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1/2/20121/2/20121/2/20121/2/2012
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SECTIONALISM , CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND SLAVERY
18301830--18601860
CHAPTERS 18 AND 19CHAPTERS 18 AND 19Causes of civil War
1. State’s Rights
2. Technological vs. craftsmen
3. Industrial vs. agricultural
4. Democracy vs. slavocracy
5. Free labor vs. slave labor
6. Growing political power vs. Shrinking
7. High tariffs vs. Low Tariffs
Polk the Democrat Wins Election of 1848--Whigs can’t pick a
champion
ELECTIONS OF 1844 & 1848
• 1844: DARK HORSE POLK ON “EXPANSION” ISUUE
• 1848: TAYLOR ON MILITARY RECORD, AND THE FACT THAT HE WAS A SOUTHERNER RUNNING ON A NORTHERN TICKET
• The Democratic Candidate was “Cass the Jackass”— he originally proposed the idea of “Popular Sovereignty
• Since neither was anti-slavery, the Free Soil Party became the anti-expansion of slavery party
The public liked popular sovereignty
because it
A. provided a national solution to the
problem of slavery.
B. upheld the principles of white
supremacy.
C. supported the Wilmot Proviso.
D. stopped the spread of slavery.
E. fit in with the democratic tradition of
self-determination.
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Zachary Taylor a Whig Wins
QuickTime™ and aPhoto - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Taylor wins in 1848
1,360,967
To Cass’s
1,222,342
Difference of 138,625
BUT the Free Soil
Party (Wilmot Proviso)
got 291,263. If it gets any bigger the Whigs
will start losing
California Wants in Early
• At 60,000 by 1849
• “49ers” and Gold Rush
• Will come in as Free and upset the
Senatorial balance
• The South is going to want something BIG
in return.
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
� Nativists.
�Anti-Catholics.
�Anti-immigrants.
� Nativists.
�Anti-Catholics.
�Anti-immigrants.
� 1849 ���� Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.
� 1849 ���� Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.
Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850OVERTURNS MISSOURI COMPROMISE • The March 7th Congressional debate
– Old Guard
• Clay at 73 puts forward his last compromise
• Stephen Douglas—compromise and popular sovereignty.
• Calhoun at 68 was too old to speak, but approved of the spirit of compromise. He wanted it to go further—total protection of slavery
• Webster at 58, said that the North should compromise because God through geography dictated that slavery couldn’t move west.
• Passage of the Compromise of 1850 brings out
– Southern “Fire-eaters”
– Northern “Young Guard”
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TAYLOR SUDDENLY DIES OF ACUTE INTESTINAL
DISORDER(DYSENTARY)
• REPLACED BY FILLMORE
• What’s a Fillmore?????–COLORLESS
–CONCILIATORY
–NEW-YORKER
WHAT THE Comp of 1850 did:
NORTH GOT: SOUTH GOT:CALIFORNIA FREE MEXICAN CESSION=
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTYNEW MEXICO GETSDISPUTED TX LAND
TEXAS GETS $10 MILLION
SLAVE TRADE ABOLISHEDIN DC
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWSSTRENGTHENED
CONTINUED
• DOUGLAS SEES HIMSELF AS “THE LITTLE GIANT”
• CALIFORNIA GOLDGOLD/CONTROL OF SENATE
• PROSPEROUS TIMES IN SOUTH, STILL HAVE ENOUGH NORTHERN DEMOCRATS TO WIN THE PRESIDENCY. ALL HOPE ON POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY.
Foreign intrigue and slavery• Other crazy ideas like Walker’s conquest of
Nicaragua are tried.• US and Britain sign the Clayton Bulwer Treaty
promising that neither side would build a trans-Isthmian canal w/o the other’s permission—this will come into play when we want to build the Panama Canal in 1903
• Mathew Perry uses “gunboat diplomacy” to open Japan
• US negotiates secret Ostend Manifesto to get Cuba for $120,000,000. When word leaks the North goes nuts, and the idea is dropped.
1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election
√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil
√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil√ Franklin Pierce
Election of 1852
• Democrats run Franklin Pierce
• “We Polked em in 44, we’ll Pierce em in 52”
• The Fainting General
• Acceptable to the slavery south
• Whigs FINALLY decide to run Winfield Scott
• Hero of the Mexican American War
• Now weighed over 300 lbs.
• Unacceptable to Southern Whigs
• Too many northern Whigs vote for the Free Soil Party.
• End of the Whig Party unless they take a stand on slavery.
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Democrats Return THE
“LITTLE GIANT”
Stephen Douglas
oversees the end of
NATIONAL
parties and the rise
of Sectional parties
QuickTime™ and aPhoto - JPEG decompressorare needed to see this picture.
1854
DOUGLAS WORKED OUT THE
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
• UNORGANIZED TERRITORY SPLIT
INTO:
• KANSAS--POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
• NEBRASKA--POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
THIS ACT OVERTURNS WHAT IS LEFT OF THE
MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820 AND LETS
LOOSE THE HOUNDS OF WAR
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
BLEEDING KANSAS
• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AT ITS WORST
• 1855 Territorial elections are illegal as pro-slavery forces march and “vote early and vote often”.
• 1856 a gang of proslavery forces attack the anti-slavery town of Lawrence.
• John Brown “the Butcher of Pottawatomie” retaliates hacking to pieces 5 pro-slavery men.
• 1857 Kansas has 60,000 people.
• UH OH!!
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“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery Missourians)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery Missourians)
The Lecompton Constitution
• The people could vote for EITHER
– The new Kansas state constitution with slavery or
– The new Kansas state constitution with out slavery.
– But even if they did this the slave owners property would still
be protected by law.
• THUS—slavery was protected either way.
• The anti-slavery forces refuse to vote and Kansas votes
in slavery.
• Douglas convinces Congress, that it is a sham election
and the Lecompton Const is thrown out.
• Kansas won’t become a state until 1861--FREE
“The Crime Against Kansas”
“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
Brooks and Sumner
• Anti-Slavery Senator Sumner insults the ancient South Carolina Senator Butler over his stance on slavery
• Butler’s cousin, Senator Brooks sneaks up behind the seated Sumner and clubs him with his cane till it breaks.
• Southerners re-elect Brooks and send him 100’s of canes to replace the one he had broken.
• It takes Sumner 3 ½ years to recover.
• When asked why he caned Sumner, Brooks replied that a southerner only duels with people of equal rank and standing—and since Sumner was a Yankee—it was obvious that a good caning was in order.
1856 Presidential Election
1856 Presidential Election
√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard FillmoreDemocrat Republican Whig
√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard FillmoreDemocrat Republican Whig
• Democrats want to run Douglas—but his stance on Kansas has lost him the Southern vote. They sure don’t want Pierce again. So they pick an easily manipulated wishy-washy candidate no one knew—”Buck” Buchanan. *****They threaten secession if the Republicans win*******
• The new Republican Party (the Whigs are dead) try the erratic, but dynamic John Fremont (leader of the Bear Flag Revolt) the old Free Soil Party has joined the Republicans
• The new American Party (Know-Nothings) puts up Filmore????
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Democrats RETAIN the presidency
through THREATS. But just barely.
DEMOCRATS CAN STILL GET JUST ENOUGH NORTHERN ELECTORAL VOTES TO CONTROL THE PRESIDENCY, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAVE LOST THE HOUSE AND THE SENATE (Iowa, wisconsin, CALIFORNIA). The South threatens that if an anti-slavery northerner is elected Pres…
Dred Scott
• The Taney Supreme Court ruled that
– Dred Scott was a slave and therefore not a
citizen
– Therefore any slave taken to any territory
was still property and was protected as such
by the Constitution. 5th Amendment.
– The Comp of 1820 was always
unconstitutional.
– Seems like a Southern victory—but it
galvanizes Northern opposition to slavery
Time for a PANIC 1857
• California gold overfuels the economy—speculation and inflation are rampant
• Overproduction of farmers to supply demands of Crimean War
• 5,000 businesses fail in 1 year. (a lower tariff had just been passed, and businessmen blame the Panic on this)
• A good idea of giving away western land to help the poor is shot down by Eastern industrialists and southern Planters.
• But cotton prices GO UP—the South thinks that it is depression proof and “King Cotton” is the dominant view in the South
As a result of the Panic of 1857, the South
A. saw the weakness of its economic
system.
B. believed that "cotton was king.“
C. backed away from secession.
D. supported government gifts of
homesteads.
E. saw the need to develop manufacturing.
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
� Northern Whigs.
� Northern Democrats.
� Free-Soilers.
� Know-Nothings.
� Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
� Northern Whigs.
� Northern Democrats.
� Free-Soilers.
� Know-Nothings.
� Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)
Debates, 1858The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)
Debates, 1858
A House divided
against itself, cannot
stand.
A House divided
against itself, cannot
stand.
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
• Lincoln tricks Douglas into issuing his famous
Freeport Doctrine:
– Dred Scott doesn’t really matter
– If territories don’t pass laws protecting slaves—slave
owners WON’T bring them. It is totally up to the
territories and how they write their constitutions.
• Douglas wins the Senate race for Illinois in 1858
• BUT his Doctrine will cost him the Presidential
election in 1860.
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
After John Brown's raid on Harpers
Ferry, the South concluded that
A. Brown had been attempting to defend
his right to own slaves.
B. the raid was an isolated incident.
C. the North was dominated by "Brown-
loving" Republicans.
D. Brown should be put in an insane
asylum.
E. the U.S. army could not protect slavery.
John Brown: Martyr or Madman?
• Harper’s Ferry
• Northern Abolitionists idolize him
• Southerners are dumbfounded how they can
turn a killer into a hero
• Ralph Waldo Emerson compares Brown to
Jesus!
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Democratic Convention 1859
• Southern “Fire-eaters” refuse Douglas because of his “Freeport Doctrine:
– Northern Democrats choose Douglas and Popular Sovereignty
– Southern Democrats choose Breckinridge and annexation of Cuba. What??????
– Border states fearing civil war back a new party called Constitutional Union and Bell (compromise)
A NEW
PARTY
A NEW
PRESIDENT.
HE FAILED
AT MOST
THINGS
EXCEPT
The Republican Convention
• Lincoln defeats Seward with his
– “slavery is OK where it is, but NO extension
westward”,
– high tariffs,
– a transcontinental Railroad
– Fairness to immigrants
– Gov’t sponsored internal improvements
– Free homesteads for farmers
– Cash compensation for freed slaves
1860Presiden
tialElection
1860Presiden
tialElection
√ Abraham LincolnRepublican
√ Abraham LincolnRepublican
John BellConstitutional Union
John BellConstitutional Union
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern DemocratStephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat
John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?! WHAT A MESS
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Causes of civil War
1. State’s Rights
2. Technological vs. craftsmen
3. Industrial vs. agricultural
4. Democracy vs. slavocracy
5. Free labor vs. slave labor
6. Growing political power vs. Shrinking
7. High Tariff vs. Low Tariff
UNTIL YOU LOOK AT THE ELECTORAL VOTE
The end of slavery????
• NO!!!!
–The only way to free the slaves in
the current slave states was by
Constitutional Amendment—and
that takes 2/3 vote in Congress or 2/3
of the states to approve.
–5 of the 9 S.C. Justices were
southerners.
But it is the End of Compromise
• Crittendon Comp Fails: Go back to the
Mo. Comp. Lincoln refuses as it would
allow the expansion of slavery—something
he had vowed not to do.
• Lincoln promises the South that he has NO
intention of ending slavery where it already
is. “If I can save the Union by…”
WAR
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861