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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 1
Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
Ran Xu, Jia Song, Ying Zhang, Guang Wang, Shaopeng Zhang*School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
INTRODUCTION
Panax japonicus C. A. Mey, a perennial herb of the Araliaceae family, has been used as an important natural medicinal herb by Chinese traditional medicine (TCM) for thousand years [1,2]. P. japonicus rhizome has been used traditionally as a treatment for a lung cough, traumatic injury and physical weakness [3]. In recent years, researchers had found that most therapeutic effects of P. japonicus were due to the presence of saponins, which can improve immunity, protect the liver, reduce inflammation and fatigue, calm the central nervous system, enhance learning skills and memory, and act as anti-tumor and anti-aging agents [4-6].
However, it becomes more and more difficult to find wild P. japonicus plants for pharmaceutical use in China [7]. The wild populations of Chinese P. japonicus, becoming critically endangered due to over-exploitation and habitat loss in recent decades, are only distributed in several locations of Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces in China [7]. Therefore, assessing the diversity and genetic structure of wild P. japonicus populations is urgent and essential for further breeding and genetic resource conservation [8].
Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) have been recognized as more effective molecular markers compared to other dominant markers for population genetic analysis in various Chinese medicinal species, especially for organisms whose genetic information is lacking, such as Dendrobium sw. species [9], Luohan guo (Siraitia grosvenorii) [10], and Yam (Dioscorea L.) [11], P. notoginseng [12], and P. ginseng [13]. In this study, genetic variation and relationship among 12 wild populations of P. japonicus from 6 provinces of China had been assessed base on ISSR analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant materials and Habitat Type
To represent the distribution in southern China, 12 wild populations from 6 provinces (Hubei, Hunan, Sichuang, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunan) were sampled in this research (Fig. 1). For each sampling plot (2 x 2 meters) in the field, at least 6 wild individuals with the same phenotype were collected and pooled as one sample. For each population, 3 different plots were set and collected that are representative of the population (Table 1). After washing and air-drying the freshly collected material, 0.3-0.5 g portions from the tender part of each rhizome were cut out and stored in centrifuge tubes at -80°C for subsequent DNA extraction.
All these provinces, situated at an altitude higher than 1,000 meters above sea level, are located in southern China and
ABSTRACT
To detect the genetic divergence of Chinese Panax japonicus for its conservation, the population structure of P. japonicus among 12 wild populations of 6 provinces (Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunan) were evaluated by using ISSR markers. Estimation of genetic parameters of P. japonicus populations showed that Guizhou and Yunan populations exhibited relatively higher levels of genetic diversity than others. The cluster analysis showed that most Sichuan populations formed a main cluster, whereas populations of other 5 provinces formed 4 discrete clusters. The STRUCTURE and PCA analyses demonstrated that all 12 populations were divided into 4 groups. Populations from Guangxi and Guizhou were gathered into a single group, which indicated their stronger relatedness. The extent of genetic variations and populations divergence of P. japonicus revealed in this study provide a better understanding of evolutionary processes and local adaption of P. japonicus in China, which is significant for further investigations on Panax species for regional conservation and pharmaceutical use.
Keywords: Panax japonicus C. A. Mey, genetic diversity, genetic structure, ISSR
Chinese Traditional Medical Journal
*Correspondence to: Shaopeng Zhang, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 2
have a similar humid subtropical climate [14]. Especially in Yunnan and Guizhou sites, they were characterized by high vegetation coverage, reduced sunshine, abundant rainfall and low temperatures (annual average temperature of 14.2-22.5°C) [15, 16].
DNA Extraction
Total DNA of each individual was extracted from rhizomes following a modified CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method according to Saghai-Maroof et al [17]. The quality of the isolated total DNA was verified using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.
Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) amplification and Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
30 ISSR primers sets from UBC (University of British Columbia) were used for the analysis [12, 13]. PCRs were performed at annealing temperatures of Tm ± 5°C based on the Tm values of the synthesized primers. The amplifications were carried out in 25µl reaction volumes containing 5 U Taq polymerase (Takara, Dalian, China), 10 mM dNTPs, 2 µl primer, 2.5 µl of 10× buffer, and 30 ng DNA. PCR amplification conditions were as follows: 94°C for 5 min, 94°C for 45 s, Tm°C for 45 s, 72°C for 45 s, 40 cycles, then 72°C for 10 min.
After primers screening, 18 ISSR primers were selected for the ISSR-PCR analysis, which produced intense, clear, and highly polymorphic bands (Table 2). The PCR products were then verified by 5% SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). After pre-electrophoresis for 30 min, electrophoresis was performed for various time periods depending on the sizes of the bands. The gels were then rinsed for 1 min, stained for 15 min with 3% silver nitrate solution, colored for 10 min with a color developing agent, and photographed.
Data Scoring and Data Analysis
The amplified ISSR bands in the gel were scored manually as 0/1 values to represent the absence and presence of a band (Table S1). From these binary data, similarity coefficients and genetic distances were estimated using Simple matching coefficients [18]. The genetic diversity parameters and genetic differentiation coefficient including the observed number of alleles (Na), the effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (h), Shannon’s information index (I), Genetic distance among populations were calculated by the POPGENE software [19]. The Polymorphism information content (PIC) values were calculated to assess the diversity levels of the 18 ISSR primers using the following formula: PIC = 1-∑P2ij, where the Pij is the frequency of the jth allele for the ith ISSR locus.
The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to study the genetic variation within populations and among populations using the DCFA software (version 1.1) and AMOVA software (version 1.55).
The cluster analysis and dendrogram generation were carried out based on the similarity matrix data by using the UPGMA algorithm (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) and a 100 times bootstrap test was performed to check the clustering validity. The STRUCTURE software (version 2.3.4) was used to investigate the genetic structure of the 12 populations. The best number of genetic group (K) was determined using the Evanno’s method [20] based on Structure Harvester tool (http://taylor0.biology.ucla.edu/structureHarvester/). The CLUMPP software (version 1.1.2) was applied to carry out independent runs of clustering to check the reliability of the cluster groups. To complement the structure analysis, the adegenet package (version 2.1.0) in the R software was used to perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the ISSR binary dataset [21].
RESULTS
Genetic Diversity Analysis
Genetic diversity of 12 natural populations of P. japonicus was estimated using 30 universal ISSR primers. 18 ISSR primers with high polymorphism, identifiable bands, and sound repeatability were selected. A total of 2,198 bands were generated, of which 22.6% were polymorphic loci among 36 samples of 12 populations (Table S1). The PIC values of these 18 selected ISSR primers ranged from 0.18 to 0.36, with a mean value of 0.26, which indicated that ISSRs used in this study were moderately polymorphic (Table 2).
The typical genetic parameters were shown in Table 3. At the population level, the highest degrees of genetic diversity was observed in the Leigongshan (h=0.1344, I=0.2050) and Yushe (h=0.1406, I=0.2144) populations of Guizhou province. Meanwhile, the Emei (h=0.0432, I=0.0603), Longchi (h=0.0511, I=0.0713) and HongyaGaomiao (h=0.0589, I=0.0822) populations in Sichuan province
Figure 1: Geographic distribution of 12 P. japonicus populations collected in China
HB, Hubei; HN, Hunan; SC, Sichuan; GZ, Guizhou; GX, Guangxi; YN, Yunan
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 3
showed the lowest degrees of genetic diversity. At the province level, the h parameters ranged from 0.0697 to 0.1263 (group level=0.1401) in Hubei province, from 0.1344 to 0.1406 (group level=0.1610) in Guizhou province and from 0.1211 to 0.122 (group level=0.1623) in Yunan province, indicating that wild P. japonicus in these three provinces had higher levels of genetic diversity compared to other regions. But for Hunan (group level of h =0.1177) and Guangxi (group level of h=0.1150) province, the h values of them were relatively low, which may be understated due to the limited population sizes (Table 3).
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)
An analysis of molecular variance was carried out to estimate the population differentiation of P. japonicus (Table 4). This analysis revealed that 12.36% (p<0.001) of the total molecular variation was attributed to genetic differentiation among 6 populations defined by province, whereas the remaining 87.64% of the total variation was found within the populations (Table 4). And, the Fst value was 0.189, indicating great genetic differentiation occurred among the populations.
Table 1:Details of the sampling locationsProvince Populations Longitude (°E) Latitude (°N) Sample accessionsHubei Xuan’en 109°28′58″ 29°59′31″ Hbxe1
Hbxe2Hbxe3
Qizimeishan 109°44′31″ 30°1′12″ HBqzms1HBqzms2HBqzms3
Huazhong 109°44′20″ 30°10′30″ HBhz1HBhz2HBhz3
Hunan Badagongshan 111°4′33″ 29°22′37″ HNbdgs1HNbdgs2HNbdgs3
Sichuan Emei 103°19′48″ 29°30′36″ SCem1SCem2SCem3
Longchi 103°18′36″ 29°24′ SClc1SClc2SClc3
HongyaGaomiao 103°22′12″ 29°54′ SChygm1SChygm2SChygm3
Guizhou Leigongshan 108°13′48″ 26°22′48″ GZlgs1GZlgs2GZlgs3
Yushe 104°46′12″ 26°30′ Gzys1Gzys2Gzys3
Guangxi Rongshui 109°8′24″ 25°24′ GXrs1GXrs2GXrs3
Yunnan Maguan 104°23′49″ 23°52′ YNmg1YNmg2YNmg3
Lijiang 100°13′33″ 26°51′16″ YNlj1YNlj2YNlj3
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 4
Table 3: Main genetic parameters of 12 populationsPopulations Percentage of polymorphic loci (%) Na Ne h IXuan’en 14.29 1.1429 1.1362 0.0697 0.0973Qizimeishan 36.22 1.3622 1.2046 0.1263 0.1920Huazhong 28.17 1.2817 1.1766 0.1045 0.1561Hubei group 59.56 1.5956 1.2053 0.1401 0.2304
Badagongshan 34.21 1.3421 1.1886 0.1177 0.1795Hunan group 34.21 1.3421 1.1886 0.1177 0.1795
Emei 9.85 1.0885 1.0844 0.0432 0.0603Longchi 10.66 1.1046 1.0997 0.0511 0.0713HongyaGaomiao 12.07 1.1207 1.1151 0.0589 0.0822Sichuan group 30.38 1.3038 1.1303 0.0862 0.1372
Leigongshan 39.03 1.3903 1.2156 0.1344 0.2050Yushe 40.85 1.4085 1.2255 0.1406 0.2144Guizhou group 60.97 1.6097 1.2403 0.1610 0.2593
Rongshui 33.20 1.3320 1.1854 0.1150 0.1751Guangxi group 33.20 1.3320 1.1854 0.1150 0.1751
Maguan 34.21 1.3421 1.2013 0.1222 0.1844Lijiang 34.21 1.3421 1.1982 0.1211 0.1832Yunan group 60.36 1.6036 1.2423 0.1623 0.2606Observed number of alleles (Na), Effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (h), Shannon’s Information index (I)
Table 2: List of ISSR primers used in the studyPrimer code Sequence Length (bp) Tm (oC) PICISSR1 (AG)8C 17 54.7 0.32ISSR2 (AG)8G 17 56.1 0.34ISSR3 (GA)8C 17 48.1 0.22ISSR4 (GA)8A 17 50.2 0.33ISSR5 (CA)8T 17 48.1 0.19ISSR6 (CA)8G 17 52.8 0.21ISSR7 (AC)8C 17 48.1 0.20ISSR8 (AC)8T 17 50.2 0.21ISSR9 (AG)8YT 18 52.8 0.32ISSR10 (AG)8YA 18 50.2 0.18ISSR11 (GA)8YT 18 48.1 0.30ISSR12 (GA)8YG 18 56.0 0.30ISSR13 (CT)8RA 18 41.7 0.18ISSR14 (CA)8RT 18 40.5 0.29ISSR15 (AC)8YA 18 50.2 0.36ISSR16 (GACA)4 16 50.2 0.25ISSR17 (CT)8AGA 19 48.1 0.22ISSR18 GSGG (TG)7T 19 50.2 0.24
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 5
Genetic Distance Analysis
The genetic distance between every two populations ranged from 0.0352 (between Leigongshan and Yushe population) to 0.1502 (between Emei and Maguan population) (Table 5). And, the distance values inside the same province were all less than 0.1 (Fig.1, Table 5). Collectively, differentiation among these populations was not as large as expected. According to the average genetic distance, the Emei of Sichuan province (range from 0.0565 to 0.1502 with a mean=0.1104), Huangzhong of Hubei province (range from 0.0545 to 0.1368 with a mean=0.1023) and Maguan of Yunnan province (range from 0.0802 to 0.1502 with a
mean=0.1023) exhibited a relatively large distance to all other populations.
Cluster Analysis
In the dendrogram generated by UPGMA analysis, 36 samples from 12 populations were clustered into 4 main clusters, A, B, C and D (Fig. 2). Cluster A contained 3 sub-clusters (Emei, Longchi and HongyaGaomiao of Sichuan province), cluster B contained 3 sub-clusters (Lijiang of Yunan province, Xun’en, and other Hubei populations), cluster C contained 3 sub-clusters (Rongshui of Guangxi province, Leigongshan, and other Guizhou populations), and cluster D contained 2 sub-clusters (Badagongshan of Hunan province and Maguan of Yunan province). In general, most samples originated from the same province aggregated together in the same main cluster. Whereas some opposite clustering patterns were found in these areas: Lijiang population of Yunan was closer to the Xun’en population from Hubei, 2 samples from the Leigongshan population of Guizhou were closer to the Rongshui population of Guangxi, and Badagongshan population of Hunan was closer to Maguan population of Yunan.
Genetic structure Analysis
To further assess the reliability and validity of the dendrogram, the genetic structure of P. japonicus populations was then calculated and defined based on the STRUCTURE analysis (Fig. 3). The same number of populations was also identified by the PCA analysis (Fig. 4). The number of
Figure 2: Dendrogram of genetic relatedness of P. japonicus populations
Table 4: Aanlysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) within/among P.japonicus populationsSource df SS MS Est.Var % Fst P‑valueAmong Pops 6 1752.833 350.567 27.191 12.36 0.1898 <0.0010Within Pops 36 5785.722 192.857 192.857 87.64 <0.0010Total 42 7538.555 220.048 100SS: some of square; MS: mean of square; Est. Var: estimated variance
Figure 3: The genetic structure of P. japonicus populations. (A) The most likely number of groups identified by the Evanno’s method. K = 4 showed the highest DeltaK value for all values of K ranging from 3 to 7. (B) Hierarchical organization of the genetic structure. Different colors mean different
groups and the number of groups (K) was set to 4 based on the method of Evanno
BA
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 6
genetic clusters (K) from STRUCTURE showed a peak value at 4 based on the Evanno method, indicating that 4 genetic subdivisions among all 12 populations should be designated (Fig. 3A). The populations from Sichuan province clearly formed a main group, but a certain degree of admixture among Hunan, Yunan and Hubei populations was also found, indicating that genetic structure of P. japonicus in these provinces was complex (Fig. 3B). These results were confirmed in the PCA result, where similar differentiation patterns among regional populations were showed (Fig. 4). In particular, the overlapping zones across Hunan, Yunan, and Hubei populations explained the possible genetic heterozygosity among these P. japonicus groups (Fig. 4). Thus, the STRUCTURE and PCA analyses supported the UPGMA clustering results, which also indicated that environmental factors across different geographic regions might have a significant impact on the genetic structure among P. japonicus populations.
DISCUSSION
Panax species are known for their slow-growing and long-lived perennial life traits, which are probably under the more stringent selection pressure compared to other short-lived dicotyledons during the long historical evolution [22]. A report by Li et al., which showed a high level of genetic diversity (h=0.289) of P. ginseng in northeast China, provided evidence for the high degree of genetic variation under the stringent environmental pressure [23]. However, there are also some Panax species, such as P. stipuleanatus in northwest Vietnam [24], showing a relatively lower level of genetic diversity (h=0.235), which suggests the potential divergence due to different regional conditions or different
Figure 4:PCA analyses for P. japonicus populations Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed
by the adegenet package of R to show a summary of the genetic relationship among P. japonicus populations. PC1
and PC2 are shown here
Tabl
e 5:
Gen
etic
dis
tanc
e am
ong
12 p
opul
atio
nsPo
pula
tions
Xua
n’en
Qiz
imei
shan
Hua
zhon
gB
ada
gong
shan
Em
eiL
ongc
hiH
ongy
aG
aom
iao
Leig
ongs
han
Yush
eR
ongs
hui
Mag
uan
Liji
ang
Xua
n’en
Qiz
imei
shan
0.06
76H
uazh
ong
0.09
170.
0545
Bad
agon
gsha
n0.
0963
0.06
920.
1112
Emei
0.11
460.
1005
0.13
680.
1259
Long
chi
0.07
350.
0543
0.09
140.
0785
0.05
65H
ongy
aGao
mia
o0.
0950
0.07
610.
1132
0.09
470.
0945
0.04
98Le
igon
gsha
n0.
0890
0.06
810.
1041
0.07
230.
0950
0.05
270.
0739
Yush
e0.
0862
0.05
010.
0914
0.05
990.
1049
0.05
810.
0752
0.03
52R
ongs
hui
0.10
190.
0841
0.11
770.
0880
0.10
980.
0658
0.06
800.
0444
0.06
92M
agua
n0.
1103
0.08
460.
1175
0.08
260.
1502
0.09
910.
1101
0.08
630.
0802
0.11
59Li
jiang
0.06
850.
0543
0.09
540.
0800
0.12
510.
0770
0.09
270.
0701
0.05
810.
0944
0.09
51
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 7
climate types for the genus Panax. In this study, lower genetic diversity of P. japonicus was found in 6 provinces of southern China (h varied from 0.0862 to 0.1623). This is possibly due to the fact that wild P. japonicus plants are very rare and cannot be easily reproduced by the artificial propagation, which may severely limit the average degree of genetic diversity of P. japonicus and favor the formation of endemic populations in China.
However, Guizhou and Yunan provinces, two famous traditional growing regions of wild P. japonicus in China [16], showed relatively higher diversity parameters (h=0.1610 and h=0.1623) than the mean value (Table 3). This result seems to be attributed to the effect of human disturbance. A previous study also reported that underground rhizomes of wild P. japonicus were widely collected for medicinal use in Guizhou and Yunan due to their genuine medicinal materials[7]. Thus, the influence of human disturbance on P. japonicus populations and its potential consequences in affecting the geographic distribution facilitates to a certain level of genetic diversity, especially in the traditional growing regions.
The genetic structure of the population reveals elaborate interactions among species with regard to their evolutionary history, natural selection, mutation and recombination [25]. Thus, an understanding of the genetic structure of P. japonicus is a prerequisite for effective conservation and sustainable use of this germplasm for breeding. In this study, the STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the entire P. japonicus population was divided into 4 groups (Fig. 3). Group I included all populations from Sichuan. Group II included populations from Guizhou and Guangxi. Group III mixed different genetic components of Hunan, Yunan and Hubei populations. Group IV included main populations from Hubei.
The similar genetic relationships were also identified in the PCA analysis, which showed a clear differentiation between Sichuan clusters and others (Fig. 4). Most Sichuan populations are located in the Sichuan basin with a subtropical marine climate, but other populations are located in the transitional climate zone between continental and marine climate. There is a large difference in light, temperature and rainfall conditions between these two regions [26], which can explain a broad amount of genetic variance between Sichuan populations and others.
In addition, Maguan and Lijiang populations, which are from the same province (Yunnan), are also genetically distinct. In our field investigation, we exploited the fact that different soil types may induce the genetic differentiation between Maguan and Lijiang populations. Soils in Maguan are usually brown, yellow, or dark, and are barren, thin, and acidic. Soils in Lijiang, in contrast, are of better quality and are mainly red, of which soil layer is deep, enabling the retention of water and fertilizer [27]. Thus, we proposed
that P. japonicus populations might respond differently to environmental factors (such as climate and soil conditions) due to local adaption, which mediated genetic difference among populations.
Although environmental factors clearly contribute to the population divergence in P. japonicus, the genetic structure of some populations may be strongly impacted by other reasons such as historical genetic mixing. For example, Badagongshan and Xun’en were respectively established as two important National Nature Reserves (NNRs) since the late 1980s in China [3]. Many precious natural resources including Panax species had been introduced into these regions from other authentic traditional areas such as Yuan province, which potentially caused the strong relatedness among P. japonicus populations. As shown in Figure 3, most populations from Badagongshan and Xuan’en share similar proportions of genetic components with Maguang and Lijiang populations in Yunan, which seems to be attributable to the historical mixing.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, the extent of genetic variations and populations divergence of P. japonicus was shown in this study, which is useful for further investigations on those species for regional conservation and pharmaceutical use as valuable natural medicinal resources. In particular, the utilization of wild materials was the benefit to determine the role of local environmental factors in defining the genetic relationship and population structure. However, the limited individuals and population numbers collected in some regions might cause a negative effect. In our future study, more wild populations and more types of molecular markers should be collected and utilized in order to explore the complex interactions between genetic diversity and environmental variables for P. japonicus.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
Not applicable.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Not applicable.
COMPETING INTERESTS
We would like to state that there is no conflict of interest relative to the paper.
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 8
FUNDING
Hubei Provincial Department of Education Plan for Science & Technology Project.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
Ran Xu drafted the manuscript. Jia Song performed the laboratory work. Ying Zhang and Guang Wang collected the samples. Ran Xu and Shaopeng Zhang involved in planning the experiment and data interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support of Hubei Provincial Department of Education Plan for Science & Technology Project (Q20171705).
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23. Li S, Li J, Yang XL, Cheng Z, Zhang WJ. Genetic diversity and differentiation of cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) populations in North-east China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2011;58:815–24.
24. Le NT, Mien NT, Tien T Van, Ket N Van, Nong VD. Genetic diversity of Panax stipuleanatus Tsai in North Vietnam detected by inter- simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Biotechnol Equip. 2016;30:1–6.
25. Li M, Zhong Z, Miao X, Zhou J. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Siberian apricot(Prunus sibiricaL.) in China. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;15:377–400.
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Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 9
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
11
10
10
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
01
10
00
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
10
11
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
01
01
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
01
01
00
11
10
11
00
01
11
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
11
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
10
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
01
11
01
10
10
10
01
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
10
00
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
10
00
00
11
10
11
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: Pre
sent
/abs
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
of th
e po
lym
orph
ic lo
ci a
mon
g al
l sam
ples
from
the
ISSR
am
plifi
catio
n pr
oduc
ts
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 10
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
11
00
01
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
01
11
01
00
00
00
00
11
10
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
10
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
11
01
11
00
00
11
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
11
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
11
00
10
10
10
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 11
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
11
00
00
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
01
01
10
00
00
11
10
11
00
01
00
00
11
10
00
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
01
10
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
10
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
11
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
11
10
11
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
00
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
11
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
10
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 12
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
00
01
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
11
01
11
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
10
11
11
10
01
11
11
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
00
10
11
11
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
01
00
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
11
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
01
01
11
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
01
11
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
11
01
10
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
10
01
01
11
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
01
00
10
00
00
10
00
00
01
10
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
11
01
01
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
10
00
00
10
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 13
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
11
11
10
11
01
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
11
10
00
11
10
11
11
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
11
11
11
10
11
11
11
11
11
01
00
10
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
11
11
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
10
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
11
01
01
00
00
00
01
11
00
01
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
10
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
11
01
00
00
01
11
10
01
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
10
10
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
10
11
11
10
11
11
11
11
11
10
11
11
11
11
10
11
11
11
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
10
01
10
01
10
00
11
01
00
00
00
11
10
11
10
11
11
11
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
10
11
11
00
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
10
10
11
11
01
10
00
00
01
00
10
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 14
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
10
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
10
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
01
10
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
01
00
01
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
11
11
11
10
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
11
11
01
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
01
11
11
11
10
11
10
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
10
01
00
00
00
00
11
01
10
10
00
00
10
01
00
00
01
01
11
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
10
10
00
10
11
01
10
11
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
11
00
11
11
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
11
10
11
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
01
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
01
10
11
00
00
01
01
10
10
10
00
00
01
11
01
10
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
01
01
11
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 15
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
10
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
10
01
00
00
11
10
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
10
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
11
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
11
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
11
11
11
00
00
00
10
11
01
01
10
10
11
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
10
00
11
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
11
00
00
00
01
00
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
10
11
10
01
11
11
11
10
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
00
01
10
00
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 16
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
01
00
11
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
11
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
01
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
01
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 17
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
01
11
00
11
11
10
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
11
00
10
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
01
01
11
10
11
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
11
01
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
10
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
11
00
01
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
11
10
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
00
00
10
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 18
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
11
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
10
01
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
10
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
01
00
00
11
11
11
00
01
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
11
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
10
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
01
11
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
10
01
00
01
10
00
00
11
11
10
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 19
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
11
11
00
00
11
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
11
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 20
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
10
01
01
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
10
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
10
00
10
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
11
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
11
10
10
11
11
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
11
11
11
00
10
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 21
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
10
00
01
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
00
01
01
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
11
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
01
10
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
01
10
01
01
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
10
00
00
01
01
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 22
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
01
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
10
00
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
01
10
11
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
01
11
00
00
01
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
01
10
00
00
00
11
10
11
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
10
10
11
10
00
00
11
01
00
10
10
10
00
10
01
10
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
00
10
10
10
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 23
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
11
01
10
11
00
00
11
10
01
11
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
10
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
10
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
10
10
01
00
00
01
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
00
10
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
01
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
10
00
11
10
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
11
01
00
00
00
00
11
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 24
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
00
00
00
01
10
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
11
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
01
11
11
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
10
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
11
10
00
00
00
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
11
01
10
11
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
10
10
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
11
00
01
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
10
10
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
11
10
11
11
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
11
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
01
11
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
10
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
10
00
00
01
11
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
(Con
td...
)
Song,et al.: Genetic Diversity and Population structure of Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Mey
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 1 25
SCem3
SCem2
SCem1
SClc3
SClc2
SClc1
SChygm3
SChygm2
SChygm1
GXrs3
GXrs2
GXrs1
GZlgs3
GZlgs2
GZlgs1
GZys3
GZys2
GZys1
HNbdgs3
HNbdgs2
HNbdgs1
YNmg3
YNmg2
YNmg1
YNlj3
YNlj2
YNlj1
HBxe3
HBxe2
HBxe1
HBqzms3
HBqzms2
HBqzms1
HBhz3
HBhz2
HBhz1
00
00
00
00
01
11
01
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
10
01
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
10
00
00
01
11
00
01
11
10
11
10
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
10
10
00
00
01
11
01
10
00
10
00
00
11
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
01
01
00
11
10
11
00
10
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
11
01
10
00
00
00
11
10
00
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
10
00
00
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
11
11
00
00
00
00
00
11
01
11
00
01
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
10
01
00
00
11
00
00
00
00
10
11
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
01
10
00
00
01
11
00
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
Tabl
e S1
: (C
ontin
ued)
