Chris Lawrence VP Sales & Marketing. AGENDA So what areSo what are Chilled Ceilings & Beams ? Part 1 – Passive SystemsPart 1 – Passive Systems Chilled

Chris LawrenceChris LawrenceVP Sales & Marketing

AGENDAAGENDA

•So what are So what are

Chilled Ceilings & Beams ?Chilled Ceilings & Beams ?

•Part 1 – Passive SystemsPart 1 – Passive Systems• Chilled Ceilings• Chilled Sails• Passive Beams

•Part 2 – Active systemsPart 2 – Active systems• Active Chilled Beams

•Part 3 - Reducing EnergyPart 3 - Reducing Energy• Space Humidity concerns• Design Considerations• Water System Design• Savings & LEED

•Part 4 - Solutions Part 4 - Solutions • All Air Core• 6 Way• LoFlo• Overall 1st Costs

So What are Chilled So What are Chilled Ceilings & Beams?Ceilings & Beams?

A sensible cooling only device that uses chilled water above the room dew point to remove heat

from the space.

They can be independent of, or combined with, a method of introducing conditioned outside air to

the space to meet the ASHRAE 62 ventilation requirements

ASHRAEASHRAEEngineering for the World We Live InEngineering for the World We Live In

Chilled Ceilings

Radiant & Convective sensible cooling independent of

Primary air delivery

Chilled CeilingChilled Ceiling Radiant EffectRadiant Effect

45%Radiant

55%Convective

CW Supply59-62°F

CW Return62-66°F

76°F Dry Bulb

74°F radianttemperature (black bulb)

Chilled CeilingsChilled Ceilings

Advantages Design Issues

• Low cooling output–20 to 25 BTUH/FT2

100% coverage–14 to 18 BTUH/FT2

70% coverage– Driven by surface area

• Very High cost

• Separate air system required

• Needs many connections

• Excellent thermal comfort

• Can Heat• Reduced space

requirements– Will fit into 6-8” cavity

• Self regulating– Simple controls

• Low noise• Low maintenance


SailsSails Sensible cooling independent of

Primary air delivery.

SailsSailsOperation PrincipleOperation Principle

Increased convection

SailsSailsOperation PrincipleOperation Principle

Chilled SailsChilled Sails


• Cooling output– 40 to 50 BTUH/FT2 dependent of amount of ceiling used


• High cost

• Can not heat

• Need good acoustic treatment to avoid hard spaces

• Many connections

• Aesthetics ?

• Good thermal comfort• Reduced space

requirements– Freely suspended

• Self regulating– Simple controls

• Low noise• Low maintenance


Cooling & Heating (Ceiling only)

Very High thermal comfort especially on ceilings

Cooling capacity up to 18 Btuh/FT2 floor space (Ceiling - average)

Cooling capacity up to 40 Btuh/FT2 floor space (Sail - average)

Very low ceiling cavities needed, could in installed in a 6” space.

Self regulating simple two position controls

Low noise

Low maintenance

Ceilings & Sails Summary Ceilings & Sails Summary -


Passive Passive BeamsBeams

Buoyancy driven sensible cooling independent of

Primary air delivery

Passive Chilled BeamsPassive Chilled BeamsOperation PrincipleOperation Principle

Perforated tile

Water coil

Suspension rod

Soffit

Fabric skirt

Passive Chilled BeamsPassive Chilled BeamsAirflow PatternAirflow Pattern

Façade driven coolingFaçade driven cooling

Above the ceiling recessedAbove the ceiling recessed

ExposedExposed

Passive beamsPassive beams


• Cooling output– 40 to 50 BTUH/FT2


• Need High free area ceilings

• Can not heat• Need deep ceiling cavity

and space above coil• Need separate return air

passage for remove primary air volume

• Good thermal comfort• Low terminal velocities• Self regulating

– Simple controls• Low noise• Low maintenance• Ideal ‘top up’ to UFAD

especially at the façade


Typical Installation


Cooling only

Good thermal comfort

Cooling capacity up to 50 Btuh/FT2 floor space

Up to 450 BTUH per LF of beam

Reduced ductwork, riser and plant sizesWater transports most of sensible cooling

Self regulating simple two position controls

Low noise

Low maintenance

Passive Beams Summary Passive Beams Summary -

Perforation Free Areas

Are critical to passive beam performance !

Painted ?Painted ?

Usually, perforated free areas are quoted prior to paint application !Usually, perforated free areas are quoted prior to paint application !

Rule of ThumbRule of Thumb

Minimum 1/8” hole, approx 45% free area preferred, any reduction Minimum 1/8” hole, approx 45% free area preferred, any reduction in hole size or free area reduces output therefore it costs you more in hole size or free area reduces output therefore it costs you more because you need more beamsbecause you need more beams

On a recent projectOn a recent project

The tiles were specified 28% free area 1/10” hole. These turned out The tiles were specified 28% free area 1/10” hole. These turned out to be when painted a 1/12” hole which equated to to be when painted a 1/12” hole which equated to

19% free area.19% free area.This reduced the reduced performance by a further 20%This reduced the reduced performance by a further 20%

Passive beams – Passive beams – Perforation beware!Perforation beware!

Passive beams – Return Passive beams – Return air passageair passage

• Passive beams need a return air passage to feed the coil, typically the same area as the coil, split 50-50 along the 2 long sides of the beam.

• As important, the removal of the fresh or conditioned air must have aSeparate return route if the return is via the celling cavity/void.

Better to have a ducted return!

AGENDAAGENDA

• Part 2 – Active systemsPart 2 – Active systems

• Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams

Part 3 - Reducing EnergyPart 3 - Reducing Energy• Space Humidity concerns• Design Considerations• Water System Design• Savings & LEED

Part 4 - Solutions Part 4 - Solutions • All Air Core• 6 Way• LoFlo• Overall 1st Costs

So What are Chilled So What are Chilled Ceilings & Beams?Ceilings & Beams?

A sensible cooling only device that uses chilled water above the room dew point to remove heat

from the space.

They can be independent of, or combined with, a method of introducing conditioned outside air to

the space to meet the ASHRAE 62 ventilation requirements

Chris LawrenceChris LawrenceVP Sales & Marketing


Active Beams

Sensible cooling combined with primary air Sensible cooling combined with primary air deliverydelivery

Active Chilled BeamActive Chilled BeamOperation Principle - Horizontal coilOperation Principle - Horizontal coil

Suspended ceiling

Primary air plenum

Primary air nozzles

Heat exchanger

SlabPrimary

air supply

Suspended Ceiling

Active Chilled BeamActive Chilled BeamOperation Principle - Vertical coilsOperation Principle - Vertical coils

Active Chilled BeamActive Chilled BeamAirflow Pattern 2-wayAirflow Pattern 2-way

Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams2 way2 way


Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams1 Way perimeter (Concealed)1 Way perimeter (Concealed)

Thermal ComfortThermal ComfortPerimeter CFDPerimeter CFD

Good air movement throughout the room with

≈ 3-4:1 entrainment ratios

Uniform temperatures andno drafts by thorough mixingof the primary and room air

Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams1 Way perimeter (Concealed)1 Way perimeter (Concealed)

Active beamsActive beams


• Cooling output– to 100 Btuh/FT2 , beam

outputs up to 1800 Btuh/LF

• Can be 2 or 4 pipe

• Can heat

• Need more primary air than minimal fresh are, suggest .3 cfm/SF

• Primary air controls dew point

• All services in celling, integrated cooling, ventilation and heating

• Lower pressure than traditional induction systems

• Self regulating

– Simple controls

• Low maintenance

• Fiber tile ceilings

• Lower ceiling cavity, lower slab to slab

Rule # 1Rule # 1

• The Design with the The Design with the fewest number of chilled fewest number of chilled beams will be the lowest beams will be the lowest 11stst cost install, therefore cost install, therefore performance matters.performance matters.

Performance matters


Reducing Reducing energyenergy

Heat RemovalHeat RemovalActive Chilled Beam Active Chilled Beam

concept

70% of sensible heat removed by chilled

beam water coil

30% of sensible heat removed by air

Airflow requirementreduced by

70%

• On a Mass Flow Rate Basis:-• 1 lbs of chilled water (6°Δt) transports 4x more

cooling energy than 1 lbs of air (20°Δt)

• As water weighs 800 times that of air

• On a Volume Flow Rate Basis:-• 1 FT³ of chilled water transports 1000 more cooling

energy than 1 FT³ of air (20 Δt)

• Transportation Energy

Transportation of a ton of cooling by air requires 7 to 10 times more energy than by chilled water.

Chilled WaterChilled Water

Fan Energy Use in Fan Energy Use in BuildingsBuildings

“Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems” - publication prepared for U.S. Department of Energy

70% of sensible heat removed by chilled beam

water coil

Airflow requirement reduced by

70%

Heat Removal Ratio

Rule # 2Rule # 2

• If your not reducing the If your not reducing the air volume in a space by air volume in a space by 25%, you could be 25%, you could be installing a very installing a very expensive diffuserexpensive diffuser

Rule # 3Rule # 3

• Even if your using chilled Even if your using chilled beams on your design, beams on your design, you don’t have to use you don’t have to use them everywhere.them everywhere.

Water = Efficient Water = Efficient TransportTransport

¾” diameter

water pipe

10”

10”

1 Ton of Cooling

requires 550 CFM of air

or

4 GPM of water

‘Water’ is a better cooling medium, than air !

‘Water’ takes less energy to transport

than air !

Chilled Ceilings & Beams do not lower the heat

load of a space, solar gain is still a gain, lights and equipment still give off heat and so do people.

So a room ‘BTU/h is still a BTU/h’, however

.

Room Load is still Room Load is still Room loadRoom load

Only enough ‘‘chilled Water’ chilled Water’ is Chilled to 45°F to dehumidify the reduced primary airflow requirement.

So less energy is used to produce the beams ‘chilled water’

at 58°F - saving energysaving energy

We need less We need less primary air, primary air, making making 100% DOAS ideal and cost 100% DOAS ideal and cost effective, effective, Improving IAQ Improving IAQ & Ventilation effectiveness& Ventilation effectiveness


Space Space Humidity Humidity ConcernsConcerns


Independent PublicationsIndependent Publications

Part of the European Commission ‘Energie’ program, in partnership Part of the European Commission ‘Energie’ program, in partnership with COSTIC (France), BSRIA (UK), ISSO (Netherlands) & IDEA with COSTIC (France), BSRIA (UK), ISSO (Netherlands) & IDEA (Spain).(Spain).

Climatic Ceilings - Technical Note: Design CalculationsClimatic Ceilings - Technical Note: Design Calculations

Climatic Ceilings and Chilled beams - Application of low Climatic Ceilings and Chilled beams - Application of low temperature heating and high temperature coolingtemperature heating and high temperature cooling

This years 2012 ASHRAE HVAC This years 2012 ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment publication Systems and Equipment publication covers chilled beam basicscovers chilled beam basics

REHVA REHVA (Federation European Heating & (Federation European Heating &

Ventilation) Ventilation) PublicationPublication

AHRI Test Standard AHRI Test Standard (being worked on) (being worked on)

Passive + 0.5 °C ( + 0.9 °F )

Active

- 1.5 - 1.5 °°C ( - 2.7 C ( - 2.7 °°F)F)

Relative to room air dew point

Extract From Independent Extract From Independent ‘Energie’ Climatic Ceilings‘Energie’ Climatic Ceilings

75˚/50% RH75˚/50% RH

75˚/70% RH75˚/70% RH

58˚ CWS58˚ CWS

64˚ Dew Point

55.1˚ Dew Point

Condensation Condensation ConsiderationConsideration

Condensation after 8.5 hours on a chilled surface intentionally held 7.8F colder than the space DPT. Not one droplet fell under these conditions

Chilled Ceilings in Parallel with Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems: Addressing the Concerns of Condensation, Capacity, and Cost Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E.

‘Active Chilled beams could Active Chilled beams could be run at or below the room be run at or below the room dew point, but that’s crazydew point, but that’s crazy’’!!

Be safe, design at 2 to 3F above the dew point and control the moisture

content of the primary air to control the room RH

Rule # 4Rule # 4

• If you can not measure If you can not measure and control the space and control the space humidity, humidity, and your not in the middle of and your not in the middle of

the desertthe desert, don’t use chilled , don’t use chilled beams !beams !


Design Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

Building SuitabilityBuilding Suitability

Building Characteristics that favor Active Chilled Beams

•Zones with moderate-high sensible load densities‒ Where primary airflows would be significantly higher than

needed for ventilation

•Buildings most affected by space constraints‒ Hi – rises, existing buildings with induction systems

• Zones where the acoustical environment is a key design criterion

•Laboratories where sensible loads are driving airflows as opposed to air change rates

•Buildings seeking LEED or Green Globes certification

Building SuitabilityBuilding Suitability

Characteristics that less favor Active Chilled Beams

•Buildings with operable windows or “leaky” construction

‒ Beams with drain pans could be considered

•Zones with relatively low sensible load densities

•Zones with relatively low sensible heat ratios and low ventilation air requirements

•Zones with high filtration requirements for the re-circulated room air

•Zone with high latent loads


Water System Water System designdesign

S

T

Secondary chilled water supply to beams

Secondary chilled water return

Supply temperature

monitor

Primary chilled water supply

Primary chilled water return

Heat Exchanger

SCHW Pump

Secondary LoopSecondary Loop

T

To chilled beam zones

Bypass Valve

Chilled waterpump

Dedicated chiller11+ COP

64°F

58°FCooling Tower

Geothermal Loop

Geothermal Heat Pump

Dedicated ChillerDedicated Chiller

District Chilled District Chilled Water Loops Water Loops

• No demand in district loop GPM• Increases main chiller plant COP

Tap into return pipe with heat exchanger and secondary loop

Waterside Waterside EconomizerEconomizer

With mid-high 50ºFs chilled water temperatureserving the Active Chilled Beams

Reduce chiller energy consumption through:

•Using a water side economizer to minimize the chiller operating hours serving the Active Chilled Beams


Savings Savings & &

LEED LEED

Energy SavingsEnergy SavingsCompared to VAVCompared to VAV

Source Technology Application % Saving*

US Dept. of Energy Report (4/2001) Beams/Radiant Ceilings General 25-30

ASHRAE 2010 Technology Awards Passive Chilled Beams Call Center 41

ACEE Emerging Technologies Report (2009) Active Chilled Beams General 20

ASHRAE Journal 2007 Active Chilled Beams Laboratory 57

SmithGroup Active Chilled Beams Offices 24

*Compared to VAV

Call Center, KentuckyCase Study

• Call center, 350,000 sq ft

• 2200 occupants

• LEED design

• Considered radiant ceilings and passive beam systems

• Article in ASHRAE Journal, December 2009

• Real energy results based on comparison with another building on the same campus

• Energy usage data collected over 1 year

• Electrical energy consumption reduced by 41%

• Natural gas consumption reduced by 24%

Call Center, KentuckyCase Study

First CostsFirst CostsCompared to VAVCompared to VAV

“Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems” - publication prepared for U.S.

Department of Energy

• No moving parts

• No filter

• No condensate pumps

• No consumable parts

• Up to 4 year inspection & clean

• Easy maintenance access

MaintenanceMaintenance

• Optimize Energy Performance

- up to 48% (new) or 44% (existing)more efficient than ASHRAE

90.1

(EA Credit 1) - up to 19 points

• Increased Ventilation

- 30% more outdoor air than

ASHRAE 62

(IEQ Credit 2) - 1 point

• Controllability of Systems

- individual temperature control

(IEQ Credit 6.2) - 1 point

• Thermal Comfort

- meet ASHRAE 55

(IEQ Credit 7.1) - 1 point

(Minimum 40 points needed for certification

out of 100 maximum)

LEED CertificationLEED Certification


Solutions Solutions to reduce costto reduce cost


All Air CoreAll Air Core

Interior ZonesInterior ZonesInduction DiffuserInduction Diffuser

555 cfm

60ºF

277 cfm

75ºF

277 cfm

48ºF

Lower airflows and fan energy consumption in theinterior VAV system through use of lower temperatureprimary air

- 20% reduction if temperature lowered from 55ºF to 50ºF

- 26% reduction if temperature lowered from 55ºF to 48ºF

Improved comfort through increased air movement in the low load interior zones

Increased latent cooling capacity and improved humidity control

Latent 640 Btuh

Latent 1408 Btuh

2.2 times latent capacity for same sensible capacity with 26% less primary air


6 Way valve6 Way valve

2 or 4 Pipe 2 or 4 Pipe Chilled Beams?Chilled Beams?

•Higher coil performance

4 pipe performance is compromised

75% Cooling (12 pipes)

25% Heating (4 pipes)

•Fewer or shorter beams•Lower hot water temperatures

90°F for 2 pipe

130°F for 4 pipe

2-Pipe Beams and 2-Pipe Beams and Terminal HeatingTerminal Heating

S

S

T

Terminal Heating Coil

2-Pipe Active Chilled Beams

Chilled Water Supply

Chilled Water Return

Hot Water Supply

Hot Water Return

6-way valve6-way valve


• One valve per zone

• 4-pipe to zone then 2-pipe to chilled beams

• Half controls costs

• Increased chilled beam performance

• Increased energy efficiency



LoFloLoFlo

AdvantagesReduced pipeworkHigher system Delta TReduced pumping flow and horse powerIncreased flexibilityEliminate flow control valve and balancing valvesReduced commissioningMultiple water temperaturesIncreased capacity at chilled beam (no 4-pipe req.) Used in conjunction with 6 way valveLMB requires no maintenanceOne LMB for each zone (multiple ACB’s)Simple cartridge replacement

DisadvantagesPower required to each LMBRequires low temperature water at thermal plant


Overall Overall 11stst cost cost

• New $15.8m facility (original estimate $20m)

• 68,000 ft2, 7 floors

• Consists of labs, lecture halls and classrooms

• LEED Silver Certification

• Completion fall 2011

Viterbo Viterbo

School of Nursing, WISchool of Nursing, WI

HVAC First CostsHVAC First CostsSavings Compared to VAVSavings Compared to VAV

• Smaller AHU’s

• Smaller ductwork

• Controls‒ Simple two position zone valves

• Electrical infrastructure costs‒ Increased pump HP more than offset by reduced fan HP

HVAC First CostsHVAC First CostsIncreases Compared to VAVIncreases Compared to VAV

• More terminals (beams)

• More distribution piping

• More piping insulation‒ Requirement depends on chilled water temperature and dewpoint

Overall HVAC cost increase = $300,000 compared to VAV

Construction CostsConstruction CostsReduced heightReduced height

Overall height reduced by 6’

Floor heights reduced 10”-14”

Construction CostsConstruction CostsSavings due to reduced heightSavings due to reduced height

Building Component Savings

Structural Steel 7,200$ Masonry (int/ext) 97,692$ Fire-Proofing 600$ Steel Studs 22,824$ Air Barrier 8,787$ Insulation 3,424$ Exterior Caulking 1,522$ Curtain Wall 10,500$ Stairs 2,500$ Exterior Drywall 55,249$ Elevators 5,000$ Electrical 30,000$

Total Cost Savings 245,298$

Pricing provided by CD Smith Construction

Overall cost neutral

Viterbo Viterbo

School of Nursing, WISchool of Nursing, WI

Rule # 5Rule # 5

• When budgeting chilled When budgeting chilled beams, consider the beams, consider the overall 1overall 1stst cost, not just cost, not just the Mechanical vs VAV.the Mechanical vs VAV.

www.dadanco.com

http://www.dadanco.com/

Documents

Chris Lawrence VP Sales & Marketing. AGENDA So what areSo what are Chilled Ceilings & Beams ? Part 1 – Passive SystemsPart 1 – Passive Systems Chilled