Chipped Stone Assemblage From the Early Neolithic Site of Zadubravlje

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    Cijepani litiki materijal s ranoneolitikog nalazita Zadubravlje

    Chipped stone assemblage from the Early Neolithic site of Zadubravlje

    IVOR KARAVANI

    Odsjek za arheologijuFilozofski fakultetSveuilite u ZagrebuI. Luia 3HR-10000 [email protected]

    RAJNA OI KLINDIOdsjek za arheologijuFilozofski fakultetSveuilite u ZagrebuI. Luia 3HR-10000 Zagreb

    [email protected]

    MAJA BUNIArheoloki muzej ZagrebTrg Nikole ubia Zrinskog 19HR-10000 [email protected]

    DRAEN KURTANJEKGeoloki odsjekPrirodoslovno-matematiki fakultetSveuilite u ZagrebuHorvatovac bb

    HR-10000 [email protected]

    Izvorni znanstveni rad

    Prapovijesna arheologija

    Original scientific paper

    Prehistoric archaeology

    UDK/UDC903.01(497.5-37 Slavonski Brod)6343Primljeno/Received: 31. 3. 2009.Prihvaeno/Accepted: 4. 12. 2009.

    U radu se donose rezultati litike analize cijepanih rukotvorina s lokaliteta starevake kulture Zadubravlje. Prozivodnja poluproizvoda za

    izradu alatki (odbojaka, sjeiva i ploica) odvijala se na samom lokalitetu, uglavnom na povrini, premda je jama 19 vjerojatno bila radni pros-

    tor. Ustanovljen je postupak neizravnog odbijanja sjeiva. Meu alatkama prevladavaju komadii s djelominom obradom i oni s obraenim

    jednim rubom, a u malom postotku prisutni su i geometrijski oblici.

    Kljune rijei: litika analiza, rani neolitik, starevaka kultura, Zadubravlje, Slavonija, Hrvatska

    The paper presents the results o the lithic analysis o chipped stone arteacts rom a Starevo culture site at Zadubravlje. Blanks or tool pro-

    duction (fakes, blades and bladelets) were produced at the site itsel, mostly on the surace, although pit 19 probably unctioned as a working

    area. It was established that the blades were produced by indirect percussion. Predominant tools are pieces with partial retouch and those with

    one retouched edge. Geometric orms are also present, although in small percentage.

    Key words: lithic analysis, Early Neolithic, Starevo culture, Zadubravlje, Slavonia, Croatia

    1. UVODAnaliziranje litikih nalaza nije vano i potrebno samo

    za razumijevanje paleolitika i mezolitika, ve i za kasnijarazdoblja, gdje se ti nalazi takoer pojavljuju. Premda postoje mnogobrojne studije litikog materijala iz razdobljaneolitika u sredinjoj Europi, kod nas je ta praksa jo prilinorijetka. Zadubravlje je jedno od vanih neolitikih nalazitau Slavoniji, koje je dalo dosta litikog materijala.

    Pri rekognosciranju uz junu trasu Autoceste ZagrebBe

    1. INTRODUCTIONThe analysis o lithic fnds is not only important and nec

    essary or understanding the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, butalso or later periods, when they also appear. Even though anumber o studies have ocused on the lithic material romthe Neolithic o Central Europe, this still remains a relativelyrare practise in Croatia. Zadubravlje ranks among the mostimportant Neolithic sites in Slavonia, which yielded a lot olithic fnds.

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    IVOR KARAVANI ET AL., CIJEPANI LITIKI MATERIJAL S RANONEOLITIKOG NALAZITA ZADUBRAVLJE, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 6/009, STR. 5-0

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    ograd (dionica Slavonski BrodVelika Kopanica) na zemljituDuineaklovac kod Zadubravlja, godine 1988. otkriveno je naselje starevake kulture (Minichreiter 1993b, 39,49). Zatitno arheoloko istraivanje provedeno je 1989. i1990. godine, a istraena povrina iznosila je 600 m2 (Minichreiter 199, 5). U ovom radu po prvi put donosimo rezultate preliminarne analize cijepanog litikog materijala izZadubravlja. Uza standardnu analizu lomljevine, odnosnolitikih proizvoda i tipova alatki, nainjena je petrograska ipreliminarna spacijalna analiza pa je ovaj rad ujedno i prvakvantitativna analiza cjelokupnoga cijepanoga litikog materijala s jednoga ranoneolitikog nalazita u Hrvatskoj.

    2. SMJETAJ I ZNAAJKE NALAZITASlavonski Brod nalazi se u sredinjem dijelu slavonske

    Posavine, na mjestu gdje se Sava najvie pribliila junimizdancima Diljgore (sl. 1). Sueni prostor savske nizine kodBroda ima znaajke prirodnoga koridora. Brodskoj okolicipripada i ugodan brdski kraj, umovit predio diljskog prigorja (Markovi 1994, 11). Brodsko je Posavlje na sjeveruomeeno Diljgorom i njezinim junim izdankom Brdom,

    dok na junoj strani to podruje zatvaraju planine Motajica, Markovac i Vujak (Rubi 1953, 6). Glavni moroloki diobrodskog Posavlja je aluvijalna ravnica kroz koju je Sava sasvojim pritocima esto mijenjala tok i korito (Rubi 1953, 7).Ve od najranijeg neolitika na ovom prostoru smjetaju sebrojna naselja. Tada su ve male visinske razlike znaile puno pri odabiru pogodnog poloaja za smjetaj naselja. Ipak,svojim dananjim tokom Sava se nalazi desetak kilometara junije od starevakog naselja kod Zadubravlja, koje

    je smjeteno 17 km istono od Slavonskog Broda. PoloajDuine nalazi se oko dva kilometra istono od Zadubravlja,na valovitom zemljitu uz lateralni kanal kojim je nekada tekao potok Brezna (Minichreiter 1990, 4; 1993a, 49).

    Nositelji starevake kulture naselja su uspostavljali na

    A 1988 survey along the southern route o the ZagrebBelgrade highway (the Slavonski BrodVelika Kopanicasection) led to the discovery Starevo culture settlement(Minichreiter 1993b, 39, 49) at the Duineaklovac plotnear Zadubravlje. Salvage archaeological excavations werecarried out in 1989 and 1990, covering a surace o 600 m2(Minichreiter 199, 5). We present here or the frst time theresults o the preliminary lithic analysis o the chipped stonematerial rom Zadubravlje. In addition to the standard analysis o the assemblage, that is, debitage and tool types, wecarried out a petrographic and preliminary spatial analysis,which renders this paper at the same time the frst quantitative analysis o the entire chipped lithic material rom anEarly Neolithic site in Croatia.

    2. THE POSITION AND CHARACTERISTICSOF THE SITESlavonski Brod is situated in the central part o the Sla

    vonian Posavina region, at the point where the Sava comesclosest to the southern spurs o the DiljGora Mountain (Fig.1). The Sava Plain in the area o Slavonski Brod is rather nar

    row and bears traitso a natural corridor. The pleasant hillywoodcovered area o the hills o the DiljGora Mountainalso lies in the vicinity o Slavonski Brod (Markovi 1994:11). The Posavina region around Slavonski Brod is boundedon the north by the DiljGora and its southern spur Brdo,while on the south this area is bounded by the Motajica,Markovac and Vujak Mountains (Rubi 1953, 6). The principal morphological eature o the Brodsko Posavlje regionis the alluvial plain o the Sava river, which, together withits tributaries requently changed its course and bed (Rubi1953, 7). Numerous settlements were ormed in this arearom the earliest period o the Neolithic, when even smalldierences in the altitude meant a lot in the selection o asuitable position to ound a settlement. The present course

    Sl. 1 Karta s poloajem nalazitaFig. 1 Map with the marked position o the site

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    IVOR KARAVANI ET AL., CHIPPED STONE ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE EARLY NEOLITHIC SITE OF ZADUBRAVLJE, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 6/009,P. 5-0

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    visokim terasama uz vee rijene tokove (Erdut, Vinkovci,Sarva, Vukovar, Slavonski Brod), na niskim breuljcima uzdolinu s vodotocima (Bukovlje, Kneevi Vinogradi, Pepelane, Podgora) ili na blago povienim terenima u ravnici uzmanji vodotok (Gornja Vrba, Lipovac, Vrpolje, Zadubravlje).Naselja nikad nisu izolirana, odnosno daleko jedna od drugih (Minichreiter 199, 37).

    Istoni dio istraenog dijela naselja u Zadubravlju sadravao je brojne rupe za manje kolce vjerojatno se radilo onadzemnim objektima, veliko ognjite te nekoliko jama ispunjenih pepelom. Prema sreditu naselja smjestila se skupina od nekoliko jama bogatih cijepanim kamenim izraevinama. Jama 19 bila je sredinji radni prostor, i najvea odspomenute tri jame, dok su manje bile smjetene sjeverno(jama 0) i istono (jama 1) od nje. Kornelija Minichreiterzbog velikog broja nalaza cijepanoga litikog materijala, atek nekoliko ulomaka keramike, determinira objekt kao radionicu litikih izraevina (Minichreiter 199, 31; 1993b, 97,104). U sredinjem dijelu naselja bile su smjetene tri zemunice s pomonim jamama i ograenim prostorima te krunoograen centralni prostor. Zemunica broj 6, najistonija je utom sredinjem dijelu, ali nalazila se u pravcu sjeverno od jama broj 19 i 0. Sjeveroistoni prostor zemunice sadravao

    je veu koliinu kamenih izraevina. Najvea zemunica (broj10) ujedno je i zauzimala sredinje mjesto u naselju. Isticalase i bogatstvom nalaza velike koliine keramike, cijepanihi glaanih kamenih izraevina, rvnjeva te ivotinjskih kosti

    ju. Zapadno od zemunice, u ograenom prostoru nalazio sejo jedan radni prostor, na to upuuju brojni nalazi utegai vei ulomci rvnjeva (Minichreiter 199, 31). Najsjevernijaod tri sredinje zemunice (zemunica 9) sadravala je ak etiri pei dvije cilindrine i dvije kalotaste. S vanjske straneograde koja se produavala iz ove zemunice nalazio se bunar (Minichreiter 1990, 4; 199, 3; 1993b, 97).

    U zapadnom dijelu naselja nalazili su se objekti potrebniza proces izrade keramike. Rije je o jamama za vaenje gli

    ne te nekoliko pei (Minichreiter 199, 35; 1993b, 97).Istraeni objekti pokazuju sve znaajke dobro organiziranog naselja s izdvojenim, namjenskim prostorima za izradu keramikog posua i kamenih alatki, za tkanje, pripremuhrane i ostalo (Minichreiter 199, 001).

    Rezultati radiokarbonske analize pokazali su vremenskiraspon objekata iz naselja kod Zadubravlja od 6610 do 5300cal. BC (Minichreiter, KrajcarBroni 006, 13). Rezultati datiranja su kalibrirani koritenjem OxCal programa za kalibraci

    ju (KrajcarBroni, Minichreiter, Obeli, Horvatini, 004, 8).Datirani su uzorci ugljena iz pet objekata (bunar, jama 6, jama9, jama 10, jama 1). Prema rezultatima datiranja, objekt 11

    je najstariji (Z94, 760140 BP, 66106340 cal BC, 57,%;),te znaajnije odstupa od ostalih datiranih uzoraka (KrajcarBroni, Minichreiter, Obeli, Horvatini, 004). S obzirom

    na injenicu da je dobiveni rezultat nekoliko stoljea starijiod najranijeg neolitika u Podunavlju te da potjee iz bunara,ne smije se zanemariti mogunost pogreke kao i moguavelika starost drveta, iji je uzorak datiran (BoucquetAppel,Naji, Vander Linden, Kozowski 009, 808). Bunar bi modamogao pripadati nekome drugom naselju, s obzirom nasvoj poloaj u istraenom prostoru (Minichreiter, KrajcarBroni 006). Svi su ostali rezultati u rasponu 59305040cal BC: jama 6; Z91, 6710115, cal BC 5705530 (68,%);

    jama 9; Z9 670595 BP, cal BC 5705530 (68,%); jama10; Z93, 6995115 BP, cal BC 59305740 (55,5%); i jama 1;Z95, 660130 BP, cal BC 53705040 (68,%). Jame 6, 9i 10 detaljnije su obraene u ovome radu zbog vee koncentracije litikih rukotvorina, a rezultati datiranja tih jama

    o the Sava runs around ten kilometres south o the Starevosettlement at Zadubravlje, situated 17 km east o SlavonskiBrod. The Duine site lies around two kilometres east oZadubravlje, at an undulatingterrain next to a lateral canalthat was once the bed o the Brezna stream (Minichreiter1990, 4; 1993a, 49).

    The bearers o the Starevo culture established their

    settlements on elevated terraces along major rivers (Erdut, Vinkovci, Sarva, Vukovar, Slavonski Brod), on low hillsbordering a plain with watercourses (Bukovlje, KneeviVinogradi, Pepelane, Podgora) or on gently elevated terrains in the plain adjacent to a minor watercourse (GornjaVrba, Lipovac, Vrpolje, Zadubravlje). The settlements werenever isolated, that is, standing ar rom each other (Minichreiter 199, 37).

    The eastern part o the investigated portion o the settlement at Zadubravlje contained numerous smaller holes,probably post holes or aboveground structures, a largehearth and several pits flled with ash. A cluster o severalpits with rich assemblages o stone arteacts occupied anarea near the centre o the settlement. Pit 19, the largesto the three mentioned pits, was the central working area,

    while the smaller pits lay north (pit 0) and east (pit 1) oit. Due to the large quantity o chipped lithic fnds and onlyew ceramic ragments, Kornelija Minichreiter interpretedthe structure as a workshop or lithic arteacts (Minichreiter199, 31; 1993b, 97, 104). An area delimited by a circular enceserving as the central zone, together with three pithouseswith accessory pits and enced areas, occupied the centre othe settlement. Pithouse 6 was the easternmost structurein that central part, but it lay north o pits 19 and 0. Thenortheastern zone o the pithouse yielded a large quantity o stone arteacts. The largest pithouse (no. 10) at thesame time occupied the central position in the settlement.It stood out also by the wealth o the fnds large quantitieso ceramics, chipped and polished stone arteacts, grindstones and animal bones. Numerous fnds o weights andlarge ragments o grindstones point to the existence o another working area in the enced zone west o the pithouse(Minichreiter 199, 31). The northernmost o the three central pithouses (pithouse 9) contained as much as our ovens two circular ones and two domeshaped ones. At theouter side o the ence that led rom this pithouse therewas a well (Minichreiter 1990, 4; 199, 3; 1993b, 97).

    The western part o the settlement housed eatures thathad a role in the production o ceramics, such as clayextraction pits and several kilns (Minichreiter 199, 35; 1993b,97).

    The investigated structures and eatures exhibit traits oa wellorganized settlement with areas designated or theproduction o ceramic vessels and stone tools, weaving,

    ood preparation and other activities (Minichreiter 199,001).The results o radiocarbon analysis revealed that the

    time span o the structures in the settlement at Zadubravljewas between 6610 and 5300 cal. BC (Minichreiter, KrajcarBroni 006, 13). The results were calibrated using the OxCalcalibration program (KrajcarBroni, Minichreiter, Obeli,Horvatini, 004, 8). Charcoal samples rom fve eatureswere dated (the well, pit 6, pit 9, pit 10, pit 1). The dating results show that eature 11 was the earliest (Z94, 760140BP, 66106340 cal BC, 57,%;), and that it was considerablyolder than the other dated samples (KrajcarBroni, Minichreiter, Obeli, Horvatini, 004). In view o the act thatthe obtained result predates the earliest Neolithic in the

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    su u rasponu 59305530 cal BC (Minichreiter, KrajcarBroni004), to predstavlja srednje vrijednosti u dosta velikomvremenskom rasponu, dobivenom apsolutnim datiranjemuzoraka iz Zadubravlja.

    Iako K. Minichreiter (Minichreiter 199) svrstava lokalitetu ranu pretklasinu azu starevake kulture, prema rezultatima apsolutnog datiranja obuhvaeno je gotovo itavovrijeme trajanja starevake kulture (vidjeti KrajcarBroni,Minichreiter, Obeli, Horvatini, 004). Slina se situacijaponavlja i na oblinjem lokalitetu Galovo. Spomenuti rezultati svakako ukazuju na problem relativne kronologije.Rezultati novijih istraivanja takoer pokazuju odreenistupanj diskrepancije izmeu relativne kronologije premaukrasima na keramici te rezultata apsolutnog datiranja (Balen i sur., u tisku), pa u ovom trenutku nije mogua sigurnakorelacija relativne i apsolutne kronologije.

    U brodskom Posavlju jo je nekoliko naselja atribuiranihovom stupnju, odnosno pretklasinoj azi starevake kulture. To su: Igra u Bukovlju, Marukieva ulica u SlavonskomBrodu te Gloe u Starim Perkovcima (Minichreiter 199, 35),ali ona nisu apsolutno datirana.

    3. LITIKA ANALIZA3. 1. MetodeCjelokupni litiki materijal je defniran prema

    proizvodna tipa te nultom tipu (gomolj ili oblutak) koji nijezastupljen, kao to je to uinjeno za cijepani litiki materijal

    Danubian Basin by several centuries, and that it comes roma well, one should not neglect the possibility o an error aswell as the possible great antiquity o the wood that yielded the sample or dating (BoucquetAppel, Naji, VanderLinden, Kozowski 009, 808). The well may have belongedto another settlement, considering its position in the investigated area (Minichreiter, KrajcarBroni 006). All theother results show the time rame between 5930 and 5040cal BC: pit 6; Z91, 6710115, cal BC 5705530 (68,%);pit 9; Z9 670595 BP, cal BC 5705530 (68,%); pit 10;Z93, 6995115 BP, cal BC 59305740 (55,5%); and pit 1;Z95, 660130 BP, cal BC 53705040 (68,%). Pits 6, 9 and10 were analysed separately in this paper due to the large

    concentration o lithic arteacts, and the dating results orthese pits show a time rame between 5930 and 5530 cal BC(Minichreiter, KrajcarBroni 004), representing the middle values in a airly long time rame, obtained by absolutedating o the samples rom Zadubravlje.

    Even though K. Minichreiter (Minichreiter 199) attributed the site to the early preclassical phase o the Starevoculture, the absolute dating results span the entire durationo the Starevo culture (see KrajcarBroni, Minichreiter,Obeli, Horvatini, 004). The neighbouring Galovo siteexhibits a similar situation. The mentioned results certainlypoint to the problems with relative chronology. The resultso recent investigations likewise exhibit certain discrepancies between the relative chronology based on decorativepatterns on ceramic vessels and the results o absolute dat

    0,00%

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    15,00%

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    25,00%

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

    ZADUBRAVLJE - PROIZVODNI TIPOVI4276 KOM.

    Sl. Grafki prikaz zastupljenosti proizvodnih tipova. 1 prvotni odbojak, drugotni odbojak, 3 prvotno sjeivo, 4 drugotno sjeivo, 5prvotna ploica, 6 drugotna ploica, 7 odbojak, 8 odboji, 9 sjeivo, 10 ploica, 11 jezgra za odbojke, 1 jezgra za sjeiva, 13 jezgraza ploice, 14 mijeana jezgra, 15 ulomci jezgara, 16 krijestasti odbojci, sjeiva ili ploice, 17 dotjerujui obojci jezgre, 18 odbojci odretua, 19 krhotina s okorinom, 0 krhotina, 1 okrhak, neodredivi ulomci

    Fig. 2 Frequency chart o production types. 1 primary fake, 2 secondary fake, 3 primary blade, 4 secondary blade, 5 primary bladelet, 6 secon-

    dary bladelet, 7 fake, 8 small fake, 9 blade, 10 bladelet, 11 fake core, 12 blade core, 13 bladelet core, 14 mixed core, 15 core ragments,

    16 crested fakes, blades or bladelets, 17 platorm rejuvenation fakes, 18 retouching fakes, 19 chunk with cortex, 20 chunk, 21 chip, 22

    indeterminate pieces

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    s nalazita Slava kod Nove Gradike, uz modifkaciju izvorne liste tehnolokih tipova dodavanjem kategorije krhotinas okorinom (T. 1), za detaljno objanjenje pojedinih tipovavidjeti oi, Karavani (004, 35). Tipovi su navedeni redom koji obuhvaa etiri aze: nulta aza (tip 0) sabiranjei testiranje sirovine; prva aza (tipovi od 1 do 6) prethodna obrada, odnosno skidanje okorine i oblikovanje sirovineu jezgre za izradu razliitih proizvoda (odbojaka, sjeiva,ploica); druga aza (tipovi od 7 do 17) sredinja proizvodna aza, odbijanje odbojaka i/ili sjeiva, ploica; trea aza(tip 18) zavrno oblikovanje alatki, postizanje dodatneobradbe i oblika. Meutim, ukoliko je jezgra bila pripravljena za odbijanje na takav nain da je odreena koliina okorine ostala na njoj, dio drugotnih odbojaka moe pripadati

    drugoj, a ne prvoj azi proizvodnog procesa. Tipovi 19, 0,1 i mogu biti dio bilo koje aze. Oni oznaavaju sluajnoi neplanski odbijene, tj. otkrhnute komade, zatim komaderaspucale prirodnim putem kao i ulomke koji se ne mogusvrstati u odreeni tip zbog ragmentiranosti. Za pojedini tip uzimani su u obzir cjeloviti komadi i svi ragmenti, abudui da mnotvo nalaza ine ulomci, a ne cjelovite rukotvorine, nekadanji stvarni broj rukotvorina zasigurno donekle odudara od ukupno izraenog broja litikih nalaza.Treba napomenuti da prilikom iskopavanja nije provoenoprosijavanje pa zbog toga brojnost nekih kategorija, kao tosu odbojci od obrade i alatke malih dimenzija (geometrijskioblici), valja uzeti s rezervom.

    Na osnovi uestalosti alatki odreena je osnovna ti

    ing (Balen et al., in press), which renders the correlation orelative and absolute chronologies insecure at present.

    Several other settlements within the Brodsko Posavlje region have been attributed to this, preclassical phaseo the Starevo culture: Igra in Bukovlje, the MarukievaStreet in Slavonski Brod, and Gloe in Stari Perkovci (Minichreiter 199, 35). However, none o these sites have beendated by absolute methods.

    3. LITHIC ANALYSIS3. 1. MethodsThe entire lithic material has been defned according to

    production types and the zero type (nodule or pebble),which is not present here, on the model o the analysis o

    the chipped lithic material rom the Slava site near NovaGradika. The only modifcation to the original list o technological types consists in the addition o a new category chunks with cortex (Pl. 1), or a detailed description o specifc types see oi, Karavani (004, 35). The types werelisted in a sequence encompassing our phases: the zerophase (type 0) collection and testing o the raw material;the frst phase (types 1 to 6) preliminary processing, thatis, removal o the cortex and the shaping o the raw material into cores or making various products (akes, blades,bladelets); the second phase (types 7 to 17) central production phase, removal o akes and/or blades, bladelets;third phase (type 18) fnal shaping o tools and retouching.However, in cases when a core prepared or aking still preserved some cortex on the surace, a part o the secondary

    ZADUBRAVLJE PROIZVODNI TIPOVI / TECHNOLOGICAL TYPES

    KOM/QUANTITY % TIP/CATEGORY0 0 0,00% gomolj ili oblutak

    1 309 7,3% prvotni odbojak/primary decortication ake

    693 16,1% drugotni odbojak/secondary decortication ake

    3 3 0,75% prvotno sjeivo/primary decortication blade4 10 ,39% drugotno sjeivo/secondary decortication blade

    5 17 0,40% prvotna ploica/primary decortication bladelet

    6 54 1,6% drugotna ploica/secondary decortication bladelet

    7 995 3,7% odbojak/ake

    8 465 10,87% odboji/small ake

    9 474 11,09% sjeivo/blade

    10 65 6,0% ploica/bladelet

    11 47 1,10% jezgra za odbojke/ake core

    1 14 0,33% jezgra za sjeiva/blade core

    13 8 0,19% jezgra za ploice/bladelet core

    14 3 0,54% kombinirana jezgra/mixed core

    15 6 0,61% ulomci jezgara/core ragments

    16 16 0,37% krijestasti odbojci, sjeiva ili ploice/crested akes, blades and bladelets17 8 0,65% dotjerujui obojci jezgre/core rejuvenation akes

    18 71 1,66% odbojci od retua/retouch akes

    19 195 4,56% krhotina s okorinom/corticated chunk

    0 15 5,03% krhotina/chunk

    1 70 1,64% okrhak/shatter

    157 3,67% neodredivi ulomci/unidentifable ragments

    476 100% ukupno/total

    Tab. 1 Zastupljenost proizvodnih tipovaTab. 1 Frequency o production types

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    pologija (T. ). Pritom komadi s djelominom obradomznai alatku ija obrada ne prelazi 50% njezina ruba. Kod

    komadia s obraenim jednim ili dva ruba, obrada se moraprotezati na vie od 50% ruba ili rubova. Nazivi ostalih tipova su standardni.

    Provedene su dvije mikroskopske analize uzoraka arteakata sa Zadubravlja, prva u Geolokom institutu uZagrebu, a druga u Minerolokopetrograskom zavodu

    akes might belong to the second instead o the frst phaseo the operational sequence. Types 19, 0, 1 and can

    belong to any phase. They mark pieces that were aked orchipped by accident and without a plan, pieces that brokeo due to natural causes as well as pieces too ragmentedto be attributed to a specifc type. All completely preservedpieces and ragments were considered and attributed to acorresponding type. However, due to the act that the ma

    ZADUBRAVLJE TIPOVI ALATKI / TYPOLOGYTIP / TYPE KOMADA / QUANTITY %

    1 komadi s djelominom obradom / partially retouched pieces 18 37,76%

    komadi s obraenim jednim rubom / piece with one retouched edge 98 8,91%

    3 komadi s obraena dva ruba / piece with two retouched edges 39 11,50%

    4 grebalo / endscraper 5 1,47%

    5 svrdlo / drill 3 0,88%6 dubilo / burin 0,59%

    7 geometrijski oblici / geometric microliths 7 ,06%

    8 zarubak / truncation 1 6,19%

    9 udubak / notch 14 4,13%

    10 nazubak / denticulate 3 0,88%

    11 razno / divers 19 5,60%

    ukupno / total 339 100,00%

    Tab. Zastupljenost tipova alatkiTab. 2 Frequency o tool types

    0,00%

    5,00%

    10,00%

    15,00%

    20,00%

    25,00%

    30,00%

    35,00%

    40,00%

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

    ZADUBRAVLJE - postotak tipolokih kategorija

    Sl. 3 Grafki prikaz zastupljenosti tipolokih kategorija. 1. komadi s djelominom obradom, . komadi s obraenim jednim rubom,3. komadi s obradom na dva ruba, 4. grebalo, 5. svrdlo, 6. dubilo, 7. geometrijski oblici, 8. zarubak, 9. udubak, 10. nazubak, 11.razno

    Fig. 3 Frequency chart o tool types. 1 piece with partial retouch, 2 piece with one retouched edge, 3 piece with two retouched edges, 4 endscra-

    per, 5 drill, 6 burin, 7 geometric orms, 8 truncated blade, 9 notch, 10 denticulate, 11 various

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    Prirodoslovnomatematikog akulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, a na cjelokupnom materijalu je izvrena osnovna podjela sirovine na osnovi makroskopskih znaajki, odnosnoboje i izgleda povrine. Prema tim znaajkama odreeno

    je 10 osnovnih kategorija, i goreno, okorina te razno.Za odreivanje boje kategorija koriten je Rock Color Chart,Geological Society o America.

    Kategorija 1 su ronjaci crvene boje, s nijansamamlijenobijele i ukaste, koja se pojavljuje na nekim komadima u tragovima, a na nekima zauzima i 50% povrine(boje po RockColor Chart 10 R 5/4pale reddish brown i 10YR6/pale yellowish brown). Kategoriju ine ronjaci pretenozelene boje (od svijetlo do tamnozelene), no pojavljuju se isive te smee varijacije, takoer od svjetlijih do tamnijih ni

    jansi (boje po RockColor Chart 5GY /1 greenish black, 5YR4/1 brownish gray i 5GY 4/1 dark greenish grey). Povrina jeuglavnom glatka i sjajna, no ima i mat povrine. Kategorija 3su ronjaci takoer crvene boje, ali znatno tamnije nijanse,bez primjesa drugih boja (boja po RockColor Chart 5YR 4/4moderate brown). Kategorija 4 su ronjaci utosmee boje,glatke i sjajne strukture (boja po RockColor Chart 10YR6/6dark yellowish orange). Kategorija 5 su raznobojni ronjacizrnate strukture i sjajne povrine (boja po RockColor Chart5YR 7/ grayish orange pink). Kategorija 6 je bijeli kvarc (bojapo RockColor Chart 5Y8/1 yellowish gray). Kategorija 7 suronjaci tamnosive boje i mat strukture (boja po RockColor

    jority o fnds were in a ragmented condition and not complete, the original number o arteacts is surely dierent tosome extent rom the total expressed number o lithic fnds.It has to be mentioned that the sediment was not sievedduring the excavations, and thereore the numbers in certain categories, such as production akes and small tools(geometric orms), ought to be considered with caution.

    The basic typology was determined based on the requency o tools (Pl. ). The term partially retouched piecereers to a tool retouched on less than 50% o its edge. Pieces with retouch on one or two edges must have more than50% o its edge(s) retouched. For all other types we usedthe standard designations.

    Two macroscopic analyses o arteact samples rom Zadubravlje were carried out, the frst one at the Institute oGeology in Zagreb, and the other at the Institute o Mineralogy and Petrology o the Faculty o Science o the University in Zagreb. The raw material within the entire assemblagewas sorted based on macroscopic eatures, that is, colourand surace appearance into 10 basic categories, and threeadditional ones burned, cortex and various. The determination o colours was carried out based on the RockColor Chart issued by the Geological Society o America.

    Category 1 are red cherts, with milky white and yellowish shades, which appear on several pieces in traces, whileon other they occupy up to 50% o the surace (colours bythe RockColor Chart 10 R 5/4 pale reddish brown and 10YR6/pale yellowish brown). Category comprises cherts thatare predominantly green (ranging rom light to dark green),but also those o grey and brown hues, likewise rangingrom lighter to darker shades (colours by RockColor Chart5GY /1 greenish black, 5YR 4/1 brownish grayand 5GY 4/1dark greenish grey). The surace is mostly smooth and shiny,but occasionally also matt. Category 3 consists o chertsthat are also red, but o a ar darker shade, without a tingeo any other colour (RockColor Chart 5YR 4/4 moderatebrown). Category 4 are yellowbrown cherts o smooth andshiny texture (RockColor Chart 10YR6/6 dark yellowish or-ange). Category 5 comprises grainy cherts o a shiny suracein various colours (RockColor Chart 5YR 7/ grayish orange

    pink). Category 6 is white quartz (RockColor Chart 5Y 8/1 yellowish gray). Category 7 are dark grey cherts o matttexture (RockColor Chart N4 medium dark gray). Category8 are mattsurace cherts in brownorange shades (RockColor Chart 5YR 5/6 light brown). Category 9 are yellowishcherts o grainy texture and a matt surace (RockColorChart 10YR 5/4 moderate yellowish brown). Category 10 arelight grey cherts o a matt surace and shiny texture (RockColor Chart N7 light gray). Burned pieces are those thatdue to burning lost the distinctive eatures that would haveallowed a precise attribution, cortex reers to the piecesthat also cannot be sorted with any greater accuracy, whilevarious groups material dierent rom all the mentioned

    categories.Data on the spatial distribution o lithic arteacts were

    presented with regard to the amount o arteacts in themain stratigraphic units (pits, houses).

    3. . The results o the lithic analysis3..1. DebitageBecause we are dealing with a singlelayer site o the

    Starevo culture (Minichreiter 199), the entire lithic material o all the stratigraphic units was primarily treated as anassemblage, and subsequently a part o the stratigraphicunits were analyzed separately. The site yielded a total o476 chipped lithic arteacts. O those, 339 pieces or 7,9%were tools. The most common fnds were akes (3,7%),

    A

    B

    Sl. 4 Mikrootografje uzoraka ronjaka. A uzorak kategorije , Buzorak kategorije 9

    Fig. 4 Microphotographs o chert samples. A sample o category 2, Bsample o category 9

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    Sl. 5 Izdvojeni primjerci litikog materijala: 1 mijeana jezgra, jezgra za odbojke, 3 mijeana jezgra, 4 jezgra za sjeiva, 5jezgra za sjeiva, 6 jezgra za sjeiva, 7 mijeana jezgra, 8 jezgra za ploice, 9 jezgra za sjeiva. Mjerilo je u cm (Crte:Marta Perki)

    Fig. 5 Selected lithic arteacts: 1 mixed core, 2 fake core, 3 mixed core, 4 blade core, 5 blade core, 6 blade core, 7 mixed core, 8

    bladelet core, 9 blade core. Scale in cm (Drawing: Marta Perki)

    1

    6

    7

    8

    54

    3

    9

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    Sl. 6 Izdvojeni primjerci litikog materijala: 1 strelica, 8 trapezi, 9 grebalo, 10 svrdlo, 11 komadi s obradom, 1 i 16 zarubak, 13 15 komadi s obradom, 173 komadi s obradom, 4 udubak. Mjerilo je u cm (Crte: Marta Perki)

    Fig. 6 Selected lithic specimens: 1 arrowhead, 2-8 trapezes, 9 endscraper, 10 drill, 11 retouched piece, 12 and 16 truncated blade,

    13-15 retouched piece 17-23 retouched piece, 24 notch. Scale in cm (Drawing: Marta Perki)

    1

    6 7 8

    543

    9

    13

    18 1917

    161514

    110 11

    1 30 4

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    Sl. 7 Izdvojeni primjerci litikog materijala: 14, 6 sjeiva proizvedena tehnikom indirektnog odbijanja, 5, 7, 8 komadi sobradom, 9 krijestasto sjeivo, 10 prebaeno sjeivo, 11 jezgra za sjeiva. Mjerilo je u cm (Crte: Marta Perki)

    Fig. 7 Selected lithic arteacts: 1-4, 6 blades made by indirect percussion, 5, 7, 8 retouched piece, 9 crested blade, 10 overshot blade,

    11 blade core. Scale in cm (Drawing: Marta Perki)

    1

    6 7 8

    5

    43

    9 10

    11

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    Chart N4 medium dark gray). Kategorija 8 su ronjaci matpovrine, smeenaranastih nijansi (boja po RockColorChart 5YR 5/6 light brown). Kategorija 9 su ukasti ronjacizrnate strukture i mat povrine (boja po RockColor Chart10YR 5/4 moderate yellowish brown). Kategorija 10 su svijetlosivi ronjaci mat povrine i sjajne strukture (boja po RockColor Chart N7 light gray). Goreno se odnosi na komade

    koji su u procesu gorenja izgubili znaajke prema kojimase mogu preciznije razvrstati, okorina su primjerci koji setakoer ne mogu tonije razvrstati, a razno je za materijalrazliit od svih navedenih kategorija.

    Podaci o prostornoj distribuciji litikih rukotvorina izneseni su s obzirom na koliinu rukotvorina u glavnim stratigraskim jedinicama (jame, kue).

    3. . Rezultati litike analize3..1. LomljevinaBudui da se radi o jednoslojnom nalazitu starevake

    kulture (Minichreiter 199), cjelokupan je litiki materijalsvih stratigraskih jedinica ponajprije tretiran kao cjelina, akasnije je dio stratigraskih jedinica analiziran zasebno. Nalokalitetu je pronaeno ukupno 476 cijepanih litikih arte

    akata. Od te koliine, 339 komada odnosno 7,9% su alatke.Najvie je odbojaka (3,7%), potom drugotnih odbojaka(16,1%) te sjeiva (11,09%) i odbojia (10,87%), tj. odbojakakoji su manji od cm (T. 1; sl. ). Ni jedna druga kategorija nijezastupljena s vie od 10%, ali ukupna zastupljenost krhotinasa i bez okorine i okrhaka iznosi 11,3%. Zastupljene su svekategorije, osim nulte. To znai da je sva sirovina, prije nego je donesen na nalazite, bila obraivana ili su svi krupnijikomadi bili potpuno razbijeni na lokalitetu pa nisu prisutniostaci blokova, oblutaka ili nodula. Zastupljenost svih ostalih kategorija svjedoi o prisutnosti svih aza proizvodnjena samom nalazitu. Okorinski materijal potvruje poetnuazu proizvodnje a, premda rijetka, zastupljenost svih vrsta

    jezgara te odbojaka, sjeiva i ploica, upuuje na to da suosim odbojaka na samom nalazitu proizvoena sjeiva

    i ploice (T. 1). Proizvodnja odbojaka vidno prevladava, asjeiva je gotovo duplo vie od svih kategorija ploica. Naosnovi znaajki sjeiva (iroki plohak), naglaen bulbus,karakteristina zakrivljenost (sl. 7, 18), dokazano je da jebarem dio njih proizveden postupkom neizravnog odbijan

    ja (usmeno priopenje J. Pelegrina). Jezgara je ukupno 9komada, odnosno ,76%. Najvie ih je za odbojke (47 komada, sl. 5, ), a potom mijeanih jezgara (3 komada, sl. 5, 1, 3,7). Jezgara za sjeiva (sl. 5, 6, 9, sl. 7, 11) ima 14, a za ploice8 komada (sl. 5, 8). Dio jezgara za sjeiva je stoastog oblika(sl. 5, 9, sl. 7, 11), to je karakteristino za razdoblje ranog neolitika. Mali broj jezgara u skupu nalaza nikako ne umanjujeostale dokaze o odvijanju svih aza proizvodnje na lokalitetu. Moda je postojao prostor u kojem su se pohranjivale

    jezgre koje su jo bile za upotrebu u dijelu nalazita koji nije

    istraen. Prisutnost krijestastih odbojaka i sjeiva (sl. 7, 9) teprebaenog sjeiva koje je produkt pogreke u proizvodnji(sl. 7, 10), prua dodatni dokaz da se na samom lokalitetuodvijala proizvodnja sjeiva (T. 1, sl. ). Zastupljenost ulomaka od obrade, koji svjedoe o zavrnoj azi proizvodnje zavrnom oblikovanju alatke, niska je. Meutim, tu trebauzeti u obzir da sediment nije prosijavan te se moe pretpostaviti gubitak veeg broja tih vrlo sitnih proizvoda.

    3... TipologijaOd alatki (T. ; sl. 3) najvie ima komadia s djelominom

    obradom (18 komada, 37,76%), a potom slijede komadii sobraenim jednim rubom (98 komada, 8,91%) te komadiis obraena dva ruba (39 komada, 11,50%) (sl. 6, 11, 1315,

    ollowed by secondary akes (16,1%), blades (11,09%) andsmall akes (10,87%), i.e. those smaller than cm (Pl. 1; Fig.). None o the other categories were represented by morethan 10%, although the total percentage o chunks with andwithout cortex, combined with chips, amounts to 11,3%. Allthe categories with the exception o the zero category arepresent. This means that all the raw material was processed

    beore it was taken to the site, or that all the more sizeablepieces were completely broken on the site and thereoreno remains o blocks, pebbles or nodules were ound. Thepresence o all the other categories bears testimony to thepresence o all the production phases at the site itsel. Thematerial with cortex confrms the initial production phase,while the presence, albeit rare, o all core types as well asakes, blades and bladelets, indicates that not only akesbut also blades and bladelets were produced at the site itsel (Pl. 1). The production o akes evidently predominates,while blades are almost twice as common as bladelets o allcategories. Based on the characteristics o the blades (wideplatorm), prominent bulb, characteristic curvature (Fig. 7,18), it was ascertained that at least part o the blades wereproduced by indirect percussion (personal communication

    by J. Pelegrin). There is a total o 9 cores or ,76%. The mostcommon are ake cores (47 pieces), ollowed by mixed cores(3 pieces, Fig. 5: 1, , 3, 6, 7, 8). There are 14 blade cores (Fig.5: 4, 5, 9; Fig. 7: 11), while 8 cores were used or bladeletsproduction (Fig. 5: 8). Part o the cores or blades were conical (Fig. 5: 9; Fig. 7: 11), a characteristic o the Early Neolithic.The act that there were ew cores within the assemblagelessens in no way whatsoever the other evidence suggesting that all phases o production were carried out at the site.Perhaps there was an area in the yet uninvestigated part othe site where cores that were still usable were stored. Thepresence o crested akes and blades (Fig. 7: 9) andanovershotblade resulting rom an error in the production (Fig. 7:10) is more proo that blades were produced at the site itsel(Pl. 1, Fig. ). The presence o retouching akes, bearing testimony to the fnal production phase the fnal shaping o atool, is low. However, here one has to bear in mind that thesediment had not been sieved, and that many o those tinypieces were presumably lost.

    3... TypologyThe most common type o tools (Pl. ; Fig. 3) are partially

    retouched pieces (18 pieces, 37,76%), ollowed by pieceswith one retouched edge (98 pieces, 8,91%) and pieceswith two retouched edges (39 pieces, 11,50%) (Fig. 6: 11, 1315, 174). There were 1 truncated blades (6,19%), (Fig. 6:1, 16), 14 notches (4,13%) (Fig. 6: 5), as well as 14 pieces inthe category various. Other tools (end scrapers (Fig. 6: 9),drills(Fig. 6: 10), burins, denticulates) are very rare (a total o

    8 pieces, ,95%). There are also very ew geometric orms,invariably trapezes, a total o 7 pieces, that is ,06% (Fig. 6:8). Their presence is traditionally connected with the Mesolithic inuence, but it must be mentioned that trapezesat this site were not produced by the microburin technique,and the lack o knowledge on the Mesolithic substrate ineastern Croatia renders any comparison impossible. An arrowhead was also ound, which is a rarity among early Neolithic assemblages (Fig. 6: 1). Most tools were made on akes(8,0% on akes, 16,% on secondary akes), and a considerable number were made on blades (7,43% on bladesand 5,90% on secondary blades). The signifcant numbero tools on blades makes it evident that the production oblades played an important role within the entire produc

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    174). Zarubak je zastupljen s 1 komadom (6,19%), (sl. 6,1, 16), zatim slijedi udubak (14 komada 4,13%) (sl. 6, 4), koliko broji i kategorija razno. Ostale alatke (grebala (sl. 6, 9)svrdla (sl. 6, 10), dubila, nazupci) vrlo su rijetke (ukupno 8komada, ,95%). Malobrojni su i geometrijski oblici, ukupno7 komada, odnosno ,06%, (sl. 6, 8), a svi su trapezi. Njihova prisutnost se tradicionalno vee uz utjecaje mezolitika,

    no treba napomenuti kako za proizvodnju trapeza na ovomlokalitetu nije koritena tehnika mikrodubila, a zbog nepoznavanja mezolitike podloge na prostoru istone Hrvatskenije mogua usporedba. Pronaena je i jedna strelica, to jeu ranoneolitikim skupovima nalaza rijetkost (sl. 6, 1). Najvie

    je alatki nainjeno na odbojcima (8,0% na odbojcima,16,% na drugotnim odbojcima), a znaajan je i broj alatkina sjeivima (7,43 % na sjeivima i 5,90 % na drugotnimsjeivima). Brojnost alatki nainjenih na sjeivima svjedoikako je postupak izrade sjeiva u cjelokupnoj proizvodnjibio vrlo vaan. Na ploicama je nainjeno 8,85% alatki. Naalatkama je, osim dodatne obrade nastale uobiajenim postupcima udaranja po rubu rukotvorine, esta samo sitna tj.marginalna obrada koja je mogla nastati uporabom samogpredmeta.

    3..3. SirovineSav je materijal prema makroskopskim znaajkama kao

    to su boja, struktura, sjajna ili mat povrina, rasporeen u10 osnovnih kategorija (vidjeti poglavlje o metodi), i kategorije okorina, goreno i razno. Najbrojnija je kategorija 1, kojuini 793 arteakata, odnosno 65,3%. U kategoriji 3 ima 439rukotvorina, odnosno 10,7%, dok su sve ostale kategorijezastupljene s manje od 10% (T. 3). Postotak teine pojedinih kategorija ne odstupa znaajnije od postotka koliinete kategorije. Iz deset uzoraka nainjeni su preparati i mikroskopski analizirani u Hrvatskom geolokom institutu uZagrebu 001. godine. Ustanovljeno je da svi uzorci pripadaju razliitim varijetetima iste stijene, koja je odreena kaoronjak (usmeno priopenje M. parice).

    Nedavno je za petrograsku analizu u Minerolokopetrograskom zavodu Prirodoslovnomatematikog akulteta u Zagrebu iz postojeih 10 osnovnih kategorijaizdvojeno 9 uzoraka, koji su makroskopski pregledani.Od toga je izraeno 16 preparata za potrebe mineralokopetrograske analize pomou polarizacijskog mikroskopa.Makroskopskim pregledom ustanovljena je prevladavajuaprisutnost ronjaka (od 9 uzoraka, 8 su ronjaci). Samo jedan uzorak predstavlja kvarc bjelutak (kvarc hidrotermalnihila, bijele boje uzorak kategorije 9. Na temelju boje i izgleda povrine ronjaci su podijeljeni u tri skupine. Ronjacisjajne, glatke povrine, bez makroskopski uoljivih estica,otrobridnoga i koljkastog loma, tamnije obojeni (tamnosivi, smei, smekastocrvenkasti, crni) su najzastupljeniji (komada uzoraka kategorije 1, 5 komada uzoraka kategorije, komada uzoraka kategorije 3, komada uzoraka kate

    gorije 4, po jedan komad uzoraka kategorije 6 i 8 te po komada uzoraka kategorije 7 i 10). Zatim slijede svjetlijeobojeni ronjaci (svijetlosivi), koje jo karakterizira i tokastapovrina bez izraenog sjaja, tj. mat povrina (1 komad uzorka kategorije 7, komada uzoraka kategorije 1, komadauzoraka kategorije 9 i po jedan komad uzoraka kategorija 5i 10) te tamnije obojeni ronjaci zrnatog izgleda, bez sjaja (komada uzoraka kategorije 8 i komada uzoraka kategorije5).

    Mikroskopski pregled omoguuje dierencijaciju s obzirom na vrstu estica, strukturne znaajke te na prisutnoststratifkacije. Mikroskopskim pregledom izdvojeni su radiolarijski ronjaci (vidljivi ostaci radiolarija) i rekristaliziranironjaci (nema vidljivih ostataka primarnih estica). Radio

    tion. 8,85% o tools were made on bladelets. In additionto the usual method o retouch by striking the edge o anarteact, the tools requently exhibit only tiny, i.e. marginalretouching that may have been result o the use o the arteact itsel.

    3..3. Raw materials

    The entire assemblage was classifed into 10 basic categories (we reer the reader to the chapter on the method)according to macroscopic eatures such as colour, abric,shiny or matt surace, with the addition o three more categories cortex, burned and various. The most common iscategory 1, consisting o 793 arteacts or 65,3%. Category3 comprises 439 arteacts or 10,7%, while each o the othercategoriy contain less than 10% (Pl. 3). The weight percentage o individual categories shows no signifcant discrepancy rom the quantity percentage o that category. Tensamples were used or preparations, which were analyzedunder a microscope in the Croatian Institute o Geology inZagreb in 001. It was established that all the samples belong to various variants o the same rock, determined aschert (personal communication by M. parica).

    Recently 9 samples rom 10 basic categories weresubmitted to the Institute or Mineralogy and Petrology othe Faculty o Science in Zagreb or a petrographic analysis. These samples were analyzed microscopically, and 16preparations were made or a mineralogicalpetrographicanalysis with a polarizing microscope. Macroscopic analysisascertained that chert predominated (8 out o 9 sampleswere cherts). Only one sample belongs to white quartz(hydrothermal vein quartz, o white colour) a sample o category 9. Based on colour and surace appearance the chertswere divided into three groups. Cherts o a shiny, smoothsurace, without macroscopically discernible particles, ohackly and conchoidal racture, with darker shades (darkgrey, brown, brownishreddish, black) are the most common ( pieces o samples o category 1, 5 pieces o sampleso category , pieces o samples o category 3, pieceso samples o category 4, one each in categories 6 and 8and two each in categories 7 and 10). These are ollowedby cherts o lighter colours (light grey), additionally characterized by the dotted surace without evident luster, i.e.matt surace (1 piece o sample o category 7, pieces incategory 1, pieces o samples o category 8 and one pieceeach o samples o categories 5 and 10) as well as darkercherts o grainy appearance, lusterless ( pieces o sampleso category 8 and two pieces o samples o category 5).

    Microscopic examination allowed dierentiation withregard to the particle type, structural eatures and presence o stratigraphy, and led to the separation o radiolaritecherts (visible remains o radiolaria) and recrystallized chert

    (lacking visible remains o primary particles). Radiolaritecherts (Figure 4.A) predominate (samples o categories 1,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). They can be massive or with a pronouncedstratifcation. Stratifcation results rom the alternation odensely packed (grainy) laminae and those with severalmatrices. It can be made more evident by the presence olenses and pockets o smallgrained, brownish material(silicifed carbonate sediment) and various concentrationso dotted dispersed opaque matter (most likely o organicorigin). The matrix consists o smallcrystalline to cryptocrystalline quartz. Radiolaria are recrystallized into smallcrystalline quartz or chalcedony. Chalcedony appears alsoas a fll in some voids. Silicifed limestone ossils (planktonoraminiera) occasionally appear in addition to radiolaria.

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    larijski ronjaci (slika 4.A) prevladavaju (uzorci kategori ja 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Oni mogu biti masivni ili s izraenomstratifkacijom. Stratifkacija je rezultat izmjene gue pakiranih (zrnatih) lamina i lamina s vie matriksa. Ona moebiti naglaena i pojavom lea i proslojaka sitnozrnatog,smeasto obojenog materijala (silicifcirani karbonatni sediment) te razliitom koncentracijom tokasto rasprene

    opake tvari (najvjerojatnije organska materija). Matriks jeizgraen od sitnokristalininoga do kriptokristalininogakvarca. Radiolarije su rekristalizirane u sitnokristalininikvarc ili kalcedon. Kalcedon se pojavljuje i kao ispuna pojedinih pukotina. Uz radiolarije, mjestimino se pojavljuju isilicifcirani vapnenaki osili (planktonske oraminiere). Upojedinim uzorcima zamijeena je plastina deormacijalaminacije u obliku povijanja lamina te tragovi bioturbacije(rovanja) organizama. Rekristalizirani ronjaci (uzorci , 8, 9)imaju homogenu, jednolinu sitnokristalininu grau, bezvidljivih ostataka primarne strukture i sastojaka (rekristalizacija je unitila primarnu grau) (slika 4B).

    Razlike u boji uoene makroskopski rezultat su razliitogudjela i ouvanosti organske materije i eventualne prisutnosti nekih drugih rasprenih obojenih minerala (npr. hematita).

    Prema M. parici (usmeno priopenje), ronjaci udruenis drugim stijenama nalaze se na povrini u slavonskim planinama Papuku i Psunju, a u veim ih koliinama susreemou srednjobosanskim planinama. Miljenja smo kako je diomaterijala iz Zadubravlja prikupljen u okolici, a dio doneseniz drugih podruja. Najbrojnija kategorija sirovinskog materijala (crveni ronjaci nazvani kategorija 1), nije prisutna uneposrednoj okolici lokaliteta. Pretpostavke o sirovinskommaterijalu, dakako, valja provjeriti prikupljanjem uzoraka naterenu, njihovom petrograskom i kemijskom analizom teusporedbom s arheolokim materijalom.

    3..4. Prostorna distribucija

    U 4 objekta (jama 6, 9, 10 i 19) pronaeno je ukupno 3435litikih rukotvorina, to je 80,33% od ukupnog broja (T. 4). U

    jami 19 pronaeno je 10 cijepanih litikih rukotvorina, ujami 10 bilo ih je 901, u jami 9 otkriveno ih je 761, a jama 6sadravala je 553 litike rukotvorine. U jami s najvie litikihrukotvorina (jama 19) najbrojniji proizvodni tip su odbojci(1,80%). Svi odbojci (sa i bez okorine te odbojii) zastupljeni su s 56,15%. Sjeiva sa i bez okorine je 8,69%, ploica8,36%, dok su krhotine zastupljene s 14,84%. Jezgara zasjeiva nema, dok su jezgre za odbojke i ploice minimalno zastupljene. Alatki je svega 4 komada, to ini 3,44%.Vie od 500 rukotvorina pronaeno je i u jamama 6, 9 i 10.U jami 6 najvie je odbojaka (54,06%). U to su ubrojeni odbojci sa i bez okorine te odbojii. Sjeiva je ukupno 11,75%.

    Pronaene su jezgre za odbojke (5 komada), sjeiva ( komada) i ploice (1 komad). Krhotina je ukupno 10,13%. Alatki ima 38 komada, odnosno 6,87%. U jami 9, (761 komad),najbrojnija kategorija su takoer odbojci. Svi tipovi odbojaka zajedno su zastupljeni sa 61,5%. Najvie je drugotnih odbojaka i odbojaka bez okorine (svaka kategorija po 0,5%).Sjeiva ima 13, 76%, a ploica 1, 08%. Prisutne su i jezgre,u malom broju. Sedam je jezgara za odbojke te po jedna zaploice i sjeiva. Krhotina je ukupno 6,7%. Broj od 77 komada (10, 16%) u jami 9 ak je vii od udjela alatki u cjelokupnom skupu nalaza. U jami 10 pronaen je 901 komad litikihrukotvorina. Alatki je 9 komada, to je 10% od broja rukotvorina u jami. U jami 10 takoer su prevladavajui proizvodiodbojci. Ukupno ih je 55,06%. Sjeiva je u postotku neto

    Some samples exhibited plastic deormation o the lamination in the orm o bent laminae as well as traces o bioturbation (boring) o organisms. Recrystallized cherts (samples, 8, 9) have a homogeneous, uniorm smallcrystallinestructure, without visible remains o the primary structureand constituents (primary structure was destroyed by recrystallization) (Figure 4B).

    Macroscopically detected dierences in colour are theresult o the dierent proportion and preservation o organic matter and the possible presence o certain other dispersed coloured minerals (e.g. hematite).

    In M. paricas opinion (personal communication),cherts combined with other rocks appear on the surace inthe Slavonian Mountains o Papuk and Psunj, and are alsoencountered in large quantities in mountains in central Bos

    nia. We believe that part o the material rom Zadubravljewas collected in the neighbourhood, while another partwas brought rom other areas. The most common categoryo raw material (red cherts termed category 1) does not appear in the immediate vicinity o the site. Assumptions onthe raw materials should, o course, be verifed by collectingsamples in the feld, analyzing them petrographically andchemically and fnally comparing them with the archaeological material.

    3..4. Spatial distributionFour structures (pits 6, 9, 10 and 19) yielded a total o

    3435 lithic arteacts, making up 80,33% o the total number(Pl. 4). Pit 19 yielded 10 chipped lithic arteacts, pit 10 contained 901, pit 9 contained 761, while pit 6 yielded 553 lithic

    arteacts. In the pit with the most lithic arteacts (pit 19)akes were the most common production type (1,80%). Allthe akes (with and without cortex as well as small akes)made up 56,15%. There were 8,69% blades with and without cortex, 8,36% bladelets, while chunks made up 14,84%.There were no cores or blades, and there were only veryew cores or akes and bladelets. There were only 4 tools,or 3,44%. More than 500 arteacts were ound in pits 6, 9and 10. Pit 6 contained mostly akes (54,06%), includingthose with and without cortex as well as small akes. Thepercentage o blades was 11,75%. Cores or akes (5 pieces), blades ( pieces) and bladelets (1 piece) were ound.There was a total o 10,13% chunks. There were 38 tools, or6,87%. In pit 9 (761 piece) akes also predominate. All types

    kategorija kom. % teina/g %

    1 793 65,3% 5793,9 69,56%

    5,19% 448,8 5,39%

    3 439 10,7% 91,6 11,06%

    4 35 0,8% 56,7 0,68%

    5 93 ,17% 314,6 3,78%

    6 6 0,14% 5,8 0,07%7 68 1,59% 179,8 ,16%

    8 59 1,38% 76, 0,91%

    9 8 0,19% 10, 0,1%

    10 5 0,58% 35,6 0,43%

    goreno 174 4,07% 69,1 3,3%

    okorina 6 0,14% 5,4 0,06%

    razno 348 8,14% 803,6 9,65%

    ukupno 476 100,00% 839,5 100,00%

    Tab. 3 Zastupljenost i teina kategorija sirovinskog materijalaTab. 3 Frequency and weight o categories o raw materials

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    vie nego u ostalim objektima, ukupno ih je 0, 87%. Sjeivabez okorine ima 17,76%. Ploica ima ukupno 8,98%. Jezgresu zastupljene s ukupno 3,%, od ega je najvie jezgara zaodbojke (,%), dok nedostaju jezgre za sjeiva.

    4. InterpretacijaNa lokalitetu Zadubravlje pronaen je znaajan broj ci

    jepanih kamenih arteakata. Sa sigurnou se moe ustvrditi da su se na lokalitetu odvijale prva i druga aza proizvodn

    je odbojaka, sjeiva i ploica, to je potvreno prisutnoujezgara te arteakata s okorinom. Nulta kategorija, odnosnogomolji i obluci, nije zabiljeena, to znai da se sirovina testirala, a moda i pripravljala u prejezgre prije nego je donesena u naselje, ili da su svi donekle vei komadi preraeniu jezgre. Relativno mali broj krhotina u ukupnom skupu nalaza govori o vjetini izraivaa alatki te o kvaliteti sirovine.Zasigurno je barem dio sjeiva proizveden neizravnim odbijanjem (preko dlijeta), to je za sada najranije ustanovljenaprimjena tog postupka na podruju Hrvatske. Primjena togpostupka je dokazana na podruju Hrvatske, ali za razdoblje sopotske kulture (oi, Karavani 004). Najmanje jebila zastupljena proizvodnja ploica i najmanje je i alatkinainjeno na tim proizvodima. U Srbiji i Maarskoj su u ranom neolitiku zabiljeeni lokaliteti s veim udjelom ploica

    i alatki na ploicama, to se zajedno s trapezima smatrautjecajem mezolitika, odnosno balkanskodunavskog epigravetijena (ari 1999, 54). Na do sada obraenim lokalitetima starevake kulture na podruju istone Hrvatskenije zabiljeen znatniji udio ploica u skupu nalaza (oi007, Buni 009).

    Skupovi nalaza iz objekata 6, 9, 10 i 19 mogu se okarakterizirati kao radioniki skup nalaza. Radioniki skup nalaza

    je termin koji se koristi za skupove nalaza koji broje vie od500 rukotvorina u jednom objektu (Balcer 1995, 75), a moeoznaavati materijal koji je izravno vezan uz radni prostor,kao i materijal koji potjee iz radnog prostora. esto se materijal iz radnog prostora koji se nalazio na povrini pometeu jamu, pri emu o postojanju radnog prostora na povrinine ostaju nikakvi tragovi (Balcer 1995, 78). Za pretpostaviti

    je da je mnogo praktinije bilo smjestiti radni prostor izvan,a ne unutar ukopanih jama. Lomljevina nastala tijekomproizvodnje u radionici, zbog otrih bridova opasna je i zaljude i za stoku te se vjerojatno uklanjala s hodne povrinei pohranjivala u naputene, djelomino zapunjene ili za tusvrhu iskopane objekte. Radioniki otpad vjerojatno je bioprenoen na tkaninama ili ivotinjskim koama koje su bilerasprostrte tijekom rada (Balcer 1995, 78). Zbog toga to sugotovo sve jame imale svoju pretpostavljenu drugu unkci

    ju te zbog dosta visokog postotka alatki u jamama, izglednije je da jame nisu bile lokacije na kojima se odvijala litikaproizvodnja, ve je otpad iz oblinjega radnog prostora, koji

    je vjerojatno bio na povrini, pometen u te objekte. To se ne

    o akes combined make up 61,5%. Secondary akes andakes without cortex predominate with 0,5% in each category. There were 13,76% blades, 1,08% bladelets. Coreswere also present, but ew. There were seven cores orakes and one each or bladelets and blades. Chunks madeup 6,7%. A total o 77 pieces (10,16%) in pit 9 in act surpasses the proportion o tools in the entire assemblage. Pit 10

    yielded 901 lithic arteacts, o which 9 were tools, or 10%o the total number o arteacts in the pit. Like in other pits,here also akes predominate, with 55,06%. The proportiono blades at 0,87% is slightly higher in comparison withother structures. Blades without cortex make up 17,76%.Bladelets represent 8,98%, while cores make up 3,%. Othose, cores or akes are the most common (,%), whilecores or blades are missing altogether.

    4. InterpretationThe Zadubravlje site yielded a considerable number o

    chipped stone arteacts. It can be asserted that the frst andsecond phases o production o akes, blades and bladeletstook place at the site, as corroborated by the presence ocores and arteacts with cortex. The zero category, that is

    nodules and pebbles, was not documented, which meansthat the raw material was tested and perhaps also preparedinto precores beore it was brought tothe settlement, orthat all the more sizeable pieces were processed into cores.The relatively small number o chunks within the assemblage speaks o the skill o the tool makers and o the quality o the raw material. At least part o the blades were certainly produced by indirect percussion (involving the use oa chisel), so ar the earliest documented application o thatmethod in the territory o Croatia. This method had alreadybeen documented in Croatia, but or the Sopot culture period (oi, Karavani 004). The production o bladeletswas the least common and tools on those products are theewest. Certain Early Neolithic sites in Serbia and Hungaryyielded assemblages where the proportion o bladelets andtools on bladelets is higher, which together with trapezesis considered as reecting the inuence o the Mesolithic,and the Epigravettian o the Balkans and the Danube Basin.(ari 1999, 54). The proportions o bladelets within theso ar analyzed assemblages rom the sites o the Starevoculture in eastern Croatia are in general not strikingly high(oi 007, Buni 009).

    The assemblages rom structures 6, 9, 10 and 19 can becharacterized as workshop assemblages, the term usedor assemblages numbering more than 500 arteacts withina single structure (Balcer 1995, 75). It can denote the material directly connected with the working area, as well as thatoriginating rom the working area. It is oten the case thatthe material rom the working area that was on the surace

    is swept down into a pit, erasing all traces o the existenceo a working area on the surace (Balcer 1995, 78). It can beassumed that it was considerably more practical to locate aworking area outside, instead o within the pits dug into thesoil. Due to its sharp edges, which rendered it dangerous orpeople and cattle, the debitage resulting rom the production in the workshop was probably removed rom the walking surace and stored into abandoned, partially flled upeatures that may have been dug specifcally or that purpose. Workshop reuse was probably transported on clothor animal hides spread over the oor while working (Balcer1995, 78). As it is assumed that almost all the pits had another unction and in view o the relatively high percentageo tools within the pits, it is more likely that the pits werenot the places where lithic production took place, but that

    jama komada alatki6 553 38

    9 761 77

    10 901 9

    19 10 4

    Tab. 4 Broj komada i alatki u jamama s vie od 500 litikih komada

    Tab. 4 Number o all lithic nds and tools in pits with more than 500

    lithic pieces

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    the reuse rom the neighbouring working area, probablylocated on the surace, was swept down into these eatures.This does not apply to pit 19, which may have been a working area (Minichreiter 199, 31; 1993b, 97, 104).

    According to J. K. Kozowski and S. K. Kozowski (1983,75), the chipped lithic industry in the Starevo complexis maniested in two ways with regard to the presence o

    tools:1) many retouched blades and end scrapers (or instance,early phases o Anzabegovo, Divostin, Golokut);

    ) material with predominating microliths and geometric orms (or instance, Cuina Turcului and Ostrovul Golu inRomania and Mehtelek in Hungary)

    Another group has to be added to this division assemblages where blades predominate (as semiproducts as wellas tools), but without wide and long standardized blades,characteristic or the Early Neolithic o the central Balkans(Kozowski, Kozowski 1983, 75). The lithic assemblagerom Zadubravlje would belong to this group, and thesame probably holds true or the Galovo site. The results othe lithic analysis on the material rom two structures romthat site pithouse 15 (oi 007) and pithouse SU 91

    (Buni 009) have been published until now. Blades arethe predominant semiproducts or tool production at thatsite. Together with akes, blades are the main semiproductor tool production at Zadubravlje, while geometric ormsare very rare, same as the tools on bladelets. The prevailing category among tools are simple tools with partial orull retouch on one or two edges. The high proportion ononstandardized tools, lacking any specifc orm, is characteristic or communities practicing the sedentary way olie (Andresky 1994, ). The dominant tools at the Zadubravlje site belong precisely to that type. These tools wereproduced, used and discarded within a relatively short timespan. The Starevo sites in Serbia likewise exhibit a certainstandardization, maniest in the smaller number o tooltypes in comparison to the previous periods. Blades become the most important tools, mostly as parts o composite tools, and oten acquire the character o a multiunctional tool (ari 1999, 5556).

    Geometric orms are rare, and consist mostly o trapezes(Fig. 7, 8). Their proportion was presumably higher, onlydue to their small size they were probably missed in theexcavation as the sediment was not dry and wetsieved.Whether their presence speaks o a connection with theMesolithic remains to be seen, as the utter lack o inormation on the Mesolithic in eastern Slavonia makes it impossible to ascertain this at present.

    5. ConclusionThe results o the preliminary analysis o chipped lithic

    arteacts rom the site provide an understanding o certainactivities pertaining to the production o chipped lithic arteacts in the Starevo settlement in Zadubravlje. The production o semiproducts or making tools (akes, bladesand bladelets) took place at the site itsel, mostly on thesurace, while reuse material was then swept into the pits.Blades were (at least partly) made by indirect percussion,which is so ar the earliest documented use o that methodin Croatia. The most common tools are those with partialretouch or with one retouched edge. Oten minute, that is,marginal retouch was occasionally probably result the actual use o the tool. There are not many fnds that wouldpoint to a tradition rom the Mesolithic. Part o the raw materials were probably collected in the neighbourhood o

    odnosi na jamu 19 koja je mogla biti radni prostor (Minichreiter 199, 31; 1993b, 97, 104).

    Prema J. K. Kozowski and S. K. Kozowski (1983, 75),industrija cijepanoga litikog materijala u starevakom sekompleksu maniestira na dva naina prema zastupljenostialatki:

    1) puno sjeiva s obradom i grebala (primjerice, rane a

    ze Anzabegova, Divostin, Golokut);) materijal u kojem prevladavaju mikroliti i geometrijski

    oblici (primjerice Cuina Turcului i Ostrovul Golu u Rumunjskoj te Mehtelek u Maarskoj).

    Toj podjeli treba dodati jo jednu skupinu, a to su skupovi nalaza s prevladavajuim sjeivima (kako poluproizvodima, tako i alatkama), pri emu nedostaju iroka i dugakastandardizirana sjeiva, koja su karakteristina za rani neolitik sredinjeg Balkana (Kozowski, Kozowski 1983, 75).Litiki skup nalaza iz Zadubravlja pripadao bi toj skupini, aistoj skupini vjerojatno pripada i lokalitet Galovo. Za sada suobjavljeni rezultati litike analize materijala iz dva objektas tog nalazita, zemunice 15 (oi 007) i zemunice SJ 91(Buni 009). Na tom je lokalitetu dominantni poluproizvodza izradu alatki sjeivo.

    Uz odbojke su sjeiva u Zadubravlju glavni poluproizvodza proizvodnju alatki, a geometrijskih oblika ima vrlo malo,kao i alatki na ploicama. Meu alatkama prevladavajua sukategorija jednostavne alatke s djelominom ili cjelovitomobradom na jednom ili dva ruba. Velik udio nestandardiziranih alatki, koje nemaju odreenu ormu, karakteristian

    je za zajednice koje prakticiraju sjedilaki nain ivota (Andresky 1994, ). Dominantne alatke na nalazitu Zadubravlje pripadaju upravo toj vrsti. Te su alatke proizvedene, koritene i odbaene u relativno kratkom vremenskomrazmaku. Na starevakim lokalitetima u Srbiji takoer seprimjeuje odreena standardizacija koja se oituje u sman

    jenom broju tipova orua u odnosu na prethodna razdoblja.Najvanije alatke postaju sjeiva, najee kao dijelovi kom

    pozitnih alatki, a esto poprimaju i karakter vienamjenskogorua (ari 1999, 5556).

    Rijetki su geometrijski oblici, a rije je uglavnom o trapezima (sl. 7, 8). Za pretpostaviti je da je njihova zastupljenost bila vea, a zbog svojih vrlo malih dimenzija nisu moglibiti uoeni i prikupljeni jer sediment nije prosijavan i ispiran.Predstavlja li njihova zastupljenost vezu s mezolitikom, nijeza sada mogue utvrditi zbog potpunog nedostatka podataka o razdoblju mezolitika u istonoj Slavoniji.

    5. ZakljuakRezultati preliminarne analize cijepanih litikih rukot

    vorina s lokaliteta donose spoznaje o odreenim aktivnostima, vezanim uz proizvodnju cijepanih kamenih rukot

    vorina u starevakom naselju Zadubravlje. Proizvodnjapoluproizvoda za izradu alatki (odbojaka, sjeiva i ploica)odvijala se na samom lokalitetu, uglavnom na povrini, aotpadni je materijal potom pometen u jame. Sjeiva su se(barem djelomino) proizvodila postupkom indirektnogodbijanja, to je do sada najranije potvrena upotreba togpostupka na prostoru Hrvatske. Od alatki najee su ones djelominom obradbom ili obraenim jednim rubom, aobrada esto sitna tj. marginalna, ponekad je vjerojatno nastala samom uporabom alatki. Nema veeg broja nalaza kojibi upuivali na mezolitiku tradiciju. Dio sirovina vjerojatno

    je prikupljen u okolici nalazita, dok je vei dio materijaladonesen iz drugih podruja, to je jedno od vanih pitanjakoja trebaju rijeiti budua istraivanja.

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    Daljnje analize starevakih cijepanih litikih rukotvorina i traganje za izvorima sirovina omoguit e namdonoenje konkretnijih i utemeljenih zakljuaka o procesima proizvodnje i mehanizmima pribavljanja sirovinatijekom ranog neolitika na podruju Hrvatske i susjednimprostorima.

    ZahvaleNajljepe zahvaljujemo dr. sc. Korneliji Minichreiter na

    ustupljenom materijalu, dr. sc. Marku parici na petrograskim analizama i strunim savjetima, dr. sc. Kreimiru Pavlinina izradi baze za obradu podataka te osoblju Muzeja brodskog Posavlja na susretljivosti. Zahvaljujemo i trima anonimnim recenzentima na korisnim primjedbama i savjetima.Kolege Marko Dizdar, Hrvoje Vuli i Maja eelj sudjelovalisu u razvrstavanju i poetnoj azi analize materijala.

    the site, while the majority was brought rom other areas,location o which is one o the major issues to be solved byuture investigations.

    Further analyses o the Starevo chipped lithic arteactsand the search or the raw material sources will enable usto reach more specifc and wellounded conclusions onthe production process and the mechanisms o acquiring

    raw materials during the Early Neolithic in Croatia and theneighbouring areas.

    AcknowledgementsWe kindly thank Dr. Kornelija Minichreiter or the mate

    rial or the analysis, Dr. Marko parica or the preliminarypetrographic analyses and proessional advice, Dr. KreimirPavlina or the creation o a database and the sta o theBrodsko Posavlje Museum or their helpulness. We alsothank the three anonymous reviewers or their useul remarks and advice. Our colleagues Marko Dizdar, HrvojeVuli and Maja eelj participated in the sorting and the incipient phase o the material analysis.

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