CHP4-Project chronology.ppt

8/10/2019 CHP4-Project chronology.ppt

1/27

CE-332 CONSTRUCTIONENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

CHP 4 - PROJECT CHRONOLOGY

LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR.AHMET ZTA

UNIVERSITY OF GAZANTEPDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture 4


2/27

2 / 27

CHP4-PROJECT

CHRONOLOGY Introduction Project initiation Feasibility analysis Financing Design of project Procurement Construction Turnover and startup Operation of facility Disposal of facility Conclusion


3/27

3 / 27

Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn the following:

1. The principal tasks in life cycle of a project

2. What information must be gathered andinvestigated to successfully initiate aproject.

3. The principal phases in project design.

4. What must be done to move fromconstruction to operation.


4/27

4 / 27

Introduction-1

Life of a facility goes through many phases.

It starts with an idea.

Idea combined with money --- project is born.

Project is developed as drawings and specifications. Then, it is built.

When completed, turned over to owner, and occupied,maintained, repaired and eventually dies.

At some point in lifetime a facility is likely to be renovated,either to renew obsolete systems or change its use.

Figure 4.1 shows a design/build/use/dispose scenario for ashopping mall.


5/27

5 / 27

Life cycle of a shopping mall:

Feasibility analysis; investigate the economics ofthe mall

Design; produce biddable contract documents

Procurement; builder selection, material order

Construction; mall physically constructed

Turnover; transition from construction tooperation

Operation; business is conducted

Introduction-2


6/27

Sequence of a Project:

CONCEPT APPRAISAL

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION

CONSTRUCTION

COMMISSIONING

Feasibility study.

Concept estimate of cost andtiming

Progressive refinement of

cost and timing in relation to

the projects objectives.

Progressive and continuouscontrol of cost and timing

option to abandon

option to abandon

option to abandon

Who are the main Parties

to a project? . . .


7/277 / 27

Project initiation-1

All construction activity is the result of basiceconomic demand.

Individuals needs homes, roads, stores, shelter, etc.

Specific construction projects arise becausecorporations or government bodies recognize theneed --- serve this demand and act to createthem. Construction activity tends to fosterfurther construction activity.

Recognizing needs is first step, but there must be away to move from recognition to reality. Answerlies in economic structure of the country.


8/278 / 27

Project initiation-2

Demographic and market analysis are used toforecast future growth areas in the country.

Opportunities, once identified, are financed andthen projects initiated.

As businesses increase, population grow to workin them. Because these people must travel towork, roads and other transportation modesbecome necessary.


9/279 / 27

Feasibility analysis-1

Before deciding to invest in a specific area, an investor wantsto be sure on an adequate return. Therefore before anycommitment, an analysis is performed to examine theproposed investment from several standpoints.

These are shown on figure;

a) Market demand,

b) Cost of construction,

c) Cost of money,

d) Timing of project,


10/2710 / 27

Project initiation

Cost of money Schedule BudgetMarket

demand

Revise program

orcancel project Proceed?

Design



11/2711 / 27


During the early analysis stage, owner consults

Architects who provide early design advice, and

Construction professionals, who offer cost andconstructability advice.

Example:


12/2712 / 27

Financing

If project gets past the first hurdle of profitability for theinvestor, owner must arrange financial backing for someof the work. Some of it provide himself.

Commonly, initial investor acquires outside funds tosupplement his or her own.

Barrow from banks

Barrow from insurance company

Invite outside investors to share in future profits.

Example: A corporation wishing to build a factory couldbarrow from a bank or sell additional stocks or bonds.

Whatever the source of additional funds, other individuals orfirms decide to lend or invest funds based on their own

expectation of return on investment.


13/2713 / 27

Design of project

If owner decide to proceed, hires a designprofessional. If he elects to proceed using aconstruction management mode, he chooses a

construction professional, Who provides cost,schedule, and construction advice throughoutthe design process.

Design is divided into 4 stages.

Programming, Schematic design,

Design development,

Construction documents.


14/27

14 / 27

Programming-1

A program is a written statement of the requirementsof the building. It is the basis of design.

Program describes

Spaces needed,

Services required in those spaces, and

Relationships of functions to be performed in the

building.Written by owner or user of building,

by architect, or

by a professional hired.


15/27

15 / 27

The nature of the programming process dependson two things:

The sophistication of the owner; Owners varyconsiderably in their degree of understandingabout building process and it affects program.

The complexity of the proposed facility;Thecomplexity of the project itself can determinehow the programming needs to be accomplished.

Using these information owner proceed or cancel

Programming-2


16/27

16 / 27

When programming is complete, the owner hasinformation about:

The needed size of the project in relation to therequirements of the users

The mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems

Vertical and horizontal circulation Public areas

Programming-3


17/27

17 / 27

Once the program is complete and the ownerhas decided to proceed, the designer beginsactual design of the project.

The process begins with the schematic design-the stage in which the designer defines thebuildings characteristics in a number of ways.

Before schematic design begins;

The owner selects a site for the building Site investigations done by the owner give

the designer information about soil conditionsand makeup that in large part determine the

type of foundation and structure possible forthe particular site

Schematic design-1


18/27

18 / 27

The architect develops preliminary floor plans thatreflect the relationships of the various functionalareas to one other

Sitting and location of the building are determined aswell as its visual form.

When the schematic design is complete, the owner isagain faced with the decision to proceed further or tocancel the project. At this time, all informationdeveloped to date-market information, financingcosts, construction costs and design-are factored intothe decision.

Schematic design-2


19/27

19 / 27

When project team enters design development, itpursues a single design concept.

The purpose of this stage is to refine the design andobtain detailed information from the users abouttheir requirements.

During this phase owner, designer and construction

professional finalize the design of major buildingsystems.

For examplestructural, plumbing, elevator,roofing, mechanical, exterior faade, electrical.

Design development


20/27

20 / 27

Architect creates final working constructiondocuments used to bid the job for

construction and to build the job in the field.Documents including specifications anddrawings, Should meet

program criteria, programming

Reflect the design .. schematic design, and

Refine all detailed work, designdevelopment

Constructiondocuments


21/27


22/27

22 / 27

Construction

Once procurement process completed, construction can begin

Main element: task of managing and coordinating the fieldoperations. This means;

Scheduling crews in proper sequence, Choosing most efficient and safe construction techniques

and methods

Directing the production process.

To accomplish this task, construction professional must order correct material,

ensure adequate supply of necessary tools & equipment,

monitor schedule, cost, and quality.

A parallel task is contract administration.


23/27

23 / 27

Turnover and start-up

After construction completed, project must be turned over toowner for use during the rest of its economic life.

Turn over involves complicated technical issues and problems

For example: testing of piping

Turnover is also a legal process, involves various legal certification,such as certification of occupancy, and certificate ofsubstantial completion. The process is long and tedious.

Document includes insurance certificates,

inspection reports,

completed change orders.


24/27

24 / 27

Operation of facility

This phase is the responsibility of owner or tenant of building.In this, building is put to the use for which it was intended.The period can last for many years before a major renovation

is necessary.

This phase is also the period of greatest expenditure on theproject total operating cost are higher.

More money will be invested up front, but the payback canbe realized in the operating costs of the facility

Facility owners and managers usually need advice aboutthe best model to use in making decisions during theplanning stages of the project


25/27

25 / 27

Disposal of facility

At the end of its useful life, a project or a facilitymay meet any one of a number of fates.

It may be closed down or simply abandoned.

It may be disassembled or removed.

It may also be renovated or overhauled


26/27

26 / 27

CONCLUSION

People are involved in the life cycle of abuilding.

Who analyze the need for the facility and decide Project enters the design/build phase

Architects are hired to design

Construction professionals are hired to carry outthe actual assembly

All parties need to work in harmony


27/27

Next Chapter

Chapter 5

Construction Services during design