Chpt. 3: 節奏 Rhythm

• Flow of music (events) through time

• Divides music into equal units of time• Recurrent pulsation拍 Beat

• Grouping of beats拍子Meter

• Accent: emphasis placed on beat/noteAccent and Syncopation

• Syncopation: emphasis placed on an unexpected note or beat

Chpt. 3: Rhythm

• Associated with emotional effect• The speed of the beat, the paceTempo

• Tempo indicated at beginning of piece• As with dynamics, Italian terms are used

• Metronome—indicates exact tempo• Molto, non troppo, accelerando, ritardando

Chpt. 4: 記譜法 Music Notation

• Written music stores information

Notating Pitch• Letter names: A B C D E F G

• Allows absent (or even dead) composers to communicate their ideas to others

• Staff• Clef signs

• Treble• Bass

• Grand staff

Notating Pitch

Keyboard note naming

Chpt. 4-Music Notation

Keyboard note naming with notation

Notating Rhythm

• Music notation indicates length of tone in relation to other tones in the piece

• How note looks indicates duration

Chpt. 4-Music Notation

Notating Silence• Rests indicate

notated silence

Notating Meter

• Time signature indicates the meter of a piece of music

• Appears at beginning of piece• Appears again later if meter changes

Chpt. 4-Music Notation

The Score• Includes music for every instrument

• Written as two numbers, one above other• Top number: how many beats in measure

• Bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat24

32• Common & cut time, duple & triple meter

• Can include 20+ lines of music at once• See example p. 57

Chpt. 5: 旋律 Melody

• A series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole

• Begins, moves, ends

• Tension & release

• Stepwise vs. leap motion

• Climax

• Legato vs. staccato

• Made of phrases (parts)

• Sequence within melodies

• Cadence: Complete vs. Incomplete

Chpt. 6: 和聲 Harmony

• 和絃的縱 ( 直 ) 向結構橫向行進的邏輯 The way chords are constructed and how they follow each other

• 和絃 Chord: 是指三個或三個以上的音同時被奏出 3 or more tones sounded at once

• 數個音的組合穩定平和 Stable, restful chords—consonant

和諧與不和諧音 Consonance and Dissonance

• 和絃是一群同時發出聲響的音 Chord is simultaneous tones

• 旋律是一連串先後有致的單音 Melody is series of individual tones

• Progression: how chords follow each other

• 數個音的組合不穩定時，便被稱為「不和諧」 Unstable, tense chords—dissonant

• 不和諧組合的張力給予這些音程或和絃動力，以尋找穩定的組合，此穩定的組合便是這個不和諧組合的「解決」 Resolution—movement away from dissonance

• Degree of dissonance—more & less dissonant

三和絃 The Triad

• 最簡單和基本的和絃為「三和絃」 (triad)Simplest, most basic chord

• 三個音所組成 Made up of three notes

Chpt. 6-Harmony

琵音 ( 分解和絃 )Broken Chords (Arpeggios)

• 和絃裡的音單獨依序被彈奏時

• 以音階中第一個音─主音─為根音的三和弦，稱為「主和絃」 Triad built on 1st scale note called tonic

• Pieces usually begin & end on this chord

• 最穩定和最有決定性的合弦 Most stable, restful chord

• Triad built on 5th scale note: dominant

• Dominant to tonic movement feels conclusive

• Most unstable, tense chord

• Notated on 3 adjacent lines or spaces

Chpt. 7: 調子 Key

• 旋律圍繞在一個主要的音上 Centering of a melody or harmony around a central note

• Whole steps and half steps occurring in a predetermined order• Bright, happy sound

大音階 The Major Scale

• Whole steps and half steps occurring in another predetermined order• 小調音階上的音樂通常是嚴肅而哀傷

Dark, sad sound

小音階 The Minor Scale

調號 The Key Signature

• 曲子以大音階為主時稱此曲的調性為「大調」

Chpt. 7-Key

半音階 The Chromatic Scale

• 八度中的十二個音 within the octave

• 每一個大小調都有固定的升記號或降記號

• Key signature notated at beginning of piece between clef sign and time signature

• 固定的升降記號稱為「調號」 Also determines key signature

• 曲子是以小音階為基準調性為「小調」 minor key

• 鋼琴上一個八度裡白鍵黑鍵加起來的音 Includes both black and white piano keys

• This scale does not define a key

轉調 Modulation: Change of Key

• 不同的調性能增加變化和對比 Provides contrast within longer piece

Chpt. 7-Key

主調 Tonic Key• The main key of a piece

• New tone and key becomes “home”

• Modulation like temporary shift in gravity

• Modulations away usually return to the tonic key

• Return to tonic creates feeling of conclusion

• Return to tonic usually occurs near end of piece

Chpt. 8: 音樂的織體 Texture

• Layering of sound, how layers relate

單聲部音樂織體 Monophonic Texture

• 無伴奏的旋律線的音樂織體 Single, unaccompanied melody

• Literally “one sound”

多聲部音樂織體 Polyphonic Texture

• 兩個或兩個以上具有相似重要性的旋律 2 or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously

主曲調音樂織體 Homophonic Texture

• 一條主旋律線由和絃來伴奏時 One melody with chordal accompaniment

改變織體 Changes of Texture

• Within a piece, creates variety and contrast

Listening

Farandole from L’Arlesienne

Suite No. 2 (1879)

by Georges Bizet

Listening Guide: page 82

Brief Set, CD 1:38

Note contrasting textures

Chpt. 8-Musical Texture

Chpt. 9: 樂曲形式

• Organization of musical elements in time

• Simple A B A

建立音樂形式的技巧

• 反覆 Repetition—restating musical ideas

• 對比 Contrast—avoiding monotony w/ new ideas

• 變奏 Variation—reworking ideas to keep them new

樂曲形式的種類 Types of Musical Form

• 三段式曲式 Ternary

• Subdivided aba cdc aba• Subdivided aba cdc• Subdivided aba

Listening

Dance of the Reed Pipes

from Nutcracker Suite (1892)

by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Listening guide p. 68

Brief Set, CD 1:43

Note ternary form

Chpt. 9-Musical Form

Types of Musical Form

Binary

Chpt. 9-Musical Form

• A B

• A A B

• A B B

• A A B B

Listening

Forlane

from Suite No. 1 in C Major for Orchestra (1717-1723)

by Johann Sebastian Bach

Listening guide p. 70

Brief Set, CD 1:45

Note binary form

Chpt. 9-Musical Form

Chpt. 10: Performance

The Performer brings to life the printed symbols laid out by the composer

The Conductor leads a group of musicians Judging Performance: musicians can play the same

notes and yet make different statements in the way that they perform.

Chpt. 11: Musical Style

• Based upon time period and the continuous development of music as an art form

• Western art music can be divided into:• Middle Ages—450-1450• Renaissance—1450-1600• Baroque—1600-1750• Classical—1750-1820• Romantic—1820-1900• 20th Century to 1945• 1945 to present

• Music of each these periods reflects the society that supported it