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8/12/2019 chp 2- part i
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
MANAGEMENTFUNCTIONS
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PROCESS OF MANAGEMENT/MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
FayolFOCCC
TerryPOAC
GullickPODSCORB
MassieDOSPCCD
Koontz & ODonnell POSDC
( Each term must be explained in brief)
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PLANNING
ORGANISING
STAFFINGDIRECTING
CONTROLLING
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PLANNING
Meaning
Features
Steps / Process
Advantages
Limitations
Components / Elements
MBO
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Planning is the selecting & relating of facts &
the making & using of assumptions regarding
the future in the visualization & formulation of
proposed activities believed necessary toachieve desired results.
- George R. Terry
Planning is deciding in advance what to do,
where to do it, how to do it, when to do it, whois to do it. Planning bridges the gap from where
we are to where we want to go.
- Koontz & ODonnell
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FEATURES
1) Primary task of mgmt.2) It is an intellectual process (It is a process of orderly
thinking. It requires ability to visualize the future.)
3) It is goal oriented
4) Future oriented5) All pervasive activity (From chairman to foreman,
everyone plans)
6) Continuous & dynamic activityadaptive &
innovative7) Basis of control
8) Time bound activity
9) Decision oriented
10)Based on facts
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STEPS/ PROCESS (TERRY)
1. SWOT analysis
2. Define objectives & clarify the problem
3. Obtain complete information about the activitiesto be planned
4. Classify & analyze the information (statistics,charts, ratios, etc.)
5. Establishing planning premises & constraints(Premises are assumptions providing abackground against which estimated eventsaffecting the planning will take place. Selection ofplanning premises & their use in planning dependsupon the skill, perception & experience of theplanner. Constraints are boundaries within which
the planning takes place)
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6. Determine alternate plans
7. Choose a proposed plan
8. Arrange detailed sequence & timing of the
proposed plan
9. Control devices
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ADVANTAGES
1) Basis of success ( failing to plan means planning tofail)
2) Better utilization of resources
3) Point out need for future changes
4) Encourages innovation & creativity5) Facilitates control
6) Improves competitive strength
7) Prevents hasty decisions
8) Managing crisis9) Sense to participation to employees
10)Promotes growth & development
11)To take care of future uncertainty
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LIMITATIONS
1) Accuracy of information regarding future
2) Costly & time-consuming (benefits may not match
cost)
3) Psychological barrier (the present is more desirable
than the future as it has some certainty)4) Delays action - emergencies
5) Stifles employee initiatives
6) Not suitable for small firms
7) False sense of securityonce plan is preparedimplementation will go smoothly
8) May not motivate people (Too high or too low goals)
9) Lack of ability to plan
10) Environmental constraints
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COMPONENTS/TYPES
1) Objective
2) Mission
3) Policy
4) Rules5) Schedules
6) Procedure
7) Programmes
8) Budget9) Method
10)Strategy
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MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE (MBO)
MBO is a process whereby the superior and thesubordinate managers of an enterprise jointlyidentify its common goals, define each individual
major areas of responsibility in terms of resultsexpected of him & use these measures as guides inoperating the unit & assessing the contribution ofeach of its members.
- George Odiorne
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OBJECTIVES OF MBO
1) To measure & judge performance
2) Relating individual performance to organisationalgoals
3) To clarify the job to be done & expectationalperformance
4) To enhance communication between superior &sub-ordinate
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FEATURES OF MBO
1. A device for organisational control & integration
2. A basis of judgement to decide on salary &promotion
3. Also acts as a motivator4. Participative management
5. Result oriented
6. KRAs**
7. Periodic performance review
8. Emphasis on objectives
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STEPS/PROCESS- MBO
1) Setting of organisational objectives/ goals in KRAs
2) Departmental objs
3) Subordinate objectives
4) Action plans
5) Establishing Standards of perf
6) Periodic review of progress
7) Performance appraisal
8) Employee counselling
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ADVANTAGES-MBO
1. Better managing
2. Higher productivity
3. Targeted planning
4. Team work
5. Motivation
6. Efficient communication
7. Training & development
8. Objective appraisal
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LIMITATIONS-MBO
1. Failure to teach MBO phillosophy to employees
2. Costly process & time consuming
3. Difficulty in setting objectives
4. Emphasis on short term objectives
5. Increased paper work
6. inflexibility
7. Resistance to change
8. Lack of training
9. Paricipation problem