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Chinese pirates of late 18 th Century. Chinese divided the water world into ‘Outer sea’ and ‘inner sea’ Inner sea: Network of canals and channels connecting streams and rivers Between mountains of interior and outer sea. On land were two groups People of the plains - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CHINESE PIRATES OF LATE 18TH
CENTURY
Chinese divided the water world into
‘Outer sea’ and ‘inner sea’
Inner sea: Network of canals
and channels connecting streams and rivers
Between mountains of interior and outer sea
On land were two groups People of the plains
Rice farmers and merchants Hill people
Moved into settled land therefore lived in hills
Both groups had lived there for generations Buried ancestors in family plots
Despised water people as an inferior race of humans
Water people or Tanka Earned living exclusively on the
water
Lived in single ship units Along coast of Kwangtung province in inner sea Among water ways and more than 700 islands
Expert boatmen Had practiced piracy seasonally
Summer headed north for small scale piracy/smuggling
Winter headed south for fishing Imperial court looked inwards not outwards Tanka as a whole little or no contact with
land people Poor No land person could be trusted
Until end of 1700s
1790ish Kwangtung region
outgrown ability to feed itself
Everyone needed additional means of support
1760 Qing authorities Made canton made only
port through which foreign goods could enter
Barred Iron trade to Vietnam
Tankas one legitimate possibility of expansion
Last part of the shift to grand scale piracy Conflict in Vietnam Three different groups
One supported by China Qing backed faction captured Tanka with wife
and children Ch’en T’ien-pao
Persuaded them to act as pirate and fight for them
Very successful Totally Virtuous Marquis
Continued success General Pao, Virtuous Marquis Eventually his faction recognized as
emperor of Vietnam by China Chief responsibility organize pirates
100s of ships Pirates got safe harbor and access for
merchant in exchange for 20 – 40% to Government
Emperor died Eventually son succeeded to throne But factions had developed all with
own pirates Great Governor General who controls
Each Branch of the Naval Force Destroy or incorporate all pirates
Pirates who didn’t join left and headed to China
Qing distracted by rebellions on land Eventually had to respond Ships stationed to attack pirates as soon as
they entered Chinese waters Chinese sailors afraid and didn’t attack
Pacification next step Amnesty and reward to pirates who turned
themselves in Return to home village Join army Settle inland with a start up subsidy
1,700 turned themselves in
Either 1,700 was just a small part or they all returned to sea
Problems got worse Emperor overthrown in Vietnam General Pao
Surrended to Quing Fleet dissolved
Followers either captured and killed or returned to inner sea
But….
While they had been away Tanka in Inner sea had grown more powerful
Multiple ‘families’ grew attacking and competing
Eventually they gathered themselves into seven ‘families’ One soon surrendered to authorities
Different colors red, black, white, green, blue, and yellow
Anyone operating outside attacked and killed
Red flag fleet leader died wife took over
“Dragon Lady” Cheng I Sao (wife of Cheng I)
Ching Shih Married husbands
adopted son – Chang Pao 300 ships 20,000-40,000
men All together
1,800 ship 70,000 men by 1809
Eventually the Chinese authorities turned to the problem of the pirates
After several major battles and failed attempts to destroy the pirates
Or encourage them to come in Leader of Black Fleet asked
Portuguese in Macao to broker a deal with Qing
Dragon lady cut a deal with British Leave them alone if they left her alone
She then went to talk to Qing authorities Meanwhile her fleet
continued to attack mainland
Authorities in China gave her everything she asked for
Red and Black Fleet worked with navy
Within a year organized piracy over
main leaders retired
WAR OF 1812
PIRATES AND PRIVATEERS?
FIRST THE PIRATE Jean Laffite first appeared in
New Orleans in 1803
Born in Marseilles,
Bordeaux, St. Domingue
1803 New Orleans became part of the United States
Americans, including new governor William C. C. Claiborne
Upset at Creoles' toleration of smuggling
Governor issued a $500 reward for the Laffite’s arrest
Within a week new posters appeared
offering $1500 to anyone who delivered Governor Claiborne to Barataria signed, Jean Laffite.
Barataria home to buccaneers and fishermen Laffite organized them into a company of privateers
and smugglers
Men numbered one thousand, came from many countries included navigators, gunners, carpenters, cooks,
sailmakers, and riggers Devised laws to protect the men and their women from
lawless rampages Prohibited his men from attacking American ships Death penalty for violation of this rule.
Ships sailed under letters of marque from Cartagena republic of Columbia fighting for its independence
from Spain Plundered cargoes of Spanish and English ships Two years after the United States declared war
on England in 1812 dingy from the Sophia and sailed into Barataria under a white flag British officers Lockyer and McWilliams
Offered Lafitte land, gold, and a commission in the Royal Navy
Laffite told them he would give them his answer in two weeks
Went to offer his help to New Orleans
Governor rejected Laffite's offer. Laffite sought out Andrew Jackson
Initially against any offer from the "hellish banditti," Reassessed after Laffite offered him two things he
desperately needed: 7,500 flints with powder and 1,000 fighting men
President Madison pardoned Laffite and his men for their bravery
New Orleanians became less accepting of smugglers
1817, established a new colony on Galveston Island 1821, American Navy delivered an ultimatum:
leave or be blown to bits. Under cover of darkness, Laffite slipped away after
setting fire to his stronghold.
AND NOW THE NAVAL OFFICER ?
PRIVATEER ?PIRATE ?
OF THE PACIFIC
COMMODORE DAVID PORTER
Porters father American Privateer in revolutionary war
196 age 16 Porter joined his father on Merchant ships to Caribbean
Joined Early American navy On board Philadelphia when ran
aground in Tripoli Taken prisoner More of this later
After being freed remained in the region
Had command of two ships Returned to America Married 1808 Commander of naval station in New
Orleans Not enough excitement Headed North to New York
USS ESSEX
Made through public subscription in 1799 in Salem Porter took control 1811
Along came war of 1812 Few small prizes, modicum of fame First American ship to take British warship
Alert Only 8 minutes
Porter wanted more than easy victory he wanted grand prizes
So far so good a loyal trusted naval officer
Begins to blur the lines October 28 1812 left Delaware Orders: Rendezvous with other ships in
south Atlantic Never able to do so
“It became absolutely necessary to depart from the letter on my instructions”
Decided to go around cape into Pacific
Kept it secret from his men
When they realize wrote note for men
SAILORS AND MARINES A large increase of the enemy’s forces compels us to abandon a coast, that will neither afford us security nor supplies; nor are there any inducements for a longer continuance there . . .
The Pacific ocean affords us many friendly ports. The unprotected British commerce, on the coast of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, will give you an abundant supply of wealth; and the girls of he Sandwich Islands, shall reward you for your sufferings during the passage around Cape Horn
Initially trip went well
But Cape attacked, as it attacked many before including Drake
Eventually Became first American warship in the pacific
Met with American Whale ship – Charles
Learned British and Spanish ships captured two American whale ships
Porter spotted Spanish ship Raised British Flag and
approached (?) Removed all arms and ammunition and
sent it to Lima Do no more harm to American Shipping
Learned from American captains that there were at least 20 British whale Ships in the region
Cargo fetch $200,000 each New plan capture whale ships
and sell them at profit (?) Painted Essex to look like
Spanish Merchant vessel (?) Headed off in pursuit
Several weeks no look
April 29th saw sail Raised British
Flag (?) Took the Montezuma British whale ship Big prize New note to men
SAILORS AND MARINES Fortune has a length smiled on us, because we deserved her smiles, and the first time she enabled us to display free trade and sailor’s rights, assisted by your good conduct, she put in our possession nearly half a million of the enemy’s property
Continued to take British whale men
Burned three ships Sold a couple kept the rest Took 12 in all Eventually British warships caught
up with him Tried to run
Strong wind snapped mainmast British caught him and he
surrendered
So was Porter
Naval officer ?
Privateer ? Pirate?