1. Theory: A system of ideas that is presumed to explain a
givenphenomenon.
2. Theory is: Not a fact!3. Metaparadigms for Nursing: Four
concepts that that can be
superimposed on almost any work in nursing. 1. Person/Client2.
Environment3. Health4. Nursing
4. Person/Client: Receiver of nursing care( can be
couple,family,school, Nation,community)
5. Health: Goal of nursing. "A dynamic state of being in which
thedevelopmental and behavioral potential of the individual
isrealized to the fullest extent possible." (ANA, 1995)
6. Environment/Situation: Conditions affecting client and
thesetting in which the health care needs occur. (Where needs
met?)
7. Nursing: Is the "diagnosis and treatment of the human
responsesto actual or potential health problems." (ANA 1995)
8. Nursing Theory: An organized set of related ideas and
conceptsthat:*Assist us in finding meaning in our
experiences*Organize our thinking around an idea*Develop new ideas
and insights into the work we do (keepingcurrent is viable!)*Will
direct you how to apply nursing process*
9. Process/Theory Relationship: Theory is the generation
ofnursing knowledge for use in practice.Process is the method for
applying the theory or knowledgeThe integration of theory &
process is the basis for professionalnursing
10. Nursing Theories: Describe, explain, and predict
humanbehaviorAre used in practice, education, and researchThere
different theories: different levels of nursing
11. Nursing Process: Process versus taskInteraction between
nurse/patient*Nursing Process is NOT A THEORY!*
12. Metaparadigm: Concepts that can be superimposed on
otherconcepts.
13. Paradigm: A pattern of shared understandings and
assumptionsabout reality and the world.
14. Philosophy: A belief system, often an early effort to
definenursing phenomena, and serves as a basis for later
theoreticalformulations.
15. Florence Nightengale (1820-1910): Described nursing
asestablishing an environment that allows client to heal. *Taught
and used nursing process (didn't call it that)*Directed nurse to
act on behalf of client*Descriptive theory:frame of reference the
client/environment*Founded School of Nursing in London 1860
16. Dorothea Orem (1914-2007): Includes three related
concepts;self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems.1971:
*Definition emphasized client's self-care needs*Goal to help client
perform self-care; increase clients ability toindependently meet
needs*Nursing care is needed when client is unable to fulfill
biological,psychological, developmental, or social needs
17. Dr. Patricia Benner2011 Living Legend of AAN: *Caring is the
essence of excellentnursing practice*Caring means persons, events,
projects, and things matter topeople. A word to be connected.*Work
with J. Wrobel, (1989), described the relationship betweenhealth,
illness, and disease.*Nurses must understand what these mean to
each individual toprovide client centered care*Caring =
Connceted*Still very active in Faculty development and
Education
18. Dr. Madeline Leininger (1925-2012)1998 Living Legend of AAN:
* Founder of transcultural nursing*Care is the essence of
nursing*Emphasizes human caring varies among cultures in
itsexpressions, processes, and patterns; it is largely
culturallyderived=must know client's culture/come from
19. Dr. Jean Watson2013 Living Legend of AAN: *Developed:
Science of HumanCaring Theory*The practice of caring is central to
nursing; it is the unifying focusfor practice. *Transpersonal
caring theory rejects disease orientation to healthcare, places
care before cure. *An interconnectedness forms between the one
caring and the onebeing cared for, both the nurse and the client
are influenced, forbetter or worse. Transformative.
20. Theories from other Disciplines:: Maslow's Hierarchy ofBasic
Human NeedsStress and AdaptationDevelopmental TheoriesSystems
TheoryValidation Theory
21. Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs: *is used
todesignate priorities in providing care*Five levels of basic
needs: biological and physiological needs,safety needs,
belongingness and love needs, esteem needs,
self-actualization*Helps nurse plan individualized patient care
thru the nursingprocess*Further work (1998) 2 growth needs before
self actualization:Cognitive and AestheticHighest need (1971):
Transcendence of Self
22. Stress and Adaptation: *Universal and dynamic*Physiological
and behavioral responses to stressors*Provide framework for
care
23. Developmental Theories: *An orderly and predictable
process*Can predict behavioral and developmental phases
Chapter 3- PPT From Rivers :Nursing Theories and
ConceptualFrameworks Page 39 KosierStudy online at
quizlet.com/_1ga47v
