] Mhajal
lg ^gje l`] da^] g^ =`jakl af l`]e*
Cl ak fgl ]Ykq lg _an] Zajl` lg Y [`ad\( fgj ak al ]Ykq lg
Zjaf_ mh Y [`ad\ af l`] =`jakl da^]*MhajalmYddqkh]Ycaf_(
km[` ogjc Yf\ hjg_j]kk [gklk Y_gfq Yf\ hYaf af hjYq]j
dYZgmj(a^]^^][lan] j]kmdlk Yj] lg Z] `Y\*
Mm[` hjYq]j Yk JYmd hjYq]\ eYc]k mk `Yf_ gmj `]Y\k
af k`Ye]* Hg ogf\]j Ag\ [gmd\ \g l`jgm_` l`] Yhgkld]
JYmd l`Yl o`a[` B] `Yk jYj]dq Z]]f YZd] lg \g l`jgm_`
Yfqgf] ]dk]* JYmd \]\a[Yl]\ `aek]d^ lg l`] dYZgmj g^
hjYq]j* B] j]Ydar]\ l`Yl Y khajalmYdZajl` j]imaj]k ljYnYad
Yk \g]k Y h`qka[Yd Zajl`( Yf\ l`Yl khajalmYd_jgol` akfgl
Y[[gehdak`]\ oal`gml Y_gfq g^ khajal* Oflad o] [ge]
aflg l`ak h`Yk] g^ hjYq]j( Ag\%k h]ghd] oadd dY[c l`]
khajalmYdalq l`]q k`gmd\ hgkk]kk( Z][Ymk] Ag\ `Yk
gj\Yaf]\ l`Yl Yddl`Yl akY[[gehdak`]\ af Bak ogjc Yf\ af
Bak [`ad\j]f Z] Y[[gehdak`]\ l`jgm_` l`] hjYq]jk g^ Bak
k]jnYflk Yf\ Bak h]ghd]*
M??ECHA JL;S?L
D]kmk kYa\ lg Bak \ak[ahd]k6 !M]]c Yf\ q] k`Ydd^af\!
&GYll* 363'* N`ak ak fgl YdoYqk Yf ]Ykq caf\ g^ hjYqaf_*
Q] ^af\ l`Yl g^l]flae]k al ak f][]kkYjq lg [gflafm]
k]]caf_ mf\]j Y\n]jk] [aj[meklYf[]k mflad o] ^af\ l`Yl
H?Q QCH?
o`a[` o] Yj] dggcaf_ ^gj* Cf ]^^][l( l`]j] ak fg mk] g^
k]]caf_ mfd]kk o] afl]f\ lg h]jk]n]j] mflad o] ^af\ l`Yl
^gj o`a[` o] Yj] k]]caf_* Cl ak ^ggdak` lg Z]_af Yf\ fgl
^afak`* Ng \g kg ak Yf af\a[Ylagf g^ dY[c g^ h]jk]n]jYf[]Yf\ ljm] khajalmYd[gfna[lagf*
D]ke _Yn] Yf ]pYehd] g^ l`ak af l`] af[a\]flk ojall]f
af l`] -1l` [`Yhl]j g^ Fmc]( o`]j] B] kh]Yck g^ Y
k`]h`]j\ o`g d]^l l`] faf]lq Yf\ faf] k`]]h kY^] af l`]
^gd\ o`ad] `] o]fl aflg l`] egmflYafk lg k]]c gf] dgf]
k`]]h o`a[` oYk dgkl* B] \a\ fgl k]]c ^gj Y o`ad] Yf\
l`]f _an] dah Z][Ymk] l`] k`]]h oYk fgo`]j] af ka_` l*
Hg B] [gflafm]\ `ak k]Yj[` !OHNCF B? @IOH> CN!*
D]kmk Ydkg khgc] g^ l`] ogeYf o`g `Y\ dgkl Y kadn]j
[gaf* M`] ko]hl l`] `gmk] Yf\ !MIOABN >CFCA?HNFS
OHNCF MB? @IOH> CN!* M`] \a\ fgl _an] mh Z][Ymk] al
oYk fgl ^gmf\ Yl l`] ^ajkl ko]]haf_ gj l`] k][gf\* M`]
h]jkakl]\ mflad al oYk ^gmf\*
N`]f D]kmk _Yn] l`] ]pYehd] g^ l`] eYf o`g dgkl Y
kgf lg l`] ogjd\ Yf\ kaf* <]ak ljY_a[ lg fgl] l`Yl fg gf]
o]fl lg k]]c l`Yl dgkl kgf* N`mk D]kmk_jYh`a[Yddq hgaflk
gml lg mkgmj o]Yc Yf\ l]ha\ khajalmYd[gf\alagf* Q`[f al
[ge]k lg eYl]jaYd l`af_k( o] Yj] oaddaf_ lg kh]f\ lae]
Yf\ laj]d]kk ]^^gjl lg hjg[mj] l`Yl o`a[` o] \]kaj] Zml
o`]f al [ge]k lg k]]caf_ dgkl kgmdk l`jgm_` l`] YdoYqk
]^^][lan] e]Yfk g^ dYZgmjaf_ af hjYq]j( o] ^af\ eYfq
]p[mk]k Yf\ hj]l]plk ^gj fgl \gaf_ kg*
V]ak l`] kYe] j]_Yj\af_ gmj gof khajalmYdf]]\k* Q]
`Yn] ^]Yjk Yf\ \gmZlk( Ydgf_ oal` ^d]k`dq YlljaZml]k km[`
Yk ajjalYlagfk( ojYl`( ]fnqaf_k( klja^]( `Ylj]\( ]l[* N`]
M[jahlmj] kYqk l`Yl a^ o] k]]c Ag\( o] k`YddZ] \]dan]j]\
^jge km[`( q]l o] [gflafm] af gmj af]jl Yf\ da^]d]kk
j]da_agmk oYqk oal`gml gZ]qaf_ Ag\%k [geeYf\* >Yna\
kYa\6 !C kgm_`l l`] Fgj\( Yf\ B] `]Yj\ e]( Yf\ \]dan]j]\
e] ^jge Yddeq ^]Yjk! &Jk*/060'* Of\gmZl]\dq al lggc
>Yna\ kge] lae] lg Z] \]dan]j]\ ^jge !Ydd! `ak ^]Yjk( ^gj
^]Yj ak gf] g^ l`] l`af_k o`a[` ak CeZ]\\]\ af l`] gd\
fYlmj] g^ eYf* <] [gklk lae] lg ja\ gmjk]dn]k g^ l`]
YZgeafYlagfk g^ l`] Y\Yea[ fYlmj]( Zml a^o] Yj] oaddaf_
lg M??E( Ykl`] Fgj\ D]kmk`Yk [geeYf\]\ mk lg \g* o]
k`Ydd@CH> l`] \]dan]jYf[] o] f]]\*
=;FFCHA JL;S?L
N`] dYkl caf\ g^ hjYq]j o] k`Ydd e]flagf af l`ak
klm\q( Ydl`gm_` o] `Yn] Zq fg e]Yfk ]p`Ymkl]\ l`]
kmZb][l( ak l`Yl o`a[` ak khgc]f g^ af l`] <aZd] Yk
=;FFCHA* JkYde 1,6 -1 kYqk6 !=;FF mhgf e] af l`]
\Yq g^ ljgmZd]* Coadd \]dan]j l`]]( Yf\ l`gm k`Ydl _dgja^qe]*!
;dd g^ mk o`g `Yn] ]ph]ja]f[]\ lae]k g^ _j]Yl Yf\
l]jjaZd] f]]\ cfgo o`Yl l`ak caf\ g^ hjYq]j e]Yfk* B]j]
o] d]Yn] Z]`af\ Yddhj][gf[]an]\ a\]Yk g^ o`Yl hjYq]j
k`gmd\ Z]* B]j] l`]j] ak fg ^gjeYdake( fg klYa\ ^gjeaf_
g^ h]j^][l ogj\ [gfkljm[lagf* HYq( `]j] gfdq gf] l`af_
akfgl]\* l`Yl \]kh]jYl] [Yddaf_ mhgf Ag\ Ykl`] gfdq gf]
o`g [Yf da^l mk gml g^ l`] \]khYaj Yf\ \]Yl` o`a[` `Yk
klja[c]f mk*I`( l`Yl o] `Y\ egj] g^ l`ak caf\ g^ hjYq]j
6.? ?26.
Ydkg*Ng Z][ge] \[kh[jYl] oal` Ag\ Zjaf_k j[kmdlk*
Bgo[njj( Y[[gj\af_ lg l`] -0l` n]jk[ g^ l`ak kYe]
[`Yhl]j( l`]j] ak kge]l`af_ o`a[` emkl Y[[gehYfq gmj
[Ydd mflg Ag\* !I^^]j mflg Ag\ l`Yfck_anaf_( Yf\ hYq
l`q ngok mflg l`] egkl Ba_` ) NB?H ) [YddYf\ Coadd
\]dan]j l`]]*! Q`]f o] Z][ge] \]kh]jYl]* l`]f al ak o[
Yj] oaddaf_ lg hYq Yfq hja[] af gj\]j lg _]l gml X[ gmj
kalmYlagf*
N`ak ak _gg\ Yf\ al ak o`Yl Ag\ \]kaj]k* <] eYq Z]
l`Yl B] h]jealk mk lg _]l aflm Y lgm_` khgl l`Yl o] eYq
\g bmkl l`ak* Yk B] \a\ oal` DgfY`* o`g af l`] Z]ddq g^
l`[ o`Yd] [ja]\ gml af Y_gfq g^ kgmd Yf\ khajal6 !C oadd
hYq l`Yl C `Yn] ngo]\! &Dgf* .65'* Q`]f `[ kYa\ l`Yl*
l`] ^ak` ngeal]\ `ae gml mhgf \jq dYf\
Bgo]n]j* l`]j] ak kladd Yfgl`]j j]imaj]e]fl
e]flagf]\ `]j] o`a[` emkl Y[[gehYfq gmj \]kh[jYl]
[Yddaf_ mhgf Ag\ Yf\ gmj hjgeak] lg \g l`Yl o`a[` B]
\]eYf\k g^ gmj dan]k( Yf\ l`Yl ak lg g^^]j mflg Ag\
NB;HEMACPCHA* S]k* a^ o] Yj] ljmdq af ]Yjf]kl oal`
gmj Ag\* ]n]f af gmj \[kh]jYlagf o] oadd j[[g_far] l`Yl
B] ak l`] Ag\ g^ Bak Qgj\* B] oadd ^md^addBak hjgeak]k
o`]f o] e]]l Bak [gf\alagfk* N`]j]^gj] gml g^ l`]
\mf_]gf g^ \]khYaj* gml g^ l`] ljgm_` g^ \]khgf\* gml g^
l`] \]hl`k g^ gmj \]kh]jYl] kgmd[ge]k ^gjl` hjYak] mflggmj Ag\*
Mm[` hjYq]j oadd YdoYqk Zjaf_ j]kmdlk( ^gj kg al ak
hjgeak]\* D]j]eaY` cf]o l`ak caf\ g^ hjYq]j* ^gj ]n]f
o`[f k`ml mh af l`] [gmjl g^ l`] hjakgf `] hjgh`]ka]\
l`]k] ogj\k o`a[` `Yn] Z]]f Y kgmj[] g^ ]f[gmjY_]e]fl
lg Ydd_]f]jYlagfk kaf[]6 !=Ydd mflg e]* Yf\ Coadd Yfko]j
l`]]* Yf\ k`]o l`]] _j]Yl Yf\ ea_`lq l`af_k( o`a[` l`gm
cfgo]kl fgl! &D]j* // 6/'* Iml g^ l`] \]hl`k g^ Y
\mf_]gf oal` \]Yl` fa_`( D]j]eaY` `Y\ [Ydd]\ mflg `ak
Ag\ Yf\ `Y\ Z]]f \[dan]j]\ ^jge Y _j]Yl \]Yl`*
N`]j]^gj] D]j]eaY` cf]o l`Yl ^jge km[` [Yddaf_ l`]
!_j]Yl Yf\ ea_`lq l`af_k! g^ Am\ ogmd\ Z]Y[[gehdak`]\*
I`( Z]dgn]\ Zj]l`j]f af gmj Fgj\( d]l mk d]Yn] Z]`af\
l`] ^gjeYdake g^ hjYq]j( l`] jalmYdake Yf\ [gf^gjealq lg
Y[[mklge]\ hjYqaf_( Yf\ d]l mk hjYq ZaZda[Yddq*Ag\ oadd
egn] af gmj dan]k( af gmj `ge]( af gmj [`mj[`( Yf\ af Bak
=`mj[` af l`] ]flaj] ogjd\( Yf\ ]n]f Z]qgf\ aflg l`]
!^a]d\k o`a[` Yj] o`al] mflg `Yjn]kl! o`]j] l`] _gkh]d
`Yk fgl q]l Z]]f lYc]f* B] oadd egn] af l`] dan]k g^
\]j]da[lk( \jm_ Y\\a[lk( `gegk]pmYdk* nY_YZgf\ qgml`(
\jmfcYj\k Yf\ emj\]j]jk7 q]Y( l`] dgkl g^ l`ak ogjd\
k`Ydd `Yn] Yf ghhgjlmfalq lg [ge] lg =`jakl Yf\ Bak
ljYfk^gjeaf_ hgo]j oadd Z] eYfa^]kl]\ af l`] emdlalm\]k
o`g lg\Yq Yj] lYcaf_ l`] gfdq oYq gml l`]q cfgo
Z][Ymk] fg gf] `Yk j]Y[`]\ l`]e oal` l`] e]kkY_] g^
da^] af D]kmk=`jakl*
Ag\ Zd]kk qgm Yf\ eYc] qgm Yf afl]j[]kkgj oal` gmj
Fgj\ lg e]]l l`] f]]\ g^ l`] lae]k af o`a[` o] Yj]
danaf_*vvv
*/2/<..6
(
!FROW\RKUU]ROTSWQNXVXPROK_OWLOUSTOWON^W]X ]OW_S[QSW\%RSMR]XXT ]ROS[UKVY\%KWN OW]PX[]R]X VOO]]ROL[SNOQ[XXV'!5WN PS_OXP]ROV `O[O `S\O%KWNPS_OO[OPXXUS\R'!FROb ]RK]`O[O PXXUS\R]XXT ]ROS[UKVY\%KWN]XXT WXXSUS]R ]ROV2!6^] ]RO`S\O ]XXT XSUSW]ROS[_O\\OU\S]R ]ROS[UKVY\'!IRSUO]ROL[SNOQ[XXV]K!SON%]RObKUU\U^VLO[ONKWN\UOY]'!5WN K] VSNWSQR]]RO[O`K\ K M[b VKNO%6ORXUN%]RO L[SNOQ[XXVMXVO]R3QXbO X^] ]X VOO]RSV'!FROWKUU]RX\O_S[QSW\K[X\O%KWN][SVVON ]ROS[UKVY\'!5WN ]ROPXXUS\R\KSN^W]X ]RO`S\O%;S_O ^\ XPbX^[ XSU3PX[X^[ UKVY\K[OQXWOX^]'
!6^] ]RO`S\O KW\`O[ON%\KbSWQ%AX] \X3 UO\]]RO[OLOWX]OWX^QRPX[^\KWNbX^2 6^] QXbO [K]RO[]X ]ROV ]RK]\OUU%KWNL^b PX[bX^[\OU_O\'!5WN `ROW ]ROb `OW] ]X L^b% ]RO L[SNOQ[XXVMKVO3KWN]ROb ]RK]`O[O[OKNb OW] SW S]R RSV ]X ]ROVK!SKQO3KWN]RONXX[ `K\ \R^]'!5P]O[`K[N MKVOKU\X]ROX]RO[_S[QSW\\KbSWQ%?X[N%?X[N%XYOW]X ^\'!6^] ROKW\`O[ONKWN\KSN%HO[SUb( \Kb ^W]XbX^ ( TWX` bX^ WX]'!IK]MR ]RO[OPX[OPX[bO TWX` WOS]RO[]RONKbWX[]RORX^[ `RO[OSW]ROEXWXPVKWMXVO]R'! #@K]]'+.2(&*,$
(; -- Yjgmf\ l`] ogjd\ lg\Yq l`]j] ak Y mfan]jkYd
`]Yjl[jq Yegf_ kaf[]j] =`jaklaYfk( Yk l`]q ^]]d l`]\]Y\f]kk Yf\ \jqf]kk af l`] [`mj[` Yf\ af l`]aj gof`]Yjlk( !Imj dYehk `Yn] _gf] gml !
;f\ l`ak [jq akmkmYddqgddgo]\ Zq l`] Y[[gehYfqaf_[jq6 !Aan] mkg^ SIOL gad !
Cf J]fl][gklYd [aj[d]k l`ak dY[c g^ !Iad! ) ) l`]hgo]j g^ l`] Bgdq A`gkl * ) ak ^]dl egj] c]]fdq l`Yf]dk]o`]j] Z][Ymk]( oal`gml l`] Iad ) ) l`] hgo]j g^Ag\ egnaf_ af l`]aj ea\kl ) ) l`]q Yj] oal`gml Yl]klaegfq( dac] Y ^ak` gml g^ oYl]j( ^gj l`] Bgdq Mhajalakl`]aj da^]Yf\ l`] j]Ykgf ^gj l`]aj ]pakl]f[] YkY[`mj[`*
<ml l`] !@mddAgkh]d! ^gdck l`] J]fl][gklYdk( YkYddgl`]jk Yj] fgo [jqaf_( !Imj dYehk Yj] _gf] gml !
N`] ^aj] Yf\ ^]jngj( l`] bgq Yf\ l`] \Yjaf_( l`]eajY[d]k l`Yl [ge] gfdq Zq l`] egnaf_ g^ Ag\%k Mhajal(Yj] kY\dq dY[caf_ af eYfq Ykk]eZda]kl`Yl o]j] gf[] !gf^aj] ^gj Ag\*! Gm[` g^ J]fl][gkl( dac] l`] j]kl g^Jjgl]klYflake( `Yk Z][ge] klYa\ Yf\ !j]kh][lYZd](!`Ynaf_ Y ^gje g^ Ag\daf]kk Zml dY[caf_ l`] hgo]j l`]q
MCRN??H H?Q QCH?
<dhjg^]kk lg hgkk]kk*
GYfq g^ mk `Yn] Z]]f dac] l`] ^an] ^ggdak` naj_afk(
jmffaf_ `al`]j Yf\ l`al`]j( Ykcaf_ l`gk] o`g k]]e]\ lg
`Yn] l`] hgo]j Yf\ hj]k]f[] g^ Ag\ af l`]aj eafakljq(
!Aan] mkg^ qgmj gad !
Q] `Yn] jmf lg l`ak ]nYf_]dakl Yf\ l`Yl( l`ak l]fl Yf\
l`Yl Ym\algjame( o`]j] Ag\ ak kladdegnaf_ Zq `ak Mhajal(
Yf\ o] `Yn] kYa\( af ]^^][l6 !Aan] mkg^ qgmj gad*Aan] mk
kge] g^ qgmj Yfgaflaf_( kge] g^ qgmj ^Yal`( kge] g^
qgmj _a^lk g^ l`] Mhajal( kge] g^ qgmj ka_fk Yf\ ogf\]jk(
kge] g^ qgmj eajY[d]k( kg o] [Yf lYc] l`]e ZY[c lg gmj
lgof Yf\ lg gmj _jgmh* Aan] mk g^ SIOL gad*^gj gmj
dYehk `Yn] _gf] gml !
;k C e]\alYl]\ j][]fldq gn]j l`ak hYkkY_] g^
M[jahlmj]( C kYo kge]l`af_ C `Y\ fgl hj]nagmkdq k]]f*
N`] oak] naj_afk% j]hdq lg l`] ^ggdak` naj_afk% [jq oYk(
!Hgl kg *** Zml _g Yf\ <OS ^gj qgmjk]dn]k*!
Ag <OS gad9 C l`gm_`l `]Yn]fdq gad oYk Y ^j]] _a^l*
;j]f%l Yddg^ Ag\%k Zd]kkaf_k Yf\ _a^lk ^j]]9 Ckf%l l`]
Bgdq Mhajal Y ^j]] _a^l9 ;j]f%l l`] faf] Aa^lk g^ l`]
6.? ?26.
Mhajal( ^j]]9 $<=gj* W.60)--'
!Ag( <OS gad ! <ml \g]kf%l l`Yl eYc] mk ?;LH gmj
_a^lk( gmj Yfgaflaf_( gmj hgo]j oal` Ag\9
S]k( Ag\%k Zd]kkaf_k Yf\ _a^lk Yj] ^j]]* <ml l`]j] akY
hja[] o] emkl hYq af hj]hYjaf_ gmjk]dn]k lg L?=?CP?
l`] Iad( l`] _a^lk( Z]^gj] Ag\ [Yf ]fljmkl l`]e lg mk*Q]
emkl ^mjfak` l`] P?MM?F*
Mg( af Y k]fk]( o] \g `Yn] lg <OS gmj gof gad*Q]
[Yffgl _]l al ^jge kge]gf] ]dk]* <mj\]f]\ Zq Y_j]Yl
f]]\ Yf\ eq afY\]imY[q lg Z] g^ Yfq `]dh af l`]
kalmYlagf( k]]af_ eq dY[c g^ hgo]j( dY[c g^ gad* C[ja]\
gml lg Ag\( !Ck al ljm] l`Yl o] `Yn] lg <OS gad9
S]k( al ak ljm]* @gj l`Yl ak o`Yl Ag\%k Qgj\ kYqk(
khgc]f l`jgm_` l`] dahk g^ D]kmk Baek]d^( !Ag( Zmq gad
^gj qgmjk]dn]k*!
Q`]f l`ak Z][Ye] j]Yd lg e]( l`]f eq `]Yjl)[jq oYk(
!I`( Fgj\( Bgo em[` \g]k Iad [gkl9 Cemkl `Yn] kge]
CoYfl lg Zmq kge]* Q`Yl \g]k al [gkl9 Q`Yl ak l`] hja[]
g^ l`ak B]Yn]fdq Iad7 l`ak Iad l`Yl oadd eYc] mk k`afaf_
da_`lk af l`] Eaf_\ge7 Iad l`Yl oadd k]l mkY^dYe] ^gj Ag\
Yf\ l`] kgmdkg^ e]f7 l`ak Iad l`Yl oadd ]fYZd] mk lg k]]
ka_fk Yf\ ogf\]jk ^gddgo gmj hj]Y[`af_ g^ l`] Qgj\7 l`ak
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If] g^ l`] ]Yjdq J]fl][gklYd hj]Y[`]jk _an]k l`akl]klaegfq6 B] oYk ljYn]daf_ l`jgm_` l`] Mgml`]jf klYl]khj]Y[`af_ af Zjmk` Yj`gjk Yf\ ]klYZdak`af_ [`mj[`]k*=geaf_ lg gf] [geemfalq* `] `]d\ Ye]]laf_* ZYhlar]\Y _jgmh g^ Z]da]n]jk Yf\ ZmadlY dalld] [`mj[`* YdkgYkeYddhdY[] o`]j] `] Yf\ `ak oa^] dan]\* N`]f `] oYk klja[c]f\gof oal` Y n]jq k]n]j] addf]kk*N`gm_` hjYq]\ ^gj( `]oYk fgl `]Yd]\* Njmklaf_ Ag\ ^mddq ^gj `ak Zg\q* `]fddjf]\ mh oal` ^]n]j Yf\ oYkl]\ YoYq mflad lgg o]Yc lgjak] ^jge `ak Z]\* Bak Mmf\Yq M[`ggd Mmh]jafl]f\]fl*o`g `Y\ f]]f kYn]\ Yf\ ^add]\ oal` l`] Bgdq A`gkl af`ak e]]laf_* [Ye] lg `ak Z]\ka\] gf] \Yq Yf\ kYa\(!<jgl`]j **** ( qgm `Yn] _gl lg ]p]j[ak] qgmj gof^Yal` ^gj qgmj `]Ydaf_ ! N`] hj]Y[`]j j]hda]\* !C \gf%l`(dn] Yfq ^Yal`* &Mge]lae]k o] _]l lgg o]Yc lg `Yn]^Yal`*' ;dd - [Yf \g ak dYq `]j] Yf\ oYal ^gj Ag\ lgWY_O)!
N`ak kg Y^^][l]\ l`] Mmf\Yq M[`ggd Mmh]jafl]f\]fll`Yl `] [Ydd]\ l`] [`mj[` lg_]l`]j Yf\ l`]q o]fl gf Yl`j]])\Yq ^Ykl*;l l`] ]f\ g^ l`] l`j]] \Yqk l`]q [Ye] lgl`] hj]Y[`]j%k `gmk] lg hjYq ^gj `ae* Mge] g^ l`] e]fda^l]\ l`] eafakl]j mh af Y ZdYfc]l Yf\ kYl`ae af Y[`Yajgf l`] hgj[`* N`]f l`]q Z]_Yf lg hjYq* Cf Y ^]o eafml]kl`] hgo]j g^ Ag\ kljm[c l`] ka[c eYf Yf\ `] d]Yh]\ gmlg^ l`] [`Yaj k`gmlaf_ hjYak]k lg Ag\* N`Yl fa_`l `]oYdc]\ Y[jgkk l`] dgl lg l`] [`mj[` Yf\ hj]Y[`]\ l`]k]jegf( `]Yd]\ `q l`] hgo]j g^ Ag\*
Ng\Yq( al akY jYj] l`af_ lg ^af\ YJ]fl][gklYd hj]Y[`]jgj Y dYqeYf o`g ^mddq ljmklk Ag\ ^gj `ak `]Ydl` Yf\`]Ydaf_*
If l`ak hYjl g^ l`] Qgj\* gmj dYehk `Yn] _gf]gml ) ) o] Yj] gml g^ Iad * ) Zgl` gf l`] hYjl g^ l`]dYalqYf\ l`] eafakljq*
If l`] hYjl g^ l`] dYqe]f( ^]o Z]da]n] l`Yl D]kmkakl`] Aj]Yl J`qka[aYf o`g !lggc gmj af^ajeala]k( Yf\ ZYj]gmj ka[cf]kk6) Yf\ !Zq Bak kljah]k o] Yj] `]Yd]\!*
;f\ gf l`] hYjl g^ l`] eafakljq( l`]j] Yj] ^]o lgo`ge o] [Yf _g Yf\ ]ph][l l`] !hjYq]j g^ ^Yal`! l`Yl*!kYn]k l`] ka[c! &DYd--]k16-0)-1'*
Q]%j] gml g^ Iad*N`] ^]o lg o`ge l`] emdlalm\]k _g ^gj `]Ydaf_( Yj]
e]f o`g `Yn] hYa\ l`] hja[] g^ hjYq]j Yf\ ^Yklaf_(k]hYjYlagf* kgdalm\] Yf\ kad]f[]( lg oYdc Yf\ lYdc oal`Ag\ Yf\ hj]k]fl l`]aj Zg\a]k Y danaf_ kY[ja^a[] mflg Ag\(Y !n]kk]d kYf[la^ \ Yf\ e]]l ^gj l`] GYkl]j%k mk]! &CC
*+$&*,
Nae* .6.W'*N`]q `Yn] l`] Iad*!Ck Yfq ka[c Yegf_ qgm9 F]l `ae [Ydd^gj l`] ]d\]jk
g^ l`] [`mj[`6 Yf\ d]l l`]e hjYq gn]j `ae( Yfgaflaf_`ae oal` gadaf l`] fYe] g^ l`] Fgj\6
!;f\ l`] hjYq]j g^ ^Yal` k`YddkYn] l`] ka[c* Yf\ l`]Fgj\ k`YddjYak] `ae mh6 Yf\ a^ `] `Yn] [geeall]\ kafk(l`]q k`YddZ] ^gj_an]f `ae! &DYe]k 16 -0)-1'*
2* NB? JLC=? I@ >;LCHA
;* >;LCHA NI M;S
!<K_OPKS]Rad+;XN' :X[ _O[SUb7 \Kb G=(]XbX^% //`]`RX\XO_O[ \RKUU\Kb G=(]X ]RS\ ((UXUUU(]KSU(%6O ]RX^[OVX_ON%KU(NLO ]RX^ MK\]S=(]X]RO\OK3KWN\RKUUWX]NX^L] SWRS\ ROK[]%LUU]\RKUULOUSO_O]RK] ]RX\O ]RSU(Q\`RSMR RO \KbO]R \RKUUMXVO ]X YK\\3 RO \RKUURK_O`RK]\XO_O[RO\KS]R'!#@K[T 776..)./'
N`] ZYlld] Y_Yafkl kYlYf akg^l]f ogf gj dgkl oal` gmjlgf_m]k ) o`Yl o] kYq*
C\d] ogj\k( ^ggdak` [`Yll]j( \akkahYl] hgo]j*<ml o`]f o] !MYq o`Yl Ag\ kYqk(! kh]Yc Bak
ogj\ ) k]jagmkdq( [gf^a\]fldq( Zgd\dq ) al CMima[c Yf\hgo]j^md*
D]kmk\Yj]\ lg Zgd\dq M;S o`Yl oYk _gaf_ lg `Yhh]f<?@IL? al `Yhh]f]\* B] EH?Q al ogmd\ [ge] lg hYkk!Z][Ymk] al oYk QLCNN?H af Ag\%k Qgj\*!
!N`] M[jahlmj] [Yffgl Z] Zjgc]f*! &Dg`f -,6/1'Q`]f l`] =]flmjagf lgd\ D]kmkg^ `ak k]jnYfl dqaf_ Yl
l`] hgafl g^ \]Yl`( l`] GYkl]j [Ydedq j]hda]\( !C oadd[ge] Yf\ B?;F `ae*! &GYll*463'
Q`]f klYf\af_ Yl l`] lgeZ g^ FYrYjmk( <?@IL? `]`Y\ \Yj]\ lg [Ydd^gjl` l`] \]Y\ eYf( B] dggc]\ mh lgB]Yn]f Yf\ l`Yfc]\ l`] @Yl`]j gh]fdq( ^gj l`] eajY[d]l`Yl oYk YZgml lg `Yhh]f* &Dg`f CC60-)0/'
!;f\ al k`Ydd[ge] lg hYkk( l`Yl Z]^gj] l`]q [Ydd(Coadd Yfko]j6 Yf\ o`ad] l`]q Yj] q]l kh]Ycaf_( C oadd`]Yj*! &dkY*216.0'
!B] k`Ydd Yn] o`Ylkg]n]j `] kYal`*! &GYjc -- 6./'!F]l mk `gd\ ^Ykl l`] hjg^]kkagf g^ gmj ^Yal` oal`gml
oYn]jaf_6 ^gj `] ak^Yal`^mdl`Yl hjgeak]\*! &B]Z* -,6./'
<* >;LCHA NI >I!IRK]\XO_O[ <O \KbO]R^W]XbX^' NX S]!' #*)***=+2.$N`] ^afYd hjgg^ g^ ^Yal` ak o`Yl o] >I* Q] gfdq
Z]da]n] o`Yl o] Z]da]n] kljgf_dq ]fgm_` lg ;=N gf*C C kaf[]j]dq Z]da]n] l`Yl Ag\ oadd `]Yd d--] o`]f C
[Yddgf Bae* l`]f C\g fgl k]]c `]dh ^jge e]Yfk gj e]f*C^ C Ye fgl kmj] B] oadd( l`]f Clmjf lg l`] Yje g^
^d]k` ^gj `]dh*Ag\%k e]f g^ ^Yal` Yj] e]f o`g \Yj] lg hml l`]aj
^Yal` Yf\ l`]aj Ag\ lg l`] Zall]j l]kl*;ZjY`Ye o]fl l`] dYklkl]h af g^^]jaf_ `ak kgf CkYY[
gf l`] YdlYj( ]n]f lg lqaf_ `ae Yf\ da^laf_ l`] cfa^] lgkdYq`ae( !Y[[gmflaf_ l`Yl Ag\ oYk YZd] lg jYak] `ae mh(]n]f ^jge l`] \]Y\6 ^jge o`]f[] Ydkg ] j][]an]\ `ae afY^a_mj]*! &B]Z* --6 -5'
6.? ?26.
Ggk]k \Yj]\ lg lYc] `ak da^] af `ak `Yf\k* &Hg( `] hml
al aflg l`] `Yf\k g^ Ag\' o`]f `] j]lmjf]\ lg ?_qhl lg
Yhh]Yj Z]^gj] J`YjYg` Yf\ \]eYf\ l`Yl l`] CkjY]dal]kZ]
k]l ^j]]*
Dgk`mY jakc]\ `ak da^] Zq klgfaf_ Yl l`] `Yf\k g^ l`]
emdlalm\]* a^ l`] oYl]jk g^ Dgj\Yf `Y\ ^Yad]\ lg gh]f
o`]f l`] hja]klk Z]Yjaf_ l`] ;jc g^ Ag\ eYj[`]\ aflg
l`] kogdd]f jan]j Yl Dgk`mY%k[geeYf\*
>Yna\ jakc]\ Y [jm]d \]Yl` Yl l`] `Yf\k g^ AgdaYl`
o`]f `] \Yj]\ _g gml Y_Yafkl `ae af l`] HYe] g^ l`]
Ag\ g^ CkjY]d*
?dabY` ^Y[]\ Yf a_fgZd] \]Yl` Z]^gj] <YYd%khjgh`]lk(
a^ Ag\ ^Yad]\ lg k]f\ l`] ^aj] gf l`] YdlYjg^ Gl* =Yje]d
o`]j] l`] hjgh`]l `Y\ [`Ydd]f_]\ l`] ]f]eq Yf\ l`]aj
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o`]f `] Zmadl l`] Yjc Yf\ \][dYj]\ l`Yl Ag\%k ojYl`
ogmd\ ^dgg\ l`] ]Yjl`*>Yfa]d jakc]\ \]Yl` af l`] dagfk%\]f o`]f `] \Yj]\
\]^q l`] caf_%k \][j]] Yf\ [gflafm]\ lg cf]]d af hjYq]j
Yf\ _an] l`Yfck lg `ak Ag\*
N`] l`j]] B]Zj]o [`ad\j]f Zgd\dq Y[[]hl]\ Y ^dYeaf_
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mfd]kk Ag\ ogmd\ kYn] l`]e*
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hja[] g^ MYqaf_ o`Yl Ag\%k Qgj\ l]ddk mk lg kYq( Yf\ g^
>gaf_ o`Yl `ak Qgj\ l]ddk mk lg \g*
!C^ Yfq eYf oadd [ge] Y^l]j e]( d]l `ae \]fq `aek]d^
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3* NB? JLC=? I@ =LO=C@CRCIH
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;dd l`] kl]hk gmldaf]\ YZgn] Yj] YhYjl g^ Yf\ d]Y\ mh
lg l`] mdlaeYl] Jja[] g^ Iad ) l`] =jm[a^apagf g^ M]d^*
C^ o] oYfl Iad ) l`] hgo]j g^ Ag\ egnaf_ af gmj
dan]k ) o] emkl Zjaf_ M]d^ Yf\ ?_g Yf\ Jja\] Yf\
MlmZZgjf Qadd lg l`] =jgkk g^ =`jakl Yf\ l`]j] [gf\]ef
l`]e lg \]Yl` oal` Bae( l`Yl l`] gd\ eYf eYq Z] \]Y\
Yf\ o] eYq Yjak] lg oYdc af f]of]kk g^ da^] ) ljmdq
f]o [j]Ylmj] af =`jakl D]kmk ) o`]j] `ak oadd( fgl gmjk ak
kgm_`l( o`]j] o] `Yn] gf] hYkkagf af da^]6 lg hd]Yk] Bae
o`g \a]\ ^gj mk*
Ag\ [Yffgl ljmkl `ak `gdq Iad lg [YjfYd( ^d]k`dq
`Yf\k*
C^o] k]]c hgo]j af gj\]j lg Zmad\ mh IOL eafakljq(
IOL Ykk]eZdq( IOL ^afYf[]k( o] k]]c af nYaf*
Q`]f Ag\ Z]_afk lg mk] Y eYf( Yf\ l`Yl eYf Z]_afk
lg lYc] l`] _dgjq* Ag\ j]egn]k `ak `Yf\( Yf\ kggf l`]
eYf akd]^l oal`gml gad*Yf ]ehlq \Yjc]f]\ n]kk]d*
C^Ag\ ak mkaf_ Y eYf( l`Yl eYf `Yk dalld] lg ZgYkl g^(
^gj Ag\ \g]k fgl g^l]f mk] l`] oak]( l`] _j]Yl( l`]
_a^l]\*
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]na\]f[] l`Yl eYf ak Y ^ggd( ak o]Yc( ak fgl`af_( Yk l`]
H?Q QCH?
ogjd\ bm\_]k oak\ge Yf\ _j]Ylf]kk*
JYmd( l`gm_` lYd]fl]\ Yf\ d]Yjf]\( oYk mk]\ ea_`ladq
g^ Ag\ Z][Ymk] `] [gmfl]\ Yddl`af_k( !Yk \mf_* l`Yl `]
ea_`l oaf =`jakl*! &J`ad* / 60)5' B] oYk oaddaf_ lg Z] Y
!^ggd ^gj =`jakl%k kYc]!* $<=gj* 06 -,'
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JYmd(! JYmd j]eaf\]\ l`]e l`Yl f]al`]j `] fgj ;hgddgk
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!@gj Ccfgo l`Yl af e] &l`Yl ak(af eq ^d]k`' \o]dd]l`
fg _gg\ l`af_*! &Lge* 36 -4'
!@gj q] k]] qgmj [Yddaf_( Zj]l`j]f( `go l`Yl fgl
eYfq oak] e]f Y^l]j l`] ^d]k`( fgl eYfq ea_`lq( fgl
eYfq fgZd]( Yj] [Ydd]\6
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lg [gf^gmf\ l`] oak]7 Yf\ Ag\ `Yl` [`gk]f l`] o]Yc
l`af_k g^ l`] ogjd\ lg [gf^gmf\ l`] l`af_k o`a[` Yj]
ea_`lq7
!;f\ ZYk] l`af_k g^ l`] ogjd\( Yf\ l`af_k o`a[` Yj]
\]khak]\( `Yl` Ag\ [`gk]f( q]Y( Yf\ l`af_k o`a[` Yj]
fgl( lg Zjaf_ lg fgm_`l l`af_k l`Yl Yj]6
!N`Yl fg ^d]k` k`gmd\ _dgjq af `ak hj]k]f[]*
!<ml g^ `ae Yj] q] af =`jakl D]kmk( o`g g^ Ag\ ak
eY\] mflg mk oak\ge( Yf\ ja_`l]gmkf]kk* Yf\
kYf[la^a[Ylagf( Yf\ j]\]ehlagf6
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`ae _dgjq af l`] Fgj\*! $<=gj* C6.2)/-'
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D]kmk*
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jgZZ]jq lg Z] ]imYd oal` Ag\6
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`ae l`] ^gje g^ Y k]jnYfl( Yf\ oYk eY\] af l`] dac]f]kk
g^ e]f6
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`aek]d^( Yf\ Z][Ye] gZ]\a]fl mflg \]Yl`( ]n]f l`]
\]Yl` g^ l`] [jgkk*!&J`ad* .6 1)4'
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eafakl]j7 ;f\ o`gkg]n]j oadd Z] [`a]^ Yegf_ qgm( d]l
`ae Z] qgmj k]jnYfl6
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mflg( Zml lg eafakl]j Yf\ lg _an] `ak da^] Y jYfkge ^gj
eYfq*! &GYll* .,6.2).4'
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Yf\ `] l`Yl k`Ydd `meZd] `aek]d^ k`Ydd Z] ]pYdl]\*!
&GYll* ./6 -.'
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E]]h e] Zmjfaf_6
Aan] e] gad af eq dYeh(
<hjYq*
Aan] e] gad af eq dYeh*
E]]h e] Zmjfaf_(
E]]h e] Zmjfaf_*
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Qgj\k g^ Fa^]( Cf[* g^ ;mklaf( N]pYk
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Zq DYf] PjZYfY[* BYjl*Ga[`*
; q]Yj Y_g - ojgl] YZgmll`] H]o =`mj[`* YZgmll`] dYqoalf]kk egn]e]fl Yf\ `go - `Y\ ]ph]ja]f[]\ Yj])Zajl`* Ykl`] hgo]j g^ D]kmk=`jakl oYk j]n]Yd]\ lg e] l`jgm_` l`]k] oalf]kkaf_ dYqe]f* Mmj]dq(- `Y\ ]ph]ja]f[]\ kge]l`af__j]Yl* kge]l`af_ ogf\]j^md* Pcfgo fgo* kaf[] eq ZYhlake af l`] Bgdq Mhajal*l`Yl o`Yl - `Y\ ]ph]ja]f[]\ oYk l`]Ydd)hgo]j^md*]n]j hj]k]fl* [gfkmeaf_ dgn] g^ D]kmk*- oYk j])Zgjf af l`gk]*ege]flk Yf\ - cf]o g^ o`Yl CoYk ojalaf_(Yf\ q]l* - \a\f %lcfgo6 * ),
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