Chios. Prehistoric settlement

8/10/2019 Chios. Prehistoric settlement

1/538

EXCAVATIONS IN CHIOS 1938-1955: PREHISTORIC EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA. VOLUME I

Author(s): SINCLAIR HOOD, JULIET CLUTTON-BROCK and PERRY G. BIALORSource: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, No. 15, EXCAVATIONS INCHIOS 1938-1955: PREHISTORIC EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA. VOLUME I (1981), pp. i-xxi, 1-425Published by: British School at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40855998.

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2/538

EXCAVATIONS

IN CHIOS

PREHISTORIC EMPORIO

AND

AYIO GALA

by

SINCLAIR HOOD

with ontributionsy

JULIET

CLUTTON-BROCK and PERRY G.

BIALOR

Volume

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 15

Published

y

THE

BRITISH

SCHOOL OF

ARCHAEOLOGY AT

ATHENS

THAMES AND

HUDSON

1981

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3/538

Sinclair

Hood

1981

ISBN

o

500 96017

8

Printed

n Great

Britain

t the

Alden

Press,

xford



4/538

To the

Memory

f

Philip

Argenti,

itizen f

Chios,

nd

Benefactorfthe xcavations t

Ayio

Gala

and

Emporio,

and to that f

George

Choremis,

riend nd Benefactor

f

the

Emporio

xcavations,

and to the

many

ther

atriotic

hiots

who

oined

with

them o

help

finance he xcavations t

Emporio,

and

by

their

enerosity

ade thework

ossible,

but whowished heir ames o remain nknown



5/538

Contents

VOLUME

I

page

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

Abbreviations

xiii

Notes

xxi

PART

I. PREHISTORIC

CHIOS

I

1. Introduction i

2.

Sites

with

Bronze

Age

or

Earlier Remains

2

PART II. AYIO

GALA

(1938)

I I

1

The Excavations

1 1

2.

The

Pottery 14

(

1

The LowerCave

1

(2)

The

Upper

ave

25

(a)

Lower evels

below

2.go

m)

25

(b)

Upper

evels

above

2.

go m)

37

3.

Other Prehistoric inds

62

(

1

The LowerCave

62

(2) TheUpper ave 65

4.

Post-Bronze

Age

Finds

73

5.

Relationship

of

Ayio

Gala with

Emporio

and Other

Areas

73

PART

III. EMPORIO

(1952-I955)

83

1. Introduction

83

(

1

History

nd aims

of

the

mporio

xcavations

83

(

2 The site

f

Emporio

84

( 3

The

prehistoric

xcavationst

Emporio

85

(4)

Prehistoric

mporio

85

2.

The Excavations

91

(

1

Area

A:

trenches

,

H,

(,R,X,XX

91

(a) Summary 91

(b)

PeriodsX-V II

94

(c)

PeriodsVII-VI and VI

V (R?

83)

104

(d)

Periods

V-IV

1 1 1

(e)

Periods

II

and

I

130

(f

Period

: thewell

1

34

(2)

Area

B:

trenches

-E

135



6/538

vi

CONTENTS

(3)

Area C

142

(a)

C.

1. Trenches

A-NN

north

f

Area

A

143

(b)

C.

2.

Trench

E

west

f

Area

A

146

(c) C. 3. TrenchesJ andHH south fAreaA 1 6

(4)

Area

D:

soundings

n thewestern

lope

f

the

Acropolis 147

(5)

Area

E

: trials

or

tombs

150

(6)

Area

F:

soundings

n the orthern

dge f

the

Acropolis 154

3.

The

Pottery

165

(1)

Introduction

165

(2)

Neolithic

o

Early

Bronze

Age Troy

-II)

166

(a)

Fabric

166

(b)

Types

169

i.

(A)

Bowls

(types

1- 1

) 172

ii.

(B)

Jugs, Theriomorphic

Vases,

and

Tripod

Cooking

Pots

(types20-27) 185iii.

(C)

Jars

(types

30-47) 190

iv.

(D)

Miscellaneous

(types

50, 51)

198

v.

(E)

Pithoi

199

vi.

(F)

Lids and Covers

(types

60-64)

2O

vii.

(G)

Miniature

Vases

203

viii.

(H)

Bowls and

drinking

esselsof

types

not

attested

beforePeriod

I

(types

70-77)

203

ix.

(I)

Handles

and

Lugs

203

x.

(J)

Spouts

216

xi.

(K)

Bases

217

(c)

Decoration

221

(d) Imports 239

(e)

Pottery

rom

AreaA

240

i.

Periods

X-VIII

240

ii.

Periods

VII-VI

300

iii. Periods

VI/V

(R ?83)

350

iv.

Periods

V-IV

354

VOLUME II

v.

Period

III

vi.

Period II

vii.

Period

I

(the

well)

viii.

Surface

(f PotteryromAreasB-F

i.

Area

B

ii.

Area C

iii.

Area

D

iv.

Area

E

v.

Area

F

(including

Period

I)

vi.

Pottery ssignable

to

Period

I

from

Mycenaean

and

mixed

levels

n

Areas

D

and

F



7/538

CONTENTS

vii

(3)

End

of

the

arly

Bronze

Age Troy

II-

V)

(4)

Middle

Bronze

Age Troy

VI)

(5)

Prehistoric

otteryrom

he rea

of

the

arly

Christian asilica hurch

(6)

LateBronze

Age

and

Mycenaean ottery

(a)

General

(b)

Types

(c)

Fabric

(d)

From he

emetery

Area

E)

(e)

From he

ettlement

Areas

D

and

F)

4.

Other Finds

(

1

Clay

objects

(2)

Whorls

(3)

Stone

bjects

(4)

Metal

objects

(5)

Tools

and other

bjects fbone, hell,

mber nd

aience

5.

The Animal Bones

(by Juliet Clutton-Brock)

PART

IV. THE

CHIPPED

STONE AND OBSIDIAN

INDUSTRIES OF

EMPORIO AND

AYIO

GALA

1.

Introduction

2. The

Chipped

tone

Assemblages

rom

mporio

nd from

he

LowerCave at

Ayio

Gala

(by

Perry

.

Bialor)

(

1

Emporio

(

2

TheLower

ave t

Ayio

Gala

( 3

Comparison

ith

Mykonos

ite

3.

The

Chipped

Stone

Assemblage

from he

Upper

Cave at

Ayio

Gala

PART V.

THE

CHRONOLOGICAL

POSITION OF EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA

IN

THE

NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE

AGE



8/538

Preface

These volumes re

a

sequel

to

Greek

mporioyJohn

Boardman.

They

are

concernedwith he

excavations t

two

prehistoric

ites

t

opposite

ndsof

Chios,

t

Ayio

Gala

in

the

north,

where

the ate

MissEdithEcclesmade

oundings

n

a

pair

of aves

n

1938,

nd

at

Emporio

n

the

outh

where directed

work or heBritish chool at Athens rom

952

to

1955.

The

material rom

yio

Gala

is

divisible nto wo

hronological

roups:

n

earlier,

fwhich

Dr.

Audrey

urness

Mrs.

Ozanne)

has

already

published

careful

tudy,

nd a laterwhich

appears

to be

assignable

o the

beginning

f the

Early

Bronze

Age.

The earliermaterial

s

certainly

eolithic

n

Aegean

terms,

nd

has been

assigned y

Dr.

Furness

o

a

very arly

hase

of heAegeanNeolithic. hisassignationeems o me correct.The

great

nterest f

Emporio

s the stratified

equence

for he

early

prehistoric eriods

obtained

n

the

main

Area

A

of he xcavations. he oldest

ccupation

evels f

he itewerenot

reached

here,

ince

hey ay

below the

existing

ater able. The earliest

ottery

ecovered as

been lassified

y

ome f hose

who

have een

t s

Late Neolithic

n

Aegean

terms,

nd

that

was

my

wnview f

t t first. utfurther

tudy

f his

material as

convincedme that t

belongs

o

a

much lder

horizon,

nd

that t

goes

back

n

time efore he

arliest

ccupation

t

Ayio

Gala. It

is thereforebelieve

ssignable

o the

beginning

f

he

Early

Neolithic

n

Aegean

terms.

The bulk f he

rehistoric

aterial

ecovered

t

Emporio elongs

othese

arly

eriods,

hat

is

in

Aegean

terms)

o theNeolithic nd the

beginning

f he

Early

Bronze

Age.

This material

has beendivided

mong

en

Periods,

ased

upon majorbuilding

evelopments

n

Area

A.

The

tenPeriods

all nto ive

main

groups

which

re marked

y

distinct

hanges

n

pottery

ashions.

The firstf thesegroups PeriodsX-VIII) seems o cover relativelyarlyphaseof the

Aegean

Neolithic,

while he atest

part

of t

(PeriodVIII)

can be correlatedwith he earliest

known

hase

of

ettled

ccupation

n

the

Troad

(Beik

epe

and Kum

Tepe

I

A)

The

pottery

f

the econd

roup

Periods

VII-VI)

is

closely

elated o that fKum

Tepe

I B in

theTroad. This

second

group

PeriodsVII-VI)

appears

to

overlap

with

heend of the

Middle Neolithic

nd

part

f heLate Neolithic n theGreek

mainland.The third

roup onsisting

f

Periods

V

and

IV

with

ottery

kin

to that f he

Trojan region

eems o

fall

within

he arlier

art

of

Troy

.

The fourth

roup

Periods

II-

II)

follows

destructionfthe

Period V

settlement

y

fire. t

should

overlap

with he

ater

tages

f

Troy

I

and with

the

beginning

f

Troy

II

before

he

manufacturefwheelmade

asesthere. he fifth

roup

Period )

with

hefirst

ppearance

of

wheelmade

ottery

t

Emporio

eems o

correspond

ith

late

stage

of

Troy

I.

The

pottery

f

Ayio

Gala

and

that

of the

early

periods

t

Emporio

vidently

eflect

uite

separate raditions.hepotteryrom he wo ites s nfact odifferenthat t s hardtoestablisha

chronological

elationship

etween he two

equences.

The earliest

ottery

rom

yio

Gala,

however,

ppears

o

fall

within

eriods

X-VIII

at

Emporio;

but

occupation

ontinued

n

the

caves

there nto he ime f

Emporio

PeriodsVII-VI

and

perhaps

V-IV.

The marked

ivergences

n

the

pottery

rom hese

wo ites t

opposite

nds f

Chios

eems o

be the

ffectf ettlers

eaching

he

slandfrom

ifferent

egions

t

different

imes. he

firsto

arrive stablished

hemselves

n

the fertile

outh f

Chios

n

the

area of

Emporio.They

made

ix



9/538

x

PREFACE

dark-surfaced

ottery

istantly

elated o

that

of theearliest orizonknown n

Anatolia

e.g.

atal

Hyk)

nd

n

Syria from

muq

Phase

A

onwards)

These

mmigrants

robably

ame

to

Chios

from he outh

r

south-east.

arlypottery

rom

aves

n

the

region

f

Antalya

n

the

southern oastofTurkeyhasfeatureseminiscentf

pottery

rom he owestevels eached

by

excavation

t

Emporio.

The

earliest

ottery

f

Ayio

Gala

on the

ther and s

red-surfaced

nd

obviously

elated o

thatknown

rom acilar n

south-western

urkey.

imilar

ottery

ppears

o have

been

noted

at

Morali

n

western

urkey

pposite

hios.

The

immigrants

hofirst

ccupied

henorth f

he

island and

settled

n

the

region

f

Ayio

Gala

may

therefore ave

reached

Chios

fromome

neighbouring

art

oftheTurkish

mainland.

The later

tages

of

the

Early

Bronze

Age,

the

period

of

Troy

III-V,

were

not

certainly

represented

t

Emporio by

architectural

emains

r

deposits

n

the

areas excavated.

But

fragments

f

potteryuggest

hat

herewas

continuity

f

occupation

t

the ite

hroughout

he

Early

nd nto

heMiddle

Bronze

Age

overlapping

ith he

pening

hases

f

Troy

VI. A

little

imported reyMinyan

ware nd some

f he ocal

matt-painted

arerecovered

t

Emporiomaybe ofMiddle BronzeAgedate;butthedecoration fmuchofthe

matt-painted

areseems o

reflect

retan

ashions fthe

arlier

art

of

the

Late Bronze

Age

(Late

Minoan

).

Therewas

some vidence or

Mycenaean

ccupation

t

Emporio

s

early

s

Mycenaean

II

B.

An

importantMycenaean

settlement

ndoubtedly

xisted there

during

the

following

Mycenaean

II C

period,

nd thiswas

finally

estroyed

rabandoned nan

advanced

phase

of

Mycenaean

II C. A

number f

omplete

rrestorable

Mycenaean

II

C

vaseswas

recovered

from his

orizon f

destructionr

abandonment.

Thesetwovolumes f

Prehistoric

mporio

nd

Ayio

Gala

were

onceived s

one,

nd the

ine

of

division

etween hem s

arbitrary.

he

pages,

text

igures

nd

photoplates,

s well

as the

pottery,

ave

thereforeeen

given

onsecutive

umbers.

Volume

I

begins

with a

survey

f

prehistoric

ites known n

Chios,

and

describes

he

excavationst

Ayio

Gala

with he

pottery

nd other

inds rom he

avesthere. t

continues ith

a discussionf he elationshipetweenhe equence tAyioGala and that tEmporio, ollowed

by

n

account f he xcavations t

Emporio,

with

report

n the

pottery

f

he

arlier

eriods

from

he

main

Area

A

there.This

brings

he

story

f

Emporio

down

to the

point

where he

settlement as

destroyed y

fire owards

he

beginning

f

the

Early

Bronze

Age

in

thetime f

Troy

.

Volume I

continues ith he

report

n the

pottery

rom rea

A

and

from ther

arts

f he

site

AreasB-F)

at

Emporio.

t

ncludes

survey

f

what s known bout

occupation

t

Emporio

in

the atest

hases

fthe

Early

Bronze

Age

and

in

theMiddle

and Late Bronze

Ages together

with

n

account

fthe

Mycenaean

pottery.

escriptions

fother

inds

part

from

ottery

re

followed

y

report

n the nimalbones rom

mporio

yJuliet

lutton-Brock,

nd

one

on

the

chipped

tone

ssemblages

rom

mporio

nd

Ayio

Gala

byPerry

ialor.Volume

I

endswith

section n the

hronologicalosition

f heChian

Neolithic nd

Early

Bronze

Agesequences

s

known rom he xcavations t Emporio ndAyioGala.



10/538

Acknowledgments

The

work f

Miss EdithEcclesat

Ayio

Gala

(1938)

wasfinanced

y

the ate Dr.

Philip

Argenti

and

Mr.

Eumorfopoulos.

xcavations

t

Emporio

1952-55)

were made

possible

n

the first

instance

by

the

generosity

f

an

anonymous

onor.

Other

donors

who wished to remain

anonymous

were

nspired

y

his

example

to

help

finance he

excavations. and the other

members

f

the excavation

party

would like to

oin

the

Committee

f

the British chool of

Archaeology

t Athens

n

expressing

ur

deepest

ratitude

o them ll forwhat

they

id.

We are also most

eeply

rateful

othatwise nd

good

citizen f

Chios,

he ate Mr.

George

.

Choremis,

ot

only

for is

generous

inancial

upport

fthe

Emporio

xcavations rom

ear

to

year, ut lsofor is ctive nterestntheresults, hich xtended o theproblem f he ventual

housing

fthefindsna

worthy

manner. he finenew Museumwhichhas sincebeen built n

Chiostown

epresents

nobleconsummationfhisdreams.

The

soundings

t

Ayio

Gala

were made

in

1938

by

the ate Miss

Edith Eccles withthe

assistance f

Miss

Lilian H.

Jeffery,

nd Mr.

(now Sir)

David Hunt. Illness

prevented

Miss

Eccles from

eturning

o Greece

after he

war

to

complete

er work n

the

material,

nd she

kindly

nvited

me to undertake

he

publication

f

t

in

connectionwith the

excavations t

Emporio

from

952

to

1955.

t is not

possible

o list

by

name

all

thosewho

took

part

n

the

Emporio

xcavations;

ut

among

hosewho

were

n

charge

f renches

n

the

prehistoric

ector

wereMiss

Mary

Williams

now

Mrs.

William

Elliott),

Miss Rachel

Simmons

Mrs.

Sinclair

Hood),

Miss Colina

MacDougall,

Dr. Michael

Ballance,

nd

Mr

James

Mellaart.

Our

foreman

t

Emporio

was Mr. Ioannis

Theotokas,

hen

mayor

of the

neighbouring

village

f

Piryi,

without

revious xperience

f

xcavation

work,

ut a man of

great haracter,efficientn

organisation,oyal

nd shrewd.Mr.

George

aspis,

his

brother-in-law,

asoutstand-

ing among

the workmen.

Mr. Michaeli

Kokolis was

in

charge

of the

pot-washing.

ur

vase-mendernd

technician as Mr.

SteliosKatsarakis. ome

of the

pottery

rom

he

Upper

Cave at

Ayio

Gala was mended

by

Mr.

Argyri

Marinis.

All

those

who

have worked n the

rchaeology

fChios

sincetheSecond

World

War

owe

much to the

help

and

friendly

nterest f the ocal

Epimelete

f

Antiquities,

Mr.

Antonios

Stephanou,

nd

it is a

pleasure

to record

our

indebtedness

o

him in

connectionwith

the

excavations t

Emporio

wherehe was

a

frequent

nd welcome

visitor.We also

enjoyed

he

support

f the

Ephors

of

Antiquities

or

he

region

which

ncluded

Chios,

the

ate

Professor

Nicolas

Kontoleon,

nd

Mr. A.

Vavritsaswho

succeededhim.

The earlier

urvey

work t

Emporio

was done

by

the ate Mr.

David

Smollett,

ut thefinal

plans

f

he rea weremade

n

his wnclear nd

uniquely trong

nd

distinctive

tyle y

the

ate

Dr. MichaelVentris,ssisted yMrs.BettyVentris. he pottery as drawn

by

Miss

Audrey

Petty

now

Mrs.

Spencer

Corbett),

Miss

WendyBiggar Mrs.

Lardner-Dennys),

iss

Rachel

Simmons

Mrs.

Sinclair

Hood),

and Miss

Elizabeth

Crowfoot.

rawings

f he

ther inds

were

made

by

Miss

Petty

Mrs. Corbett),

MissChristine

apieha

(Mrs.

Freeman),

nd Miss

Deborah

Pawson

Mrs.

Ruscombe-King).

he

final

racings

fthe

pottery

re

mostly

hework f

Miss

ElizabethCrowfoot nd Mrs. Patricia

Clarke. Mrs.

Clarke has

also

laboured with

kill

nd

xi



11/538

xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

patience

o makethefinalnk

drawings

fmost fthetrench

lans

and sections. he arduous

task f

yping

he exthas been

uccessfully

ompleted

y

Mrs. E. T.

Templeton.

Miss

Olga Krzyszkowska

as

read

through

he accounts f bone

objects

nd made some

helpfuluggestionsnconnectionwith hem.Mrs. HelenHughes-Brockaskindlynswered

questions

nd

given

dvice

nd referencesbout

pindle

whorls nd

beads,

Dr. Oliver

Dickinson

about

Minyan

ware and

ring

endants

metal

17).

I am

grateful

o

Dr. David French nd to

Dr. William

Phelps

for

ermission

o cite

their

unpublished

octoral

heses

odgedrespectively

n

the ibraries f heBritish choolofArchae-

ology

n

Athens nd the nstitute

f

Archaeology

n

London.The thesis f

Dr.

Phelps

epresents

an

mportant

ontributiono

Aegean

Neolithic tudies.

am also

obliged

o Mr.

J.

A. MacGilliv-

ray

for

llowing

me to refer o his

unpublished

ccount of

pottery

rom he

Mt.

Kynthos

settlementn

Delos,

available

n

the

ibrary

f heLondon nstitute

fClassical

Studies.



12/538

Abbreviations

The

following

bbreviations are

used

in

addition to those current

n

BSA:

AAA

AASyr

Aberg,

Chronologie

v

Abydos

Achilleion

Alaca

1935

Alaca

1936

Alaca

1937-39

Alalakh

Alishar

927

Alishar

927

i

Alishar

928-29

Alishar

930-32

, ii,

iii

Amiran,

PHL

AntJ

Anza

Arapi

AR...

Arene andide

,

ii

Argissa

ii

AS

Athens nnals

f

Archaeology

Annales

rchologiques

rabes

yriennes

N.

Aberg,

Bronzezeitliche

nd

Frheisenzeitliche

hronologie

v: Griechen-

land

Stockholm, 933)

W.M.F.

Ptrie,

Abydos(London, 1902)

M.

Gimbutas,

Achilleion: NeolithicMound

n

Thessaly;

relimin-

aryReport n 1973 nd 197 Excavations', ournalf ieldArchaeology

1(1974) 277-3o2

R.O.

Arik,

Les

ouilles

3 laca

H'y'k:apportrliminaire

ur estravaux

n

1935 Ankara,1937)

H.Z.

Koay,

Ausgrabungen

onAlaca

H'y'k:

in Vorbericht

ber ie . .

im

Sommer

936durchgefhrten

orschungen

nd

ntdeckungenAnkara,

1944)

H.Z.Koay,

Les

fouilles

3 laca

H'y'k:

apportrliminaire

ur es travaux

en

937~I939

Ankara,1951)

L.

Woolley,

Alalakh

Oxford,

955)

E.F.

Schmidt,

he

Alishar

yk;

eason

f 927

(O.

I.

P.

vi)

(Chicago

U.P.,

1930)

H.H. von der Osten

and E.F.

Schmidt,

The

Alishar

yk:

eason

f

1927 i (O. LP. vii) (ChicagoU.P., 1932)

E.F.

Schmidt,

TheAlishar

Hyk.

easons

f

1928

nd

1929

part

(O.

I. P.

xix)

(Chicago

U.

P.,

1932)

H.H.

von der

Osten,

The Alishar

Hyk.

easons

f

1930-32

parts

i-iii

(O.I.P.

xxviii-xxx)

Chicago

U.

P.,

1937)

Ruth

Amiran,

Ancient

ottery

f

he

oly

and

Jerusalem,

969)

The

Antiquaries

ournal

M. Gimbutas

(ed.),

Neolithic

Macedonia: As

reflected

y

Excavation

t

Anza,

Southeast

ugoslavia

Los

Angeles, 1976)

H.

Hauptmann

and V.

Milojcic,

Die

Fundeder

Frhen

imini-^eit

us

der

Arapi-magula

hessalien

Bonn,

1969)

Archaeological

eportsor

.

.,

published y

the

Council

for he

Society

of Hellenic

Studies and the

Managing

Committee f

theBritish

SchoolatAthens

L.B.

Brea,

Gli Scavi

nella

Caverna elleArene

andide

Istituto

di

Studi

Liguri)

Bordighera, 946,

1956)

E.

Hanschmann

nd

V.

Milojcic, Argissa-magula

ii: Die

Frhe

nd

Beginnende

ittlere

ronzezeit

Bonn, 1976)

Anatolian

tudies

xiii



13/538

xiv

Asea

Asine

Aspripetra

Athenian

gora

xiii

AyiaSofia

Magua

Ayios

Kosmas

Baden

Symposium

Berciu,

Contributii

Beycesultan

,

ii

BMA

Boll. d'Arte

Branigan,

Aegean

Metalwork

BRGK

Buchholz and

KarageorghisBurton-Brown

970

Byblos

CAH*

Cape

Gelidonya

Catling, Cypriot

Bronzework

Childe,

Danube

Childe,

Dawn

Childe,

New

Light

CMS

Corinthiii

Cos

Davis

and

Cherry

ABBREVIATIONS

E

J. Holmberg,

The Swedish

xcavations t Asea

in Arcadia

Lund

and

Leipzig,

1944)

O. Frdin and A.W.

Persson,Asine,

Results

f

the wedish xcavations

ig22-igso (Stockholm,

1938)

D.

Levi,

'La Grotta di

Aspripetra

a

Coo',

Annuario

iii-ix

(1925-26

pub.

1929) 235-310

S.A.

Immerwahr,

The

Athenian

gora

xiii The

Neolithic

nd

Bronze

Ages

(Princeton, 1971)

V.

Milojcic

and

others,

Magulen

um

Larisa in Thessalien

g66 (Bonn,

1976)

G.

My

onas,

Aghios

Kosmas,

n

Early

Bronze

Age

Settlementnd

Cemetery

in Attica

Princeton

U.P.,

1959)

Symposium

ber ie

Enstehung

nd

Chronologie

erBadenerKultur

Bratis-

lava: Slovak

Academy

of

Sciences,

1973)

D.

Berciu,

Contributii

a

Pr blemele

eoliticului

nRomnia n

Lumina oilor

Cercetri

Bucharest, 1961)

S.

Lloyd

and

J.

Mellaart,

Beycesultan

: The Chalcolithic

nd

Early

Bronze

Age

Levels

London,

1962);

ii:

Middle

Bronze

Age

Architecturend

Pottery

(London,

1965)

EJ. Forsdyke,

Catalogue

f

theGreek nd

EtruscanVases

n theBritish

Museum ol.

i

Part 1:

Prehistoric

egean ottery

London, 1925)

Bollettino

'Arte

K.

Branigan,

Aegean

Metalwork

f

the

Early

and

Middle

Bronze

Age

(Oxford, 1974)

Bericht

erRmisch-Germanischen

ommission

H. -G. Buchholz

and

V.

Karageorghis,

Prehistoric

reece nd

Cyprus:

n

archaeological

andbook

London, 1973)ThirdMillennium

iffusion

:

Diffusion

f

deas

Wootton,

Oxford,

1970)

M.

Dunand,

Fouilles

e

Byblos

(Paris, 1973)

Cambridge

ncient

istory

3rd edition)

G.F.

Bass,

Cape Gelidonya:

Bronze

AgeShipwreckPhiladelphia,

1967)

H.W.

Catling, Cypriot

ronzework

n the

Mycenaean

World

Oxford,

964)

V.G.

Childe,

The

Danube n

PrehistoryOxford,

1929)

V.G.

Childe,

The Dawn

ofEuropean

ivilization

6th

edition) (London,

1957)

V.G.

Childe,

New

Light

n

theMost Ancient

ast

(London,

1952)

F.

Matz and

H. Biesantz

(ed.),

Corpus

er

Mimischen

nd

Mykenischen

Siegel

-

(Berlin, 1964-

)

C.W. Biegen,H. Palmer,R.S. Young, Corinthiii TheNorth emetery

(Princeton,

1964)

L.

Morricone,

'Coo

-

Scavi e

Scoperte

nel

'Serraglio'

e

in

localit

minori

1935-1943)',

Annuario

li

(N.S.

xxxiv-xxxv)

(1972-73 pub.

1975)

139-396

J.L.

Davis and

J.F.

Cherry,

Papers

n

Cycladic

rehistory

University

f

California,

nstitute f

Archaeology, Monograph

xiv) (Los Angeles,

979)



14/538

Dchelette

i

Dlos

xi

Dendra

NT

Desborough,

LMS

Deshayes,

Les Outils

,

ii

Drpfeld,

Alt-Ithaka

Doumas,

Burial

Habits

DS

Ehrich,Chronologies

(1965)

Elateia

Emery,

Archaic

gypt

Enkomi

i,

iii

a

ESA

Eslick

1980

Eutresis

Festos

FMP

French,

Pottery roups

French,

Thesis

Gaul,

Neolithic

ulgaria

Gawra

Gawra

i

Gazetteer1979)

Gimbutas,

Bronze

Age

Cultures

Gimbutas,

Prehistory

ABBREVIATIONS

xv

J.

Dchelette,

Manuel

d'archologie

rhistorique,

eltique

t

gallo-romaine

(2nd

edition)

i

(Paris, 1928)

A.

Plassart,

Dlos xi: Les sanctuairest es

cultes

u

Mont

CyntheParis,

1928)

A.W.

Persson,

New

Tombs

at

Dendra near Midea

(Lund,

Leipzig,

London,

Oxford

U.P.,

1942)

V.R. d'A.

Desborough,

The

Last

Mycenaeans

nd their

Successors

(Oxford,

1964)

J. Deshayes,

Les Outils e

Bronze,

e ' ndus u Danube

,

ii

(Paris, i960)

W.

Drpfeld,

lt-Ithaka

,

ii

(Munich,

1927)

Ch.

Doumas,

Early

Bronze

Age

Burial

Habits n the

Cyclades S.I.M.A.

xlviii) (Gteborg, 1977)

Ch.

Tsountas,

Ai

Trpoi'oropi/caiKpoiroXeis

Atjijltjvov

cai

UcKov

(Athens, 1908)

R.W. Ehrich (ed.), Chronologiesn Old WorldArchaeologyChicago

U.P.,

1965)

S.S.

Weinberg,

Excavations at

Prehistoric

Elateia,

1959',

Hesperia

xxxi

(1962) 158-209

W.B.

Emery,

Archaic

gypt Harmondsworth,

1961)

P.

Dikaios,

Enkomi,

Excavations

g48-igj8

(Mainz:

Philipp

von

Zabern,

1971,

1969)

Eurasia

Septentrionalisntiqua

Christine

Eslick,

'Middle Chalcolithic

Pottery

from

Southwestern

Anatolia',

AJA

lxxxiv

1980) 5-14

H.

Goldman,

Excavations

t

Eutresis n

Boeotia

Harvard

U.P.,

Cam-

bridge,

Mass.,

1

31)

L. Pernier,// alazzo minoico i Festos : Gli Strati i antichi ilprimo

Palazzo

(Rome, 1935)

A.

Furumark,

The

Mycenaean

ottery, nalysis

nd

ClassificationStock-

holm,

1

41)

D.H.

French,

Notes

on

Prehistoric

ottery

roups

rom

CentralGreece

(Athens, 1972)

D.H.

French,

Anatolia and the

Aegean

n the Third

Millennium .C.

(Cambridge

Ph.D.

Thesis,

1968)

J.H.

Gaul,

The

Neolithic

eriod n

Bulgaria American

School of Prehis-

toric

Research

Bulletin

16)

(Cambridge,

Mass.,

1948)

E.A.

Speiser,

Excavations t

Tepe

Gawra

Philadelphia,

1935)

AJ.

Tobler,

Excavationst

Tepe

Gawra

Philadelphia,

1950)

R. Hope Simpson and O.T.P.K. Dickinson, A GazetteerfAegean

Civilisation

n

the

Bronze

Age

: The Mainland

and slands

S.I.M.A. Hi)

(Gteborg, 1979)

M.

Gimbutas,

Bronze

Age

Culturesn

Central nd Eastern

urope The

Hague, 1965)

M.

Gimbutas,

The

Prehistory

f

Eastern

urope

Part

1:

Mesolithic,

eo-

lithic nd

CooperAge

Cultures n Russia and the Baltic Area

(Peabody

Museum,

Harvard

University,

ulletin

No.

20) (Cambridge,

Mass.,



15/538

xvi

Gonia

Gournia

Greek

mporio

Hbsesti

Hacilar

,

ii

H

ama

i.

i

Hammond,

Migrations

Hennessy,

Foreign

Relations

Higgins,

Greek nd

Roman

ewellery

Hissar

Holmberg,

Neolithic

Pottery

Homolka

lasos

i

lasos ii

lasos iii

lasos

iv

Ilios

Ist.

Mitt.

Izvoare

Jacobsthal,

Greek ins

Jarmo

JFA

JNES

JRGZMainz

Judeideh

Karo,

SG

Kephala

ABBREVIATIONS

C.W.

Biegen,

'Gonia',

Metropolitan

useum tudies

ii

Part

i

(1930)

55-80

H.

Boyd

Hawes

and

others,

Gournia,

asiliki

nd

other rehistoricites n

the sthmus

f

Hierapetra

Philadelphia,

1908)

J.

Boardman,

Excavations

n Chios

1952-1955,

Greek

mporio

British

School

of

Archaeology

at

Athens,

Supplementary

Vol.

6) (London,

i967)

V.

Dumitrescu,

Hbsesti

Bucharest,

1954)

J.

Mellaart,

Excavations

t Hacilar

,

ii

(Edinburgh,

1970)

E.

Fugmann,

Hama:

fouilles

t

recherches

931-1938

i i

(Copenhagen,

1958)

N.G.L.

Hammond,

Migrations

nd nvasions

n Greecend

Adjacent

reas

(Park Ridge,

New

Jersey:Noyes

Press,

1976)

J.B.

Hennessy,

The

Foreign

elations

f

Palestine

uring

he

arly

Bronze

Age London, 1967)R.A.

Higgins,

Greek ndRoman

Jewellery

London,

1961)

E.F.

Schmidt,

Excavations

t

Tepe

Hissar

Damghan (Philadelphia,

1937)

EJ. Holmberg,

The

Neolithic

ottery

f

Mainland

Greece

Gteborg,

X964)

R.W.

Ehrich and E.

Pleslov-Stikov,

Homolka,

n Eneolithic ite

n

Bohemia

Prague,

1968)

D.

Levi,

'Le due

prime

campagne

di scavo

a lasos

(i 960-1

961)',

Annuario

xxix-xl

(N.S.

xxiii-xxiv) (1961-62)

505-571

D.

Levi,

'Le

campagne

1962-1964

a

lasos',

Annuario

liii-xliv

(N.S.

xxvii-xxviii) (1965-66) 401-546D. Levi, 'Gli scavi di lasos', Annuario lv-xlvi (N.S. xxix-xxx)

(1967-68)537-590

D.

Levi,

'lasos. Le

campagne

di scavo

1969-70',

Annuario

lvii-xlviii

(N.S.

xxxi-xxxii) (1969-70)

461-532

H.

Schliemann,

lios:

the

ity

nd

country

f

the

Trojans

London,

1880)

Istanbuler

itteilungen

R.

Vulpe,

Izvoare

Bucharest,

1957)

P.

Jacobsthal,

Greek

Pins

and

their

Connexions

ith

Europe

and

Asia

(Oxford,

1956)

R

J.

Braidwood

and

B.

Howe,

Prehistoric

nvestigations

n

raqui

Kurdis-

tan

Studies

in Ancient

and

Oriental

Civilization

no.

31) (Chicago

O.I.,

i960)Journal fFieldArchaeology

Journal

f

Near

Eastern

tudies

Jahrbuch

es

Rmisch-Germanischen

entralmuseums

ainz

RJ.

Braidwood

and

Linda

S.

Braidwood,

Excavations

n the

Plain

of

Antioch

:

The

Earlier

Assemblages,

hases

A-J

(O.I.

P.

lxi) (Chicago,

i960)

G.

Karo,

Die

Schachtgraber

on

Mykenai

Munich,

1930)

J.E.

Coleman,

Keos

i

Kephala:

a

Late

Neolithic

ettlement

nd

Cemetery

(Princeton,

1977)



16/538

Kerameikos

Khirokitia

KKh

Kish

Korakou

Korucutepe

i

Kum

Tepe

Kutzian,

K'fs-

ultur

Kythera

Lefkandi

London IA

MacGillivray 979

Marinatos nd Hirmer

Mat.

$i

Cercetari

Maxwell-Hyslop,

Western

Asiatic

ewellery

Megiddo

Megiddo

i

Mellaart,

atal

Hy'k

Mellaart,

Neolithicear

East

Mersin

Milojcic, rgebnisse

Mochlos

Mylonas,

ircle

Myrtos

Nea

Makri

Nea Nikomedeia

Nemea

NMA

Olynthus

Orchomenos

i

ABBREVIATIONS

xvii

W.

Kraiker nd K.

Kubier,

Kerameikos: Die

Nekropolen

es

2.

bis10.

Jahrhunderts

Berlin,

939)

P.

Dikaios,

Khirokitia

OxfordU.P., 1953)KprjTLKa

poviKa

S.

Langdon,

Excavationst Kish :

7925-/924Paris, 1924)

C.W.

Biegen,

Korakou,

Prehistoricettlement

ear orinth

Boston

nd

New

York,

1921)

M.N.

van

Loon,

Korucutepe

i

(Amsterdam, 978)

J.W.

Sperling,

Kum

Tepe

in

the Troad: trial

excavation,

1934',

Hesperia

lv

1976) 305-364

I.

Kutzian,

A

K'fs-

ultur

(Budapest,

944)

J.N.

Coldstream

nd G.L.

Huxley,

Kythera

London,

1972)

M.R.

Popham

and

L.H.

Sackett,

Excavationst

Lefkandi,

uboea,

ig64~-66British

chool of

Archaeology

t

Athens)

London, 1968)

Bulletin

f

the

nstitute

fArchaeology

London

University

J.A.

MacGillivray,

Early Cycladic ottery

rom

Mt.

Kynthos

n D elos

(Edinburgh,

979)

S. Marinatos

nd M.

Hirmer,

retend

Mycenae

London,

960)

Materiale

i

Cercetari

rheologice

K.R.

Maxwell-Hyslop,

Westernsiatic

ewellery

.

3000-612

.C.

(Lon-

don,

1

71)

R.S.

Lamon and

G.M.

Shipton,

Megiddo

:

Seasons

fig2j-ig34,

trata

/-F(O.I.P. xlii)

Chicago,

1939)

G.

Loud,

Megiddo

i: Seasons

figjj-jg

(O.I.

P.

lxii)

Chicago, 1948)

J.

Mellaart,

atal

Hy'k:

Neolithic

ownnAnatolia

London,

1967)

J.

Mellaart,

The

Neolithic

f

he

ear

East

London,

1975)

J.Garstang,

rehistoricersin

Oxford, 953)

V.

Milojcic, Ergebnisse

er deutschen

usgrabungen

n

Thessalien

*953-l95%'JRGZMainZvi 1959) 1-56

R.B.

Seager, Explorations

n the

sland

f

Mochlos

Boston

nd New

York,

191

)

G.E.

Mylonas,

CO

aiKs

vko

rv

Mvktjvwv

,

i

(Athens,

972,

973)

P.

Warren,

Myrtos,

n

Early

Bronze

Age

Settlementn Crete

British

School of

Archaeology

t

Athens,

upplementary

ol.

7)

(Oxford,

1972)

D.R.

Theochares,

Nea

Makri:

eine

grosse

neolithische

iedlung

n

der Nhe von

Marathon',

AM

lxxi

1956) 1-29

RJ.

Rodden, Excavations t the

Early

Neolithic ite atNea Niko-

medeia,

Greek

Macedonia',

PPS xxviii

1962) 267-288

C.W.

Biegen,

Neolithic

Remains

at

Nemea',

Hesperia

liv

(1975)

251-279

National

Museum

n

Athens

G.E.

Mylonas,

xcavationst

Olynthus

:

the

Neolithic

ettlement

Balti-

more, ondon,

Oxford,

929)

E.

Kunze,

Orchomenos

i: Die

neolithische

eramik

Munich,

1931)



17/538

xviii

Orchomenos

ii

Otzaki-magula

Pqlaikastro

PBA

Pendlebury,

AC

Perachora

i

Perate

, ii,

iii

Ptrie,

Corpus

Ptrie,

Tools and

Weapons

Phelps,

Thesis

Phylakopi

Piggott,

Neolithic

ultures

PM

i-iv

PMac

PNestor

Poliochni

,

ii

PPS

Prhistoire

ranaise

i

Prosymna

Protesilaos

PThess

Renfrew,

mergence

Saliagos

Samos

Samos

xiv

SCE

Schachermeyr,

ltesten

Kulturen

ABBREVIATIONS

E.

Kunze,

Orchomenosii: Die Keramik

er

rhen

ronzezeit

Munich,

1934)

J. Milojcic-v.

Zumbusch and

V.

Milojcic,

Die

deutschen

usgrabungen

auf

der

Otzaki-magula

n Thessalien: Dasfrhe eolithikum

Bonn, 1971)

R.C.

Bosanquet

and

R.M.

Dawkins,

The

Unpublished bjects rom

he

Palaikastro

Excavations

go2-igo6

Part

1

(British

School at

Athens,

Supplementary Paper

1) (London, 1923)

Proceedingsf

the ritish

cademy

J.D.S. Pendlebury,

The

Archaeology

f

Crete:An Introduction

London,

939)

H.G.G.

Payne,

Perachora

i

(Oxford, 1962)

S.E.

Iakovidis,

iJepaTTj:

o

NcKporafeiov

-iii

(Athens, 1969,

1970)

W.M.F.

Ptrie,

Corpus

f

Prehistoric

ottery

nd

Palettes

London, 1921)

W.M.F.

Ptrie,

Tools and

Weapons London, 1917)

W.W.

Phelps,

TheNeolithic

ottery

equence

nSouthern reece

London

Ph.D.

Thesis,

1975)

Excavations

t

Phylakopi

n

Melos

(The

Society

for the

Promotion of

Hellenic

Studies,

Supplementary Paper

No.

4) (London, 1904)

S.

Piggott,

The

Neolithic

ultures

f

the

ritish sles

(Cambridge, 1954)

AJ.

Evans,

The

Palace

of

Minos

at

Knossos

-iv

(London,

1921-35)

W.A.

Heurtley,

Prehistoric

acedonia

Cambridge

U.P.,

1939)

C.W.

Biegen

and

Marion

Rawson,

The

Palace

of

Nestor

t

Pylos

n

Western

Messenia :

The

Buildings

nd

their

ontents

Princeton

U.P.,

1966)

L.

Bernab-Brea,

Poliochni:

itt

reistorica

elV

soladi

Lemnos

,

i

i,

2: ii

i

and

2

(Rome, 1964, 1976)

Proceedings

f

the rehistoric

ociety

La

Prhistoire

ranaise

i:

Les

Civilisations

olithiques

t

rotohistoriques

e

la

France

d.

J.

Guilaine)

(Publis

l'occasion du IXe

Congrs

de

l'U.I.S.P.P.,

Nice,

1976) (Paris,

1976)

C.W.

Biegen,

Prosymna:

he

Helladic

settlement

receding

he

Argive

er-

aeum

,

ii

(Cambridge

U.P.,

1937)

R.

Demangel,

Fouilles

du

Corps

d'Occupation

ranais

de

Constantinople

excutese

g20

ig2j

i:

Le

Tumulus itde

Protsilaos

Paris,

1926)

AJ.B.

Wace

and M.S.

Thompson,

Prehistoric

hessaly

Cambridge

U.P.,

1912)

C.

Renfrew,

The

Emergence

f

Civilization

London,

1972)

J.D.

Evans

and C.

Renfrew,

Excavations t

Saliagos

near

Antiparos

(British

School of

Archaeology

at

Athens,

Supplementary

Vol.

5)

(London,

1968)

V.

Milojcic,

Samos i: Die

Prhistorische

iedlung

unter

em

Heraion:

Grabung

gjj

und

gjj (Bonn,

1961)

Renate

Tlle-Kastenbein,

Samos

xiv:

Das Kastro

Tigani

Bonn,

1974)

The

Swedish

yprus xpedition

-iv

(Stockholm,

1934-72)

F.

Schachermeyr,

Die

ltesten

ulturen

riechenlands

Stuttgart,

1955)



18/538

Schachermeyr,

Die

myk.

Zu*

Schliemann, rojaSchliemann,

roy

nd ts

Remains

Servia

Sotira

SS

Sukas

ii

Sulimirski,

rehistoric

Russia

TAD

Tarsus i

Teleilat

Ghassul

Theochares,

Auge

Theochares,

Neolithic

Greece

Thera-vii

Thermi

Thorikos

ii

Tigani

Troy

-

v

Tul

Ucko,

Figurines

Ugaritica

v

Urn

Valmin,

ME

Vermeule,

B

A

Vinca -iv

Vitelli

1977

Vrokastro

VTM

Wace,

Chamber ombs

Wace,

Mycenae

ABBREVIATIONS

xix

F.

Schachermeyr,

Die

agaische

fhzeit

i: Die

mykenische

eit

Vienna,

1976)

H.

Schliemann, roja London,1884)H. Schliemann,

roy

nd tsRemains

London, 1875)

Cressida

Ridley

and

K.A.

Wardle,

Rescue

Excavations

t

Servia

1971-1973:

A

Preliminaryeport',

BSA lxxiv

1979) 185-230

P.

Dikaios,

otira

Philadelphia,

961)

H.

Schmidt,

H.

Schliemann's

ammlung

rojanischer

ltertmer

Berlin,

1902)

P

J.

Riis and

H.

Thrane,

ukas

ii: The

Neolithic

eriods

Copenhagen,

974)

T.

Sulimirski,

rehistoricussia

London, 1970)

Turk

Arkeoloji ergisiH.

Goldman,

ExcavationstG'zl'

ule,

Tarsus

Princeton

U.P.,

1956)

A.

Mallon,

R.

Koeppel

and

R.

Neuville,

TeleilatGhassul.

Compte

endu

des

ouilles

e V nstitut

iblique

ontifical

1929-1932 Rome, 1934)

D.R.

Theochares,

'Havyrj rrjs

aoaXiKrjs lpooropias

Volos,

1967)

D.R.

Theochares,

Neolithic

reece

Athens:

National Bank of

Greece,

1973)

S.

Marinatos,

Excavations

t

Thera -vii

(Athens,

1968-73)

W.

Lamb,

Excavationst TherminLesbos

Cambridge

U.P.,

1936)

H.F.

Mussche,

Thorikos

963:Rapport

rliminaire

ur a

troisimeam-

pagne

e

Fouilles

Bruxelles,

967)

'Vorgeschichtliches

n

der Stadt

Samos',

AM

lx/lxi

1935/36)

1

12-200: Fundtatsachen'

y

W.

Wrede

i 12-24);

Die

Funde'

by

R.

Heidenreich125-83);

'Nachtrge'by

W. Buttler

184-200)

C.W.

Biegen

nd

others,

roy

-iv

(Princeton

.P.,

1950-58)

W.

Drpfeld,

roja

und

lion

,

i

(Athens,

902)

PJ.

Ucko,

Anthropomorphic

igurinesLondon,

1968)

CF.

A.

Schaeffer,

garitica

v

(Paris,

1962)

CL.

Woolley,

Ur

Excavationsi:

The

Royal

emeteryLondon,

1933)

M.N.

Valmin,

The

wedish

essenia

xpeditionLund

etc.,

1938)

E.

Vermeule,

Greece

nthe

ronze

ge

Chicago,

1954)

M.M.

Vasic,

Preistoriskainta-iv

(Beigrade,

932-36)

Karen D.

Vitelli,

Neolithic

Potter'sMarks

fromLerna

and the

Franchthi

ave',

Journalf

he

Walters rt

Gallery

xxvi

1977)

1

-30

E.H.

Hall,

Excavationsn EasternCrete:

Vrokastro

University

of Penn-

sylvaniaMuseumAnthropologicalublicationsII No. 3) (Phila-

delphia,

1

14)

S.

Xanthoudides,

The

Vaulted ombs

f

Mesara: an

account

f

ome

arly

cemeteries

f

outhernrete

London,

1924)

A.J.B.

Wace,

'Chamber Tombs at

Mycenae',

Archaeologia

xxxii

(1932) 1-242

A.J.B.

Wace,

Mycenae:

an

archaeological

istory

nd

guide

(Princeton

U.P.,

1949)



19/538

XX

Walker

Kosmopoulos,

Corinth

Walker

Kosmopoulos1953

Warren,

MSV

Weinberg,

AH

Zervos,

ACr

Zervos,

ACycl

Zervos,

Nais

,

i

Zygouries

ABBREVIATIONS

L.

Walker

Kosmopoulos,

The

Prehistoric

nhabitation

f

Corinth

(Munich, 1948)

L.

Walker

Kosmopoulos,

Birch-bark

echnique: possible rototypefor ome Greekprehistoric ares?', n G.E.

Mylonas

ed.),

Studies

Presentedo

D.M.

Robinsoni

(St.

Louis,

1953) 1-24

P.

Warren,

Minoan

tone

ases

Cambridge

U.P.,

1969)

S.S.

Weinberg,

the Stone

Age

in

the

Aegean',

Cambridge

ncient

History*

ol.

Part

1

(Cambridge, 970)

Ch.

x

C.

Zervos,

VArtde a

Crete

olithique

t

minoenne

Paris,

1956)

C.

Zervos,

UArt

des

Cyclades

u

dbut

la

fin

de

'ge

du

bronze,

500-1

00

avantnotre re

Paris,

1957)

C.

Zervos,

Naissance

e a

Civilisation

n Grece

,

ii

(Paris,

1962,

1963)

C.

W.

Biegen,

^ygouries,

Prehistoric

ettlementn

the

Valley f

Cleonae

(Harvard

U.P.,

Cambridge,

Mass.,

1928)



20/538

Notes

The material

from ther

prehistoric

ites

n

Chios

apart

from

Ayio

Gala and

Emporio

s

numbered

-

1

.

That

from

Ayio

Gala

is numberedAG

1-390.

The

pottery

rom

mporio

s

numbered

1-3000,

nd the ther inds rom

mporio part

from

ottery

ave

been

given

heir

own

series fnumbers

CLAY 1-41;

WHORLS

1-56;

STONE

1-54;

METAL

1-19;

BONE,

SHELL,

AMBER

and

FAIENCE

1-68).

Chipped

tone ools re

only

numbered

f

llustrated,

with

eparate

eries

fnumbers or nesfrom

mporio

nd onesfrom

yio

Gala.

Where sherd r other

bject

which

has no

serialnumber s

llustrated n a plate

with

number

eferring

o t

n

the

ext,

he

ounting

s

n

horizontal

ows rom

eft o

right

eginning

t

the

op

eft.

Allmeasurementsfpotterynd other inds regivenncentimetres,nless therwisetated.

For

the

Mycenaean

pottery

he term

Mycenaean

(Myc.)

used

by

Furumark

has

been

adopted

n

preference

o Late

Helladic

L.H.).

xxi



21/538

Parti

Prehistoric hios

i.

INTRODUCTION

The

prehistoricntiquities

fChioswere

irst

rought

o thenotice

f he

public

s

early

s

1888

when

he slandwas still nderTurkish ule.

n

that

year

Studniczka

ublished

n

account f

primitive

andmade

pottery

whichhad been

recovered

y

an

entomologist,

berhardvon

Oertzen,

rom he ower ave

at

Ayio

Gala in

theremote

orth-westernorner f

Chios

AM

xiii

(

1

88)

1

3-5)

Von Oertzen isited he ave

shortly

fter

he imewhen

tudniczkawas

n

Chios

in

1887.

Excavations

y

Miss Edith Eccles

n

1938

showed hat

this

pottery elonged

o

the

NeolithicndEarlyBronzeAges s describednpart II.

The so-called

Telasgic

Wall'

(Fig.

1:

A)

by

the main

road from hios town

to

Piryi,

ust

south f

Tholopotami,

was first

eported

y

Studniczka,

ut he

did nothave time

o examine t

(AM

xiii

1888)

163.

Cf. BSA xli

(1940-45) 35 f.).

From

distance

t

ooks

remarkably

ike

Mycenaean

defencewall.

A

close

inspection,

owever,

eveals that t

is

in

fact a natural

formationf he

rock,

onsisting

f

stratum hich

has

been forced

y

pressure

nto vertical

position,

nd whichhas then

plit

nto

eparate, oughly

olygonal, ragments.

A

tombchamberbuiltof

squared

stonewas

first oted

by

Dr

Philip Argenti

efore

he

Second WorldWar at

the

far

nd of the

plain

of Dotia

above the ittle

ay

ofVroulidhia

n

southern hios

(Fig.

1:

B).

This was

later seen

by

D.W.S.

Hunt, who,

from ts

striking

resemblanceo the

Minoan built

ombs

t

Isopata

near

Knossos,

uggested

hat

t

might

ave

been constructed

n

theBronze

Age

as

the ast

resting

lace

of

a

Cretan

ea-captain

BSA

xli

(1940-45) 38 f.). n 1951,however, was able toclear waythe arth rombove the opof he

tomb,

which

roved

o

date from omantimes. he tombwillbe

described

n

a

future olume

about Roman

Emporio.

A

smallrock-cut omb fthe

Early

Bronze

Age

was

discoverednland

from

ere

by

the

hooting-box

f

the ate

Mr

George

Choremis,

nd was

examined

n

1936 by

Miss EdithEccles

site (2) below).

In 1

38

Hunt aw

whathe took obe ancient ock-cutombs

xposed y

falls f he imestone

rock n the ummitf heLatomi

Quarry)

hill

north f

Chiostown

BSA

xli

1940-45)

32).

He

compared

hesewith

heBronze

Age

rock-cut

omb

t

Dotia;

but

theymay

have

been of

ater,

Greekor

Roman, date,

since the Bronze

Age

people

of

the

Aegean

area

in

general

voided

excavating

ombs

n

hard

imestone,

nd Kourouniotis

ecords

rock-cut

rave

f

heClassical

period

ound elow

tumulus

n

this rea

(ADelt

(191

) 69).

An

extensiveearch

fthe nvirons fChiostownhas

rather

urprisingly

ailed o

bring

o

light nyother ossible races fprehistoricettlement,partfromhefragmentf stone xefrom heKofina

ridge

nda

Mycenaeankylix

oot rom rankomakhalas

site

11).

A

Mycenaean

herd nd a

marble

dagger

pommel

n

ChiosMuseum

ppear

to come

from

excavationst Kato Fana

(site )

There s

a

good

deal of

Mycenaean

otteryogether

ith

ome

tracesof earlier

Bronze

Age

occupation

at

the

important

Archaic site

(17)

near Volissos

discovered

y

Professor

ohn

Cook.

This site

t

Volissos

nd other

rehistoric

itesnoted

by

us

during

he time f

our work

n

1



22/538

2

I. PREHISTORIC

CHIOS

Chiosfrom

952-61

re isted elow.Mostof he

pottery

rom hese ites

ppeared

to date

from

the arlier

art

f heBronze

Age,

thehorizon f

Troy

-

II. Traces of

ccupation

ssignable

o

the

MiddleBronze

Age

were

uriously

are.But there

was evidence or

Mycenaean ccupationat a few ther ites esidesVolissos.

A

small

double-bladed

xe,

apparently

f

copper,

s

alleged

to

come

fromChios

(W.

Ridgeway,

he

Early

Age f

Greece

Cambridge,

93 51

fig.

7).

2.

SITES

WITH BRONZE AGE OR

EARLIER

REMAINS

(figs,

and

2)

1.

Emporio

(see

part

III).

2.

Pindakas.

One worn herd hat

might

e of

Bronze

Age

date from

he rea of

heClassical

farmhousexcavated ere

n

1954 J.

Boardman,

SA

iii-liv

1958-59)

295-309).

The

site,

n a

knollnthemiddle f ultivable roundwith supply fgoodwater ohand, s onecalculated o

attract

ccupation

n

early

imes.

3.

Kalamoti

(plate

i

(a)).

Bearings:

hurch t the northernnd of

Kalamoti

village,

0o.

Armolia

hurch,

49o.

Church n Profitis

lias,

1850.

Traces of n

Early

Bronze

Age

settlement

noted

n

1955

on

a

flat-topped

ill n

the

middle

f he

valley

outh-westf he

village,

orth

f

the

hurch f

he

Panayia

the

most

ortherly

f hree

n

this

rea)

which as

ancient locks nd

mouldings

uilt nto

tswalls.The

hill,

he entral ne of hree

n

a

north-south

idge,

verlooks

the

path

from

alamotito Komi on the

oast,

nd

enjoys

fine iew outhwards

o the ea. The

Bronze

Age

settlement

ay

have been

an

extensive ne to

udge

from he catter f tones

rom

house

walls;

but the ite

s much

roded,

nd

while

number f herds re

recognisably

f

Early

Bronze

Age

date,

there re tracesof much

ater,

Greco-Roman r

mediaeval,

occupation.

Potteryssignable o theBronzeAge ncluded hefoot f tripod ooking otwith hick val

section,

nd

therims

1,2)

below.

1. Rim of mall arinated

owl

Emporio ype

)

with ow wart.

Clay grey-black

t the

ore,

ight

rown t the

edges;

urface

rey-brown

urnished,

orn.

Cf.

Emporio

Period

I.

2.

Rim.

Very rregular.

andyorange

lay

with races

f red wash.

4.

Armolia.

An

solated

im

f bowl

of

Troy

V-VI

type

3)

found

n

1955

n

flat

round

ue

south

f he

village,

n the rea between

he

Kalamoti nd

Piryi

oads,

nd about

100

m

SE of he

small

church f

Ayia

Marina,

which s hidden

mong

masticabushes

nd olive

trees t the

fig.

1.

Chios,

howing

rehistoric

ites io.

Mesta

?

1

hmpono

a L.

M

11

Chios town

X

2. Pindakas ? 12. Nea Moni X

3.

Kalamoti

S

13.

Khalkios X

4.

Armolia

X

14.

Langadha:

Ayios

sidhoros

S

5.

Dotia

S C

15. Nagos

S ?M

6.

Piryi:

Kastri ou

Psellou

S

?M

16.

Ayio

Gala S

7.

Kato Fana

?

M

17.

Volissos: evkathia S M

8.

Olimpoi:

Petranos

S 18.

Volissos:Anemomilos S

9. Olimpoi:Tripanos

S

19.

Elinda

X

key:

S,

TracesofNeolithic

nd/or

arly

Bronze

Age

ettlement;

,

Early

Bronze

Age

tombs r

cemeteries;

,

Tracesof

Mycenaean

occupation;

X,

Other

prehistoric

inds;

,

Doubtful

rehistoric

races.



23/538

2.

SITES

3

I

AGIO . r^T^^ki~^'

GALA

y-^

,,

+

4

^../M Nagos

7/

/&*'H 't ;--':^

(/

*n

13

vx i iV

i

C?

s

*

-^

+/ ^' i" ' /

^v

l^

^

J

V s S

^ / Tholopobamoi

y*

r

^r

s

J

/?/'rv^

^^'

>k

*

f

r

^r

^r

n

-

^/

J^ ; * ' ^tMirmin9 ) TURKEY

/Mestale

Armolia/

/j+

/)

|^

'

s*'~'

Pirv

4-

v^/+

^

K?Fana

6'

;4-

^""Y

W^

/

Komi

-

V

I

S

5#1

1

EMPORIO rT^I

andover

OOm.

^S-^Z^F^

^X**lwJv

WLand

over

OOOm.

V

^

"


24/538

4

I.

PREHISTORIC

CHIOS

eastern

oot f

hill

with ruinedwindmill.

sherd fClassicalblack

glaze

and

a

piece

of

glazed

tilewere

lso notedhere.

3. Rim of bowl with idehandle.Sandy orange claysomewhat usky t the core. Surface riginallyt seems

light-brown

urnished,

utnowmuchworn.Cf.

Troy V-early

VI

(e.g. Troy

i

fig.

83:8-9

(Troy

V);

ibid.

fig.

254:

2

(Troy

V);

Troy

ii

fig.

24:

1

(early

VI).

5.

Dotia.

(1)

Settlement.races of

an

extensive ronze

Age

settlement n

the low

hill

where

the

shooting-box

onstructed

y

the ate

Mr.

George

Choremis tands

nd

n

the

rea of lat

round

to the outh

f t.The inhabitants o doubt

xploited

he ertile

alley

fDotia as the

nhabitants

ofthedesertedMediaeval

village

t theeastern nd

ofthe

valley

did after hem.

he

valley

s

nowdevoted o the

ultivation f

mastic

ushes nd

belongs

o the nland

village

f

Piryi.

he

sitewas noted

by

Mr

Choremis t thetime hehouse

was

built,

nd he

keptpottery

ound

n

digging

oundations

or tswalls.This

pottery,

ow tored

n

theFolkMuseum bove theKoraes

Library

n

Chios

town,

s

all

handmade

nd

Early

Bronze

Age (EmporioV-IV)

in

character.

Two stone andles, ne 4) found yme n1952, he ther5) broughto me n1954 s fromhe

settlement

ere,

re described elow.

4.

Handle

(plate

3

(a)

right).

roken hort t the ower nd.

L.

3.

2.

fine-grained,

ellowish

ranslucenttone.

5.

Handle

as

4

(plate

3

(a) left).

Broken hort t the ower

nd. L.

3. 5.

Perforation

.5

in

diam.

widening

o

0.9

above.

A

similar

bject

s llustratedrom

alaia

Kokkinia

earAthens

PAE 1951,113, 115

fig.

0:

right,ssigned

o

Late Neolithic r

Early

Helladic

).

For a more laborate tone

handle,

.g.

AM xi

(1886)

20,

16 Beil. 1: D.

2,

allegedly

rom

morgos.

ee

C.

Renfrew,

JA

xxi

1967)

6

f.,

or his nd other

andles f

nhydrite

r

calcite

from he

Cyclades.

1 ' l" "^ (''

1?

3

'

6

J

3

'

6

/ .

- f^T'

riT)" r^

"^

(

10

)

/rv I I'

0UTSIDE

'

10

^^r

fig. 2.

Pottery

rom

rehistoric

ites n Chios. Scale

1/3.



25/538

2.

SITES

5

(2)

Tombs.

n a

gentle lope

across

gully

rom

he ettlement

nd about

200

m

west f

the

Choremis

ouse.

An

Early

Bronze

Age

rock-cut omb

was discovered ere

by

chance and was

visited

y

Miss EdithEccles

n

1936 BSA

xli

1940-45)38).

The chamberwas

intact, oughlyoval n

shape,

ome mwide nd 1 60m

ong,

ut

only

bout a metre

igh

nside. heentrance,

whichwas still isible

n

1952,

onsisted f hole

about

0.70

m

across. ts

top

was flush

with he

ceiling

f he

hamber,

eaving

step

own nto t.

The tombwas

therefore

robably ery

imilar

to that f

comparable

ate

excavated

n

Area

E

at

Emporio Tomb

1,

fig.

82).

The

entrance

may

have been

t thebottom f shallow

it,

ike

he n races f

he

Early

Bronze

Age

tombs t

Manika

n

Euboia

(G.A. Papavasileiou,

eri on n

EuboiaArkhaion

af

n

Athens, 910)

pl.

A);

but ll traces f

his,

f

t ever

xisted,

ad been removed

y

erosion. he

owner f he

and,

Mr.

Georgios

oannou

Paplos,

aid thatwhenhe found he omb

he ntrance

was blocked

y

a flat

slab of tone

oreign

o theDotia

region,

nd

deriving

erhaps

rom himiana bout

5

km

outh

ofChios own.He also toldMiss Eccles bout

a

'kanali'

eading

nto he

omb o the

right

f

he

slab,

but he made no mention fthis o me when methim n

1952.

Near theback wall

ofthe

chamber

ccording

ohis

description

ere ive

lay

vases

6- 10),together

ith

omebones nd a

skullwhich rokewhen twas moved.The boneswere

pparently

eftnthe hamber. hevases,

all

handmade,

re

comparable

with nesof

Periods

V/IV-II

at

Emporio.

6-8.

Jugs

plate 3 (c)).

Hts.

19, 16.5,14.

Complete

nd

unbroken,

xcept

or he

handle

missing

rom . The

handle

of s more

trap-like

nd rises bove the im. he

clay,

where

xposed

n

thebreak n

8,

s red-brown

ith

arge

grit.

urfaces

arkish

rown,

urnished utworn.

9. Pyxis

with id

(plate 3 (d), (e)).

Ht. of

pyxis

without id 11. Diam. of

rim

6.5,

of

body

14.

Four

vertically

perforated

ugs

two

missing)

n the

belly

were

matched

y

four n the id.

The lid has a small

epression

n

the

top

entre.

ed-brown

lay

with

rit.

urface hades

f ark

brown,

well

burnished.

inerather

hallow ncised

decoration

with

ossible

races f

n

original

white

ill

reproduced

with

lour or he

photos

n plate

3 {d),

).

10.

Pyxis

plate 3 (b)).

Ht.

9

Diam.

of

rim

.5,

of

body

13.

Pairs

f

tring-holes

ade

before

iring

t

opposite

ides

of herim.Crackeddownone

side,

but

complete.

rudely

made,

with ome

argegrit

howing

n

the

urface,

which

s shades f

ight

nd darker

rown,

urnished.

MissEcclesrecorded he

position

f nother omb othenorth f his neand

slightly igher

on the

lope.

At

the nvitationfMr.

Choremis

made trials

ere or

hree

ays

n

the utumn

f

1952

n a

searchfor

more tombs.

An

area

of about

25

by 25

m

was

testedwith

trenches t

intervals f

1.50-3.00

m in

the

paces

between

hemastic

usheswhich

lothed

he

lope.

The

only

ther

races fburials

otedwere

higher

n

the

lope

ome

1

.50

m

north

f

he

omb.

Here

I

came

upon

a human

aw

and

part

f skull

ucked

way

n

crannies

n

therock

not

far

below

the

urface. herewas

nothing,

owever,

o

suggest

he

former

xistence f

rock-cutomb n

the rea.

Possibly

atural

avities

n

therock

had

been used

for

urials.

6.

Piryi:

Kastri tou

Psellou

(plate

i

(b)-(d)).

Settlementn a

rocky

ill

west f

Piryi

illage

south f

he

unction

f

wo

paths,

ne

eading

o

Karinda,

the ther

o Kato

Fana.

The

hill

s

n

the

ange

which

ivides he wo

plains ying

o the outh

f

he

village.

Below

t on

the

north,

n

the nglebetween hepathstoKarinda and Kato Fana, isthe iteof thedesertedMediaeval

village

f

Managros.

everal

f ts

hurchestill

urvive.

ncient

mouldings

uilt

nto

hese

were

apparently

rought

rom

ato

Fana

some

km

way

to thewest

Boardman,

AntJ

xxix 1

59)

171

f.).

But a

fragment

ffine

lassicalblack

glaze

was

notedhere

n

1961,

nd

the

Mediaeval

village

might

ave

occupied

he

ite f

n

earlier

ettlement.

Stones

rom

ousewalls

re much

n

evidence n

thehill.

The

fortificationsrom hich t

gets

its

nameofKastri eem

odate

from lassical

imes.

stretch

f

defence all

some

2

m

wide

nd

built

f

rough

tones s

preserved

o

a

height

f

bout

a

metre n

the

west

ideof t

plate

i

(d)).



26/538

6

I.

PREHISTORIC CHIOS

"""^^

/ 111

rt

^

FULL

IZE

l|"

J"W

:

.ig

fig.

3.

Miscellaneous

finds from

prehistoric

sites in Chios.

Scale

1/2,

except

12

(1/1).

While

ome f he

pottery

n the

hill

ooks

Classical,

much f t s

certainly

rehistoric,

lthough

worn nd

undiagnostic.

ost

of

the

prehistoric

herds

with

ny recognisable

haracter

eemed

to

be of

Early

Bronze

Age

types

eminiscentf

Emporio

V-IV;

but one

plain

Documents

Chios. Prehistoric settlement