Chp. 9 Bellringers1. What is sensation?

2. What is the colored muscle in the eye that controls the pupil?

3. What is the outer-most protective layer of the eye?

4. What is the fovea?

5. What are the 2 theories on color vision?

6. Which theory explains color afterimages?

and colorblindness?

7. What is the other name for the dif ference threshold? 8. What is the name for stimuli that is below our sensory threshold?

9. Which theory explains color afterimages

and colorblindness?

10. Where are the most cones located on the retina?

11. What is the other name for the eardrum?

12. Name all 3 ossicles:

9. At what level of db do we experience hearing damage/loss?

10. List the 2 theories for hearing:

11. What are our 4 skin sensations?

12. Describe 2 examples of sensory interaction:

Chp. 5 Bellringers

9. What does our visual cortex “do” to the image from our retina? (name at least 3 things- from video clip)

10. What is the difference between rods and cones?

11. What is the other name for the eardrum?

12. Name all 3 ossicles:

9. What is the other name for the eardrum?

10. Name all 3 ossicles:

IB Psychology

Summary, Evidence and Conclusion of Learning Outcomes

From Sociocultural Level of Analysis.

Textbook Chp. 4.2

“Discuss factors influencing conformity.”

Summary:

Through Asch’s original paradigm, we find conformity rates as high as 32%. Participants conformed by stating an incorrect answer only because others before them had done so. They

9 Sensation

• Eye ball quiz on Friday! Just parts

• Finish eye and ear vocab and diagram

• Plus first column of vocab on page 180- stop at “hue”

Introduction

Sensation

Sensation

• The process by which our sensory

systems (eyes, ears, and other sensory

organs) and nervous system receive

stimuli from the environment

• A person’s awareness of the world

Bottom-Up Processing

• Information processing that focuses

on the raw material entering through

the eyes, ears, and other organs of

sensation

Perception

• The process of organizing and

interpreting sensory information

Top-Down Processing

• Information processing that focuses

on expectations and experiences in

interpreting incoming sensory

information

Thresholds

Module 9: Sensation

Threshold

• An edge or a boundary

Absolute Threshold

• The minimum difference that a person

can detect between two stimuli 50%

of the time

• Examples:

Absolute Threshold

Thresholds:

Signal Detection

Theory

Module 9: Sensation

Signal Detection Theory

• Set of formulas and principles that

predict when we will detect the

presence of a faint stimulus (signal)

amid background stimulation (noise)

• Developed out of the Cold War

Signal Detection Theory

• Three kinds of variables

–Stimulus variables

–Environmental variables

–Organismic variables

Sensory Adaptation

Module 9: Sensation

Sensory Adaptation

• Diminished sensitivity as a result of

constant stimulation

• If a stimulus is constant and

unchanging, eventually a person may

fail to respond to it

• Examples:

Selective Attention

Module 9: Sensation

Selective Attention

• Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others

• The ability to focus on one stimulus at a time

• Allows a person to function in a world filled with many stimuli

The Visual System:

The Nature of Light

Module 9: Sensation

Electromagnetic Energy

• An energy spectrum that includes X-

rays, radar, and radio waves

• A small portion of the spectrum

includes light visible to the human

eye

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Hue

• The color of light as determined by

the wavelength of the light energy

• Includes: red, orange, yellow, green,

blue, indigo and violet (ROY G BIV)

• The eye can detect 7 million separate

hues

Wavelength

Amplitude

• The brightness of light as determined

by height of the wave

• The taller the wave, the brighter the

color

Amplitude

The Visual System:

The Structure of the

Visual System

Module 9: Sensation

Cornea

• The clear bulge on the front of the

eyeball

• Begins to focus the light by bending it

toward a central focal point

• Protects the eye

Chp. 5 Diagram- Parts of the Eye

Word BankIris / Retina / Fovea / Cornea / Ossicles

/ Optic Nerve / Blind Spot / Lens /

Pupil / Cones

Chp. 5 Quiz

Chp. 5 The Path of Visual Processing Through the Brain

Word Bank

Iris / Retina / Fovea / Cornea / OssiclesOptic Nerve / Blind Spot / Lens / Pupil / Cones

Iris

• A ring of muscle tissue that forms the

colored portion of the eye; creates a

hole in the center of the iris (pupil)

• Regulates the size of the pupil by

changing its size--allowing more or

less light to enter the eye

Pupil

• The adjustable opening in the center of

the eye that controls the amount of light

entering the eye (surrounded by the iris)

• In bright conditions the iris expands,

making the pupil smaller.

• In dark conditions the iris contracts,

making the pupil larger.

Lens

• A transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses the image on the back of the eye (onto the retina)

• Muscles that change the thickness of the lens change how the light is bent thereby focusing the image

• Glasses or contacts correct problems in the lens’ ability to focus.

Parts of the Eye - Lens

Retina

• Light-sensitive surface with cells that convert light energy to nerve impulses

• At the back of the eyeball

• Made up of three layers of cells

–Receptor cells

–Bipolar cells

–Ganglion cells

Receptor Cells

• These cells are present in every sensory

system to change (transduce) some other

form of energy into neural impulses.

• In sight they change light into neural

impulses the brain can understand.

• Visual system has two types of receptor

cells – rods and cones

Rods

• Visual receptor cells located in the

retina

• Can only detect black and white

• Respond to less light than do cones

Cones

• Visual receptor cells located in the

retina

• Can detect sharp images and color

• Need more light than the rods

• Many cones are clustered in the

fovea.

Fovea

• The central focal point of the retina

• The spot where vision is best (most

detailed)

Parts of the Eye - Fovea

Bipolar Cells

• Gather information from the rods and

cones and pass it on to the ganglion

cells

• Cells that form the middle layer in the

retina

Ganglion Cells

• Pass the information from the bipolar

cells through their axons

• Together these cells form the optic

nerve.

• The top layer of the cells in the retina

Visual Processing in the Retina

Optic Nerve

• The nerve that carries visual

information from the eye to the

occipital lobes of the brain

Parts of the Eye – Optic Nerve

Blind Spot

• The point at which the optic nerve

travels through the retina to exit the

eye

• There are no rods and cones at this

point, so there is a small blind spot in

vision.

Chp. 5 Parts of the Eye & Definitions Lens: A transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses the image on the back of

the eye (onto the retina)

Cornea Transparent protective coating over the front of the eye

25. Ossicles

• You will not use HAMMER, ANVIL OR STIRRUP

9 – Diagrams and Vocab

1. Eye Diagram plus parts defined

2. Ear Diagram plus parts defined

3. 1st column of vocab- stop at “hue” on page 180

7/8 Test Results

8 Notebook Checks

The Visual System:

Color Vision

Module 9: Sensation

Trichromatic (three-color) Theory

• Theory of color vision that says cones are

“tuned” to be sensitive to red, green and

blue light

• All the colors we see are a combination

of these three colors.

• Based on work of Helmholtz and Young

• Similar to the design of a color TV

Subtractive Color Mixing

• When mixing colored paints, each new

color SUBTRACTS (soaks up) another

wavelength.

• Red, blue, and yellow combine to make

black paint.

Additive Color Mixing

• When mixing colored lights, each new

color ADDS another wavelength.

• Red, green, and blue combine to make

white light.

Color Deficient Vision

• People who lack one of the three

types of cones

• Usually the red or green receptors are

missing

• Usually referred to as color blindness

• In inherited and found more in males

Opponent-Process Theory of Color

• Theory that says color is processed in

opponent pairs of color:

–Red-green, yellow-blue, black-white

• Light that stimulated one half of the pair

inhibits the other half

• Ewald Hering

• Explains the afterimage effect

Hearing:

The Nature of Sound

Module 9: Sensation

Sound

• Sound, like light, comes in waves

• Sound is vibration

• Features of sound include:

–Pitch

–Hertz

–decibels

Pitch

• A sound’s highness or lowness

• Dependent on the frequency of the

sound wave

• Is measured as hertz (Hz)

Hertz (Hz)

• A measure of the number of sound

wave peaks per second; measures

“frequency”

• Determines the pitch of the sound

• Human hearing goes from 20 Hz to

20,000 Hz

Decibel (dB)

• A measure of the height of the sound

wave

• Determines the loudness of the sound

• Sometimes called amplitude

Hearing:

The Structure of the

Auditory System

Sensation

Chp. 5 Ear Diagram & Definitions

Auditory Canal

• The opening through which sound waves

travel as they move into the ear for

processing

• Ends at the tympanic membrane

(eardrum)

• Keep it clean, but be careful

Eardrum

• Also called tympanic membrane

• Made of tissue, can be torn or damaged

• We can also see ear infections

Ossicles• Three tiny bones that transfer sound

waves from the eardrum to the

cochlea

• Hammer, anvil and stirrup

• Hammer gets vibration from eardrum,

hits the anvil, which passes the

vibration to the stirrup

• Stirrup connects to cochlea at the oval

window.

Oval Window

• The point on the surface of the

cochlea which receives the sound

vibration from the ossicles

• As the oval window vibrates, the fluid

in the cochlea vibrates.

Cochlea

• A hearing organ where sound waves are changed into neural impulses

• The major organ of hearing

• A snail shaped body tube, filled with fluid and small hair cells

• The lining of the cochlea is made up of the basilar membrane.

Hair Cells

• The receptor cells for hearing in the

cochlea that change sound vibrations

into neural impulses

• Similar to the rods and cones within

the eye

Auditory Nerve

• The nerve that carries sound

information from the ears to the

temporal lobes of the brain

Semicircular Canals

• Organs in the inner ear used in

sensing body orientation and balance

(vestibular sense)

• Relies on fluid in the canals

• Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.

• Not auditory information- not

hearing.

Parts of the Ear – Semicircular Canals

Divisions of the Ear

• Ear’s structure can be divided into:

–The outer ear

–The middle ear

–The inner ear

Divisions of the Ear

Chapter 5 – Ear Diagram Quiz

Word Bank: anvil / auditory nerve / auditory canal / cochlea / fovea/inner ear/ear drum / hammer / middle ear /oval window / semicircular canals / stirrup

Chp. 5: Ear Diagram

Theories of Hearing

• Place theory

– Pitch is determined by location of vibration along the basilar membrane

• Frequency theory

– Pitch is determined by frequency – the hair cells produce action potentials

• Volley Principle

– Pattern of sequential firing determines pitch

Hearing Disorders

• About 28 million people have some form of hearing damage in the U.S.

• Can be caused by

– Injury

– Infections

– Explosions

– Long-term exposure to loud noises (any sound over 85 db can cause damage)

2 Types of Deafness

• Conduction Deafness – from damage to ossicles or eardrum

• Nerve Deafness – problems inside the cochlea

• Cochlear implants can help

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Hearing:

Sound Localization

Module 9: Sensation

Localization of Sound

• Locating where sound is originating

from

• We are able to localize sounds via

these two cues:

–Which ear hears the sound first?

–Which ear hears the louder sound?

Localization of Sound

Other Senses:

Taste

Taste = Gustation

• Taste is a chemical sense.

• Receptor cells are located primarily

on the tongue and in the mouth.

• Five different tastes:

–Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami

• Damaged taste receptor cells are

replaced within a few days.

Supertasters

• People with an abundance of taste

receptors

• Approximately 25% of the population

Nontasters/ under-tasters

• People with a minimum of taste

receptors

• Taste with less intensity than the rest

of the population

• Approximately 25% of the population

Sensory Interaction

Other Senses:

Smell

Smell= Olfaction

• Smell is a chemical sense.

• Olfactory cells in the upper nasal

passages detect molecules in the air.

• Taste and smell interact to produce

flavor, a type of sensory interaction.

Olfactory Cells

• The chemical receptor cells for smell

• Located in the nasal passages

Smell

Other Senses:

Touch

Touch

• Touch receptors are on the skin

• Four basic skin senses are

–Pain, warmth, cold, and pressure

• All skin sensations are a combination

of these four basic senses

Gate-control Theory of Pain

• Pain messages travel on one set of

nerve fibers containing pain gates.

• The gates are open when pain is felt.

• Other sensory messages go through

another set of fibers.

• The nonpain fibers can close the pain

gates to stop the sense of pain.

Pain and Phantom Pain

• Play “Phantom Limb Pain: Fooling

the Mind” (4:29) Segment #20 from

The Mind: Psychology Teaching

Modules (2nd edition).

Other Senses:

Body Senses

Module 9: Sensation

Kinesthetic Sense

• The system for sensing the position

and movement of individual body

parts

• Relies on receptor cells from the

muscles and joints

• One’s leg “falling asleep” is a

disruption of the kinesthetic sense

Vestibular Sense

• The system for sensing body

orientation and balance

• Relies on fluid in the semicircular

canals of the inner ear

• Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.

Parts of the Ear – Semicircular Canals

Chp. 5 Notebook List

1. Chp. 5 Vocab (49 including diagram definitions)

2. Eye & Ear Diagrams/ Crossword Puzzle

3. All notes

4. Study Guide (Part 1 and 2)

5. Chp. 5 Concepts Chart

6. Sensation Lab

7. Practice Questions

8. Bellringers (16 total)

9. Review Guide

Chp./Module 9 Notebook1. Ear/Eye Diagrams with words

2. Vocab- 1st column

3. Notes

4. Chp. 9 Reading Guide

5. Self-test – page 181

6. Chp. 9 Concepts Chart

7. Bellringers (6 total)

Open Notebook Quiz Today!

AP Psych – Chp 5 Bonus

Bonus Question – In what country did researchers discover umami?

*Write your name on your test copy, and version letter on your scantron. Turn in to the folders on the front table by the door.

Bonus Question

• Do humans have more rods or cones on the retina of their eyes?