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Chip NilgesVice President, Business DevelopmentOCLC
Library Supply meets Library
Demand: A Web 2.0 Approach
Library Supply meets Library
Demand: A Web 2.0 Approach
Stellenbosch University
2008 Annual Symposium
6 November 2008
Top 20 visited Web sites worldwideTop 20 visited Web sites worldwide
Top Web properties worldwide by number of visitors - June 2008 (SEW)
Membership Reports/StudiesMembership Reports/Studies
• 90% are satisfied with search engines
• libraries = books
• Internet’s readers are becoming its authors
• 25% of general public and 50% of college students participate in social sites
33%
186%
27%
33%
10%
Changes in Web Use: 2005-2007Changes in Web Use: 2005-2007
Change in use of Web services from 2005 - 2007
The good news for libraries …The good news for libraries …
•96% have visited a library
•57% use libraries frequently
•69% say library use is steady or higher
•78% view libraries favorably as an information source
In other words, it’s not a problem of demand
From OCLC: Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources (2005)
84%
Search Engines
2%
Library Portals
Is it a supply problem?
Q: Where do you typically begin your search for information?
Libraries manage complex supply issuesLibraries manage complex supply issues
- Cooperative Collection Management
- Floating Collections
- Regional Courier Services
- Private / Dedicated Fleet Management
- Content / Collection Management
- Digital content management - ERIM
- Mass digitization
Libraries struggle with “Web scale supply”Libraries struggle with “Web scale supply”
•Collectively, libraries satisfy significant demand
•However …
• We have lacked a collective Web presence
• Our logistics systems tend to be paper based and fragmented
• Our digital delivery systems are not well coordinated
• We have not coordinated delivery of physical, digital, digitized materials
A Web 2.0 approach to library supplyA Web 2.0 approach to library supply
• Use the Web as a service platform
• Touch the entire Web
• Release lightweight services
• Build better data & collect user intelligence
What is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software.” - Tim O’Reilly http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/207310919&referer=brief_results
Principle 1: Use the Web as a PlatformPrinciple 1: Use the Web as a Platform
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform The WorldCat.org PlatformPrinciple 1: Use the Web as a Platform The WorldCat.org Platform
• Destination Site
• Syndication Program
• Enterprise Solution
GroupGroup
Local
Local
GlobalGlobal
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org – Destination Site Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org – Destination Site
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org - Syndicaton ProgramPrinciple 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org - Syndicaton Program
Over 5,000 affiliate sites
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform
Sources of WorldCat.org Traffic
Over 5,000 Web sites send traffic to libraries through WorldCat.org
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org Syndication: Google Book Search
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org Syndication: Google Book Search
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org - Enterprise SolutionPrinciple 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat.org - Enterprise Solution
Principle 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat Local: ResultsPrinciple 1: Use the Web as a Platform WorldCat Local: Results
Principle 2: Lightweight ServicesPrinciple 2: Lightweight Services
• Includes Web services and systems that are designed to be “remixed” by others
• Supports machine-to-machine interaction between services over a network
• Efficient means of syndicating services across many Web sites
Principle 2: Lightweight ServicesOCLC and Lightweight ServicesPrinciple 2: Lightweight ServicesOCLC and Lightweight Services
WorldCat API
• 10-15 developers from cataloging institutions in North America and Europe
• Search of WorldCat and retrieval of holdings
• Developers build applications that will drive people back to library services
OCLC Web services
• xISBN, xISSN, xOCLCNUM
• WorldCat Identities
• Registries including institution, reviews, citations (lists), tagging
• Terminologies
• Metadata Crosswalk
Principle 2: Lightweight ServicesOCLC Developer’s NetworkPrinciple 2: Lightweight ServicesOCLC Developer’s Network
• Reach a different user community
• Two way dialog
• Influence and feedback for planning Grid services
• Infrastructure for collaboration
• Contribute to the community
•
• http://worldcat.org/devnet/
Principle 2: Lightweight ServicesWorldCat.org WidgetsPrinciple 2: Lightweight ServicesWorldCat.org Widgets
• OCLC has released small applications for WorldCat for:
• Browsers
• Blogs / Web sites
• Popular sites (e.g., facebook)
Principle 2: Lightweight Services
WorldCat API and the iPhonePrinciple 2: Lightweight Services
WorldCat API and the iPhone
Principle 2: Lightweight ServicesWorldCat API and the iPhonePrinciple 2: Lightweight ServicesWorldCat API and the iPhone
Principle 3: Building Better DataPrinciple 3: Building Better Data
Principle 3: Building Better Data
Old Data Paradigm
BooksJournalsNewspapersGov docsEtc.
Special collectionsManuscriptsPapersUniv records
Journal articlesConference proceedingsEtc.
Library catalogs
Archives
Abstracting &Indexing services
Collections &Library-centric model
Principle 3: Building Better Data The importance of data in library search & retrieval
Principle 3: Building Better Data The importance of data in library search & retrieval
Ludwig, Mark J. and Wells, Margaret R. “Google Books vs. BISON.” LibraryJournal, July 15, 2008. http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6566451.html
Principle 3: Building Better Data What data do users want? Principle 3: Building Better Data What data do users want?
5%
7%
7%
12%
14%
24%
5%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Summary/abstract
Citations
Links to onlinecontent/full text
Item details
Author
Ability to see what isimmediately available
List of libraries that ownit
Information most essential in identifying the item needed?
End Users (n=7535)
high low
low
high
stewardshipu
niq
ue
ne
ss
BooksJournalsNewspapersGov. docsCD, DVDMapsScores
Special collectionsRare booksLocal/Historical newspapersLocal history materialsArchives & Manuscripts, Theses & dissertations
Research, learning and administrativematerials, •ePrints/tech reports•Learning objects•Courseware•E-portfolios•Research data
•Institutional records•Reports, newsletters, etc
Freely-accessible web resourcesOpen source softwareNewsgroup archives
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/archive/2004/dempsey-mslitaguide.pdf
Principle 3: Building Better Data Cataloging the “Collective Collection”
Principle 3: Building Better Data Cataloging the “Collective Collection”
Principle 3: Building Better Data OCLC’s Data StrategyPrinciple 3: Building Better Data OCLC’s Data Strategy
• Change the old paradigm
• Go global
• Go upstream
• Serve consumers first
• Cover more more ground
• Facilitate access
Principle 3: Building Better Data Going Global - National files pending for WorldCat
Principle 3: Building Better Data Going Global - National files pending for WorldCat
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Danish National Library
Jewish National and University Library
Libraries and Archives Canada
National Library of Australia
National Library of China
National Library of Finland
National Library of Iceland
National Library of New Zealand
National Library of Russia
National Library of Scotland
National Library of Slovenia
National Library of Sweden
National Central Library, Taiwan
National Library of Wales
Russian State Library
Swiss National Library
1998
36%
2008
50¼%
Percentage of Non-English
Records
Total Records
English
French
German
Spanish
Japanese
Russian
Chinese
Italian
Latin
Portuguese
Dutch
Hebrew
1998:37.5 m records
23.9 m
2.3 m
2.2 m
1.6 m
.8 m
.8 m
.7 m
.7 m
.3 m
.3 m
.2 m
.2 m
2008:108.2 m records
55.2 m
6.2 m
12.3 m
3.6 m
2.5 m
1.8 m
2.3 m
1.7 m
1.2 m
.9 m
2.7 m
.7 m
Principle 3: Building Better Data Multilingual WorldCatPrinciple 3: Building Better Data Multilingual WorldCat
Principle 3: Building Better Data Going UpstreamPrinciple 3: Building Better Data Going Upstream
Upstream capture of ONIX metadata Libraries:
•Chicago Public Library
•Phoenix Public Library
•MIT Library
•The Ohio State University Library
Publishers/vendors:
•Ingram Book Group
•Hachette Book Group
•Princeton University Press
•Taylor and Francis
Principle 3: Building Better Data E-Content Synchronization Principle 3: Building Better Data E-Content Synchronization
Principle 3: Building Better Data Article-Level Metadata in WorldCatPrinciple 3: Building Better Data Article-Level Metadata in WorldCat
20 million article-level records from BL
20,000Inside Serials—articles from 20,000 journals
57 millionTOTAL ARTICLE-LEVEL RECORDS NOW IN WORLDCAT.ORG
Principle 3: Building Better DataAccessing digitized library special collectionsPrinciple 3: Building Better DataAccessing digitized library special collections
Thumbnail
View the item
Principle 3: Building Better DataAccessing digitized library special collectionsPrinciple 3: Building Better DataAccessing digitized library special collections
Principle 3: Building Better DataCollect User IntelligencePrinciple 3: Building Better DataCollect User Intelligence
Tools and connections:
•Personal account
•Lists
•Citation tools
•Reviews, Ratings, RSS
•Social Tagging
•Sharing tools
… Always adding more
Principle 3: Building Better DataFacilitating access via registriesPrinciple 3: Building Better DataFacilitating access via registries
Results WorldCat.org: Average Monthly Traffic
Results WorldCat.org: Average Monthly Traffic
2 million unique users
13 millionpage views
6 millionfull record views
750,000clickthroughs tolibrary services (OPAC, ILL, OpenURL, etc.)
Results Page ViewsResults Page Views
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jul-0
3
Nov-0
3
Mar
-04
Jul-0
4
Nov-0
4
Mar
-05
Jul-0
5
Nov-0
5
Mar
-06
Jul-0
6
Nov-0
6
Mar
-07
Jul-0
7
Nov-0
7
Mar
-08
Mil
lio
ns
WorldCat FirstSearch WorldCat.org
Results WorldCat Local and Library SupplyResults WorldCat Local and Library Supply
University of Washington July-Dec. 2006/2007
100%increase in ILL requests via WorldCat
70%increase in borrowing within Summit consortium
2ndWorldCat.org now the 2nd highest referrer to UW resolver
Results Before we congratulate ourselves too heartily …
Results Before we congratulate ourselves too heartily …
1 DayAnnual use of WC < 1 day’s use of Google.com
And what about the last mile problem? And what about the last mile problem?
Last Mile ProblemOutsourcing circulation?Last Mile ProblemOutsourcing circulation?
• Reducing the collective footprint for physical materials
• Home delivery of physical materials
• Outsourced circulation pilot
Last Mile ProblemManaging the Collective CollectionLast Mile ProblemManaging the Collective Collection
Shared Print Program
Collectively enable research institutions to enact cooperative print management schemes
Duplication RateDuplication Rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
1900 1915 1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005
Publication Date
Ave
rage
No.
of
Cop
ies
4.5
Circulation by SubjectCirculation by Subject
0 1 2 3 4
Computer SciencePsychology
SociologyPhysical Education and Recreation
MedicineAnthropologyMathematics
Art and ArchitecturePerforming Arts
MusicChemistryEducation
Engineering and TechnologyBiological Sciences
Philosophy and ReligionPhysical Sciences
History and Auxiliary SciencesAgriculture
Language, Linguistics, and LiteratureBusiness and Economics
Political ScienceGeography and Earth Sciences
Library Science, Generalities, and ReferenceLaw
Figure 1. Duplication rates have remained stable since the mid 1970s. Figure 2. Circulation activity varies by subject; shelf-status (reserves; closed stacks) may be a factor.
Last Mile ProblemCooperative Collections Management Pilot
Last Mile ProblemCooperative Collections Management Pilot
• Assume institutions commit to retain and share 3 copies in storage…
• Savings Opportunity:
• 12.5M volumes (out of 27.5M analyzed) could be weeded from the 19 pilot participants
• 17.8 Linear Miles of Shelving
• At $3.00 (USD) per linear foot, $280k annual cost savings per library
• Could add 19 additional years to life of libraries
Last Mile ProblemWorldCat Direct Pilot ResultsLast Mile ProblemWorldCat Direct Pilot Results
84% Plan to use service again
91% Satisfied with service
58%Received book at home in less than 6 days; 91% < 10 days
Home delivery of ILL requests from Web book seller
OCLC’s Web StrategyOCLC’s Web Strategy
http://www.jasongriffey.net/wp/2008/04/27/connections-are-everything/
Our goal: The world’s libraries. Connected.Our goal: The world’s libraries. Connected.
• More collaboration
• More institutions
• More Web-scale
• More innovationGroupGroup
Local
Local
GlobalGlobal
““It is not the It is not the
strongest of the strongest of the
species that species that
survives, nor the survives, nor the
most intelligent most intelligent
that survives. that survives.
It is the one that is It is the one that is
the most adaptable the most adaptable
to change.”to change.”——Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Thank you!Thank you!
Chip Nilges - [email protected]