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Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan • Dong Group Peter Dornan • Dong Group Monday Night Seminar • April 13, 2009

Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

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Page 1: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis

Peter Dornan • Dong GroupPeter Dornan • Dong GroupMonday Night Seminar • April 13, 2009

Page 2: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Asymmetric Catalysis

Chiral induction is typically achieved through strongly directional chiral catalyst – substrate interactions

N N

SR''

O

PhPhH

• Lewis Acid/Base Interactions• Hydrogen Bonds• Covalent Bonds• Coordination BondsN

HO

H

N

NR''2

R

N+B

OR

-H3B O

Ph

Me

• Coordination Bonds• Ion Pairing ?

N COOH

RPh

O

Chi lCatalyst

oror

N COOH

RR' Rh

ArPP

*

ChiralCounterion

Substrate

2

Page 3: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Outline

1926: Introduction of the ‘Ion Pair’ Concept

1984: First example of Asymmetric Phase 

2006: First example of chiral counterions 

1900 1950

the  Ion Pair  ConceptTransfer Catalysis in organocatalysis

2000

2000: First example of chiral counterions in

1. Ion Pairingchiral counterions in transition metal catalysis

2. Phase Transfer Catalysis3. Transition Metal Catalysis4.    Organocatalysis (Single Phase) 

‐ Iminium Ion Catalysis

3

Iminium Ion Catalysis‐ Anion Binding

Page 4: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Ion Pairing

Coulombic Interaction Energy:

Inversely proportional to the permittivityof the medium and the separation of charge

E = Energy εo = Permittivity of a vacuumq = Charge of the ionr = Separation of ions

oε = Dielectric constant of the medium

4Macchioni, A. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2039

Page 5: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Ion Pairing

Coulombic Interaction Energy:

Inversely proportional to the permittivityof the medium and the separation of charge

Solvent separated  Solvent shared 

+ ‐ + +

ion pair: ion pair: Contact Ion Pair:

+ + ‐ + ‐

5Macchioni, A. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2039

Decreasing Ion Separation

Page 6: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

h f l iPhase Transfer Catalysis

6

Page 7: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Enolate Alkylation – Pioneering Report

N

OH

N

N

CF3OCl

• Electron withdrawing groups at the para‐iti f th b l i i d th

OClCl

MeO

7Dolling, U.‐H. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 446 

position of the benzyl ring improved the ee 

Page 8: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Cinchona Alkaloids

• Isolated from the bark of the Cinchona trees

• Quinine is a potent antimalarial (found in tonic water)

• Privileged scaffold for asymmetric catalysis

8Hoffmann, H.M.R. et al. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 4293 

Dewick, P.M. Medicinal Natural Products Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001

Page 9: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis

Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis involves a chiral ion which facilitatesmigration of a charged species into the organic phasemigration of a charged species into the organic phase.

O ONPh2C

Ot-Bu

O

NPh2COt-Bu

O

RBasic Aqueous Phase

Organic Phase

R'4NX*

+ RX

Two possible mechanisms: Interfacial and Extraction

9Maruoka, K. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4222 

Page 10: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Interfacial Mechanism

O A* RX

NO

OMX

NPh2COt-Bu

NPh2COt-Bu

ROrganicPhase

NPh2COt-Bu

O

NPh C

OM

RX

NPh C

O

A* X

Interface

MOH H2O

NPh2COt-Bu

NPh2COt-Bu

R (+/ -)

Interface

AqueousPh

Th b i d d h i f

Phase

10Maruoka, K. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4222 

The substrate is deprotonated at the interface

Page 11: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Extraction Mechanism

Th b d h i f

11Maruoka, K. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4222 

The substrate need not come to the interface

Page 12: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Enolate Alkylation – Racemization Studies

NPh2COt-Bu

O50% aq NaOH

CH2Cl2

Conditions

NPh2COt-Bu

O

25 C, 1h

100% ee

Conditions ee (%)

No additives 100

1 (10 mol%) 30

1 (10 mol%) + BnBr (1 2 eq) 100

N

OH

N

Cl

1 1 (10 mol%) + BnBr (1.2 eq) 100

• Racemization was catalyzed by the free alkoxide

1

12

y y• In situ benzylation likely yields the active catalyst

O’Donnell, M.J. et al. Tetrahedron. 1994, 50, 4507 

Page 13: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Enolate Alkylation – Catalyst Modifications

Cl

N

O

1

NO

13Corey, E.J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12414 Maruoka, K. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6519

1

Page 14: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Enolate Alkylation – Catalyst Modifications

Cl BrAr

N

O

N

Ar

1

NO

Ar = 3,4,5-F3C6H22

Ar

14Corey, E.J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12414 Maruoka, K. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6519

1

Page 15: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Enolate Alkylation – Crown Ethers

OO

OO O

OOO

[18]crown-6

15Maruoka, K. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 625 

Crown ether is proposed to extract KOH into the organic phase 

Page 16: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Michael Additions – Chiral Crown Ethers

16

Chiral crown ether complexes K+

Cram, D.J. et al. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1981, 625 

Page 17: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

NOE Studies of Ion Pairing

NN

HOH

O Me

N

HOH

O Me

NO Me

1O Me

1

17Pochapsky, T.C. et al. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 8794 

Page 18: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

NOE Studies of Ion Pairing

N

HOH

O Me

NO Me

2

18Pochapsky, T.C. et al. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 8794 

Page 19: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

i i l l iTransition Metal Catalysis

19

Page 20: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Chiral Borate Counterions

Design of a chiral counteranion for transition metal catalysts

OHOH

1. H2BBr·SMe2

2. Ag2CO3

O

OB

OO

O

CuCl

MeCN

Ag

MeCN

O

BO

OB

O

Cu(MeCN)4

Arndtsen, B. A. et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 4165  20

Page 21: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Chiral Borate Counterions

Design of a chiral counteranion for transition metal catalysts

Arndtsen, B. A. et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 4165  21

Page 22: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Chiral Borate Counterions

Ligand Sol ent Yield (%) ee (%)Ligand Solvent Yield (%) ee (%)

MeCN C6H6 86 7

2 C6H6 43 10

3 C6H6 90 2

MeCN CH2Cl2 97 4

MeCN MeCN 87 <1eC eC 8

M d i i d i b d i i idi i f l fiModest enantioinduction was observed in aziridinations of olefins

Arndtsen, B. A. et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 4165  22

Page 23: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Amino Acid Based Borate Counterions

+ N2CHCO2Et[Cu(MeCN)2]+[1]- (1 mol%)

CO2Et

PhC6H6

• A library of chiral counterions could be synthesized• The amino acid fragments had a greater effect on enantioinduction

trans: 20% (23% ee)cis: 16% (19% ee)

• The amino acid fragments had a greater effect on enantioinductionthan the tartrate fragments

Arndtsen, B. A. et al. Tetrahedron. Asymm. 2005, 16, 1789  23

Page 24: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Asymmetric Gold Catalysis

Au(I) and Au(III) tend to adopt linear geometries

Asymmetric Induction is difficult when the chiral ligand is 180°from the substrate, however some examples are known:

24Toste, F.D. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 129, 2452 

Page 25: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Phosphoric Acid Counterions

L X Solvent Yield (%) ee (%)

1 OPNB CH Cl 89 81 OPNB(6 mol% AgX)

CH2Cl2 89 8

dppm 2 CH2Cl2 76 65

PAr2

PAr2

1dppm 2 CH3NO2 60 18

dppm 2 C6H6 90 97Ar

Ar = 3,5-Me-C6H3

• Traditional chiral ligands failed• A chiral phosphoric acid counterion was successful in inducing chirality (97% ee)

OO

POO

25

successful in inducing chirality (97% ee)

Toste, F.D. et al. Science 2007, 317, 497 

Ar

Ar = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3-C6H2

2

Page 26: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Chiral Counterions with Chiral Ligands

L X Yield (%) ee (%)

1 ‐OPNB 80 38

dppm 2 89 12

PPh2

PPh2

1 dppm 2 89 12

1 2 88 82

1

Ar

Together these two sources of chirality worked synergistically to give 82% ee.

OO

POO

26Toste, F.D. et al. Science 2007, 317, 497 

Ar

Ar = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3-C6H2

2

Page 27: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

l iOrganocatalysis

27

Page 28: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Anion Binding Catalysis

• Effectively an asymmetric SN1 reaction• The term ‘Anion Binding Catalysis’ coined by Eric Jacobsen• Two possibilities:

28Jacobsen, E.N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13404 

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Thiourea Catalyzed Anion Binding

N

O

N O

1 (10 mol%)TMSCl (2eq)

NH

NH

HO TBME, -55 C

90% yield97% ee

29Jacobsen, E.N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13404 

Page 30: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Thiourea Catalyzed Anion Binding

N

O

N O

1 (10 mol%)TMSCl (2eq)

NH

NH

HO TBME, -55 C

90% yield97% ee

30Jacobsen, E.N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13404 

Page 31: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Thiourea Anion Binding ‐Mechanism

• Reaction more effective for tertiary alcohol – supports an SN1 mechanism

A i ifi l d h lid ff b d• A significant solvent and halide effect was observed

Solvent Halide Conversion (%) ee (%)

TBME Cl 80 97

TBME Br 82 68

TBME I 75 <5

31

CH2Cl2 Cl >95 <5

Jacobsen, E.N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13404 

Page 32: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Thiourea Anion Binding ‐Mechanism

• Treatment of thiourea with a chloride source causes a 0.56 ppm shift of N‐H protons of the thiourea (Δppm : Cl‐ > Br‐ > I‐)

• DFT calculations (B3LYP/6‐31G(d)) indicate interactions between the thiourea and the chloridethiourea and the chloride.

• No minimum could be optimized with the thiourea bound to the N‐acyliminium ion

32Jacobsen, E.N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13404 

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Thiourea Anion Binding ‐ Oxocarbeniums

N N

SR1 R2

O

N NHH

Cl

• An efficient DYKAT process involving oxocarbenium ions• 10 mol% n‐BuN4Cl was found to shut down the reaction

33Jacobsen, E.N. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7198 

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Silver Mediated Halide Abstraction Catalysis

AgA*R-XBH

g

R+A*-HA*

AgX(s)AgB(s)

NuHR-Nu

34Toste, F.D. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14984 

Effective chiral discrimination of a meso aziridinium ion

Page 35: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Transfer Hydrogenation

• List coined the term ‘Asymmetric Counteranion‐Directed Catalysis’   (ACDC)

35List, B. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 4193 List, B. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 13368 

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Transfer Hydrogenation Mechanism

36

Complementary to traditional iminium ion catalysis

List, B. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 4193 

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Brønsted Acid versus Chiral Counterion

i-Pr

OO

i-Pr

i-Pr

N

O

O

P

i-Pr

O

O

Ar Me

i-Pri-Pr

Ion Pair Ion Pair or H‐bond?

I h di i i b B d A id d

37

In some cases, the distinction between Brønsted Acid and Chiral Counterion Catalysis can be difficult to distinguish.

Page 38: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Organo‐ and Transition Metal Catalysis

Ph NH

Ph

(1 eq)

Ph CHO

Me (R)-TRIP (1.5 mol%),Pd(PPh3)4 (3.0 mol%)

MS 5A, MTBE, 40 C

H

Ph CHO

Me

(+/ -)85% Yield97% ee

• A novel combination of different modes of catalysis

• Secondary amine acts as a reagent and Seco da y a e acts as a eage t a da catalyst

• Role of the counterion?

38List, B. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11336 

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Organo‐ and Transition Metal Catalysis

O Ph

Me

CHO

+ RNH

Ph CHO

Me

RNH+

POR*

OR*HO

HR

Ph CHO

H2O H2O

OP

OR*OR*

OMe

N R

Ph

N OP

OR*OR*

O

RH

Ph Ph

OPd H

OP

OR**RO

R

Me

[Pd][Pd]

Pd HN

R

Me

Ph

39

Phosphoric acid acts as both a counterion and an anionic ligand

List, B. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11336 

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Conclusion

• Many examples of efficient chiral induction using chiral counterions:

Phase Transfer Catalysis Transition Metal Catalysis Organocatalysis

• We can expect more chemistry using chiral counterions in the future

40

• More mechanistic information will be required for rational design

Page 41: Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysisdongv/i/seminars/ChiralCounterions.pdf · Chiral Counterions in Asymmetric Catalysis Peter Dornan ... Maruoka, K. et al.J. Am. Chem. Soc

Acknowledgements

Prof. Vy DongThe Dong Group

41

The Dong Group

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Recyclable Phase Transfer Catalysts

42Maruoka, K. et al. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 1429

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Recyclable Phase Transfer Catalysts

43Maruoka, K. et al. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 1429

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Epoxidation with Chiral Anions

O

H1 (10 mol%)

t-BuOOH (1.1 eq)

O

HO

Ph Dioxane, 35 C, 72 h Ph

75% Yield>99:1 d.r.91% ee

• This strategy has been extended to epoxidation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes involving an iminium ionAr

CF3

F C aldehydes, involving an iminium ion  with a chiral counterion

OO

POO

Ar

H2N

F3C

1

Ar

Ar = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3-C6H2

F3C

CF

44List, B. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1119

CF3

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Lewis Acid Catalyzed DYKAT

45Braun, M. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 514