Chinese and Sanskrit (Hindi)

8/8/2019 Chinese and Sanskrit (Hindi)

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N O T E S A N D Q U E R I E S .abdi-he Ch o u o r T a r t a r E m p e r o r jl

cated in 579, andtook the t i t le of ^ -^8j| ^v Hereintroduced images of B ud -hd a an d Lao-tsz, and. gave a g r an d p op ular

entertainment , in w h i ch he himself figuredbetween the two gods. On the death of thissilly fellow, Y un g K i en (May er s N o. 889)came to the f ront , and caused the last of theTartars jj|p ^*] to for m al ly r e in t r od uceb ot h B u d d h i s m and Tao ism, People wereallowed full freedom in religious mat tersfrom this t ime. In the year 581 the Choudynasty ceased to reign. T h u s , from th eaccession o f _ t h e To bas in A .D . 386, to thedow nfall of Ts ' i and C hou , ( the tw o Tartardynasties built up on the divided Tobapower) , that part of m od er n Chi n a N o r t h ofof the Yang-tsz had been almost uninterrup-tedly under Tartar government for two cen-turies. In addi t ion to .this, the Hun dy-n as t y of ^jj U J j j j and the Wet her Hun ,Tangent , and Tibetan dynast ies, previouslydescribed, had direct ly ruled in the mo dernShen Si, Kan Suh, Shan Si, and Chi h Li

even s in ce A . D , 3 0 4 . Y an g K i en fo l low edth e perniciou s exam ple started by the N a n -k i n g Ts'i dy nasty in A .D. 479, and followedby the Tartar dynast ies o f Ts ' i and C ho u:he massacred the w h o l e ^p ^ race. Inth e y ear 597 it is m en t i on ed that th e Chi-nese envoy at $fr J'U, near th e m od er n* v?\ /It r^ |~ ;>Pakhoi, inspired such confidence in 4 j ! s ^g |B,th e native prefect o f that place, that hecame in person to C o u r t . It is dist inct lystated that this man was a chief [Q1 f^]of th e b ar b ar i an s i%j& ],so hat hefact that th e coun t r y sou t h of the Mei-lingwas, unt i l th e close of the 6th c e n t u r y atleast, only a congeries of colonies, may nowbe definitely accepted.

Note.In sup p or t o f a suggestion madein this paper that the Jou-Jan and theShen-shen are the same Tartars, i t may bement ioned that th e L o u - L a n ikm |S andShen-shen are kno w n to be the sam e people;and probably the J and the L are bothat tempts to produce a T u r k i s h R .

E . H . P A r K E R .

N O T E S A N D Q U E R I E S .N O T E S -

T he G ov er n or of Che Kiang posi t ivelycan n ot send hi s fu l l a m o u n t o f aids [fj$|]to other Provinces, since th e likin o n silkan d mulberries ha s fallen off so badly, o naccount of the unfavourable weather. Hoca n on ly un d er t ake to send hi s con t i n g en t ,and his aids to Kashgarian an d M a n c h u r i a ndefence [j|| ^ g^]. He says that thel i k i n on s i lkw or m s an d trees am oun t s t oalmost as m u c h as all the other likin of theProvince.

T he Hangchow Silk Commissioner re-states his accoun t s fo r 1882-83. He hasreceived from th e Treasurer Tls. 8,000,

56,793 and 42,000 from the landtax of 1881,1882, an d 1883 respectively, an d Tls. 57,529likin. Balance f rom last year Tls. 1,814.Balance carried forward Tls. 8,175. T he37 2 silk an d crape coats ar e Tls. 4,926 aslast time: the ^gjj ^ are Tls. 22,802.T he Reven ue Board takes 6,000 catties o ffloss at Tls. 74,140, and 228 pieces o f K a n -suh. !H at Tls. 5,504. Sz Ch'uan'sshare is Tls. 24,285; handkerchiefs 5 apiece as before. The $ $ f c takes 200sheets of plain and 200 sheets of gold paper ,an d 20 0 kerchiefs at Tls. 3,568. Eighteenembroideries for Imperia l use cost Tls. 5,764;then 460 pieces of silk Tls. 7,696; mo resilk coats and floss Tls. 3,571; gauze Tls,884, Total, Tls. 157,962,


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50 T H E C H I N A R E V I E W .It is proposed to move the Manchu garrisonfrom Palikun, and to amalgamate it w i t h

that o f Urumtsi . The mili tary lands thusvacated will be devoted to the su pport ofth e Chinese troops there. It is also proposedto strengthen th e Manchu garr ison at K u -ch'eng by removing the families of Man- chu soldiers from Kweihwa Ch'eng.

T he Customs Superintendent at Kalganshould collect Tls, 20,004 J g andTls.40,555 of ' extra' every year. Since .Ru s-sian teas ceased (after th e Treaties) to payduty there, receipts have gone down, an dlast year only Tls. 38,030 w ere collected inal l instead of Tls. 60,500. [This informa-tion will supplement a recent Chinese Noteon the subject]. He applies to be alloweda s usual' 40 per cent, of the Tls. 22,500short collected. [If he is able to pay up60 per cent, of this, i,e. over Tls. 12,000,he must pocket large irregular profits].

T he Ningpo foreign customs fund has topay a sum towar ds suppor t ing envoys ab-road [{j[| df |?g .||]. Its Peking con-tingent is still fixed at Tls. 200,000 fromthis fund .

The heroes o f Chinese plays arc perform ed'b y the , whoare divided into J -^yjl and |(, according to the parts theyplay, like our first' and walking' gentle-man. T he female characters ar e alwaysperformed by the Q_ , of whom there arevery similar subdivisions. The }|& taketh e parts o f ghosts, great criminals, mons-ters, savages, &c,, and paint their facesblack an d red. T he favorite roles ofthieves, clowns, &c., ar e taken by the -J.Finally th e lowest comedy is per for med bythe - , who act the parts ofbeasts, rustics,and persons of low degree.

T he Empir e of Yao, S hun , and Yu is ex-plicitly stated never to have extended eastan d west farther than th e [China] sea andthe borders of the Shen S i deser t ; the tr ibes

north and sou th who desired interco urse goti t , but no compulsion was used ,D u r i n g th e reign of Han Wu Ti theYellow I t iver burst it s b a n k s at ^ jJ||,f , but was, after 20 years' delay, repaired.

D u r i n g the r e ign o f T H * r f j * it bur s t itsb a n k s at the m od er n ^ ( J j j j j j , and divideditself in to tw o branches, o ne for ming th emodern te'j River at tha t city. N o stepswere taken, and, shortly after, it b u r s tagain at the modern fej^ IKS, in consequenceo f which the Wei River, w hi ch ha d enteredthe sea in a north-w esterly direction, ceasedto flow. [The first occasion on which thegreat bank bur s t w as B.C. 167, at themodern Yenching Dis t r ic t nor th o f K'ai-f u n g Fu. This great bank [ [$] hadbeen successively bui l t u p and maintainedfo r t h o u s a n d s o f years from th e m od er nJ u n g - y a n g in Ho N an to the j^r '{pjdis-trict (now otherw ise cal led) in Chi-nan Fu,Shan Tu ng. A n army was raised in orderto repair it]. In the reign of fifr


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N O T E S A N D Q U E R I E S . 51A s a n i n s t a n c e o f terri toria l organizat ion

w e find t h a t '/"[' ^ d i s t r i c t , n e a r Sh a n g h a i ,has 440 jSjjl, o r h u n d re d s , e a ch o f w h i c h issubdivided in to ten o r m o r e fp o r t i th ings .In the d i s t r i c t o f Y u n g - c h i a ( W e n c h o w )there are over 50 :$^, each s u b d iv id e d in tof ive U g l , and the headm en are us ually calledlH\ TF* or, i f riverine, "^ Jjg. In someparts o f Ki a n g Su t h e h e a d m e n are calledj^| , In K i a n g - y i n it has been cus-t o ma ry t o compel la n d o w n e rs t o s e rv e a s ,h e a d m e n [E J 3 j^l in t u r n , m a k i n g t h e mresponsible fo r t a x e s , In Y u n g - c h i a , b e-sides th e w o r k i n g h e a d m e n , o r KK it ^t h e re are g e n t l e m e n spokesmen called $KIE and |$ sE

There is a d e p a r t m e n t (i n either th e Bo a rdof Re v e n u e , or the H o u s e h o l d ) at P e k i n g ,called the J|J ||| )J, w hich does not ap-pear to be m e n t i o n e d in Ma y e rs ' ChineseGovernment. One of the Silk Commissioners[? H a n g c h o w] s e n d s T ls . 2 7 ,0 0 0 to thisoffice, b e i n g u n s p e n t mo n e y s v o t e d to silkpur veyanc e for the year 1879, and paid into him by the Provincial Treasurer in f o u ra n n u a l i n s t a lme n t s .

A f tjt^j - ^ p i s a modest card usedb y a senior, just as the j u n i o r w o u l d use aj[jj| if i j j j j j -jp. If he desires to be verypolite hemaysay j /jr |jj,lj -

T he igij ^( officials have been previouslydescribed. It nowappears that J| $j*pjj and J 3 J 5 CJ3 ar e candidates fo r th isstatus. Ot h e r expectant taotais and pre-fects aretaken from Fff ^ + Bfr fff% J l > * |~J l* K^*' 1*an d f ro m yj Jj[ ^ J^f. It t akesall the above about 10 years to receive anappointment . Seventy pe r cent, of all tao-tais andprefects come from || JJj( J j j j f ^,and 30 per cent , from Distr ic t Magistra tes ,under th e present system; and all the 70pe r cent, begin as Hanlins, or junior c lerks ,at ' the Boards, or as metropoli tan graduatesT he rule with regard to : ^

(2nd class assistant) is that 5E , $|ft ~~ * f f l j f >o r ' five vacancies make a ro u n d ofdistribu-tion ;' No s . 1 and 3 are ^ ijgf|; Nos. 2and 4are^ ||| andNo.5 is Tj2jijif.Senior and second secretaries [p||J t|l andPI ^i* I?i53 by rule are taken one by onein the above order. Some t i m e ago theCensorate wished to have two ^ |M, andto ma k e ' f o u r v a c a n c i e s o n e round' b y

m a k i n g each of the & $@ alternate witha ^ ijj^j anda j|]|. ButtheBoardobjected t h a t this last category consisted o fp u rc h a s e rs [-ff|] as well as examinees.[H E ~ v f e ~ ^ ' N ow that purchase is abolished,an d there are, therefore, fewer in thiscategory, it is suggested that the senior andsecond secretaries be pu t on the same foot-ing as the assistant secretaries.

A n o t h e r rule is that only three ff] j=^ca n be re c o mme n d e d at a t ime. Fo r someyears , however, th e Foreign, Office ha s beenignoring this rule..

T he b i t k e s h i , o r w ri ters , of the Mo u k d e nBo a rd s ar e recrui ted from m e n w h o havepurchased rank or been (nominally) ex-a mi n e d . A s both classes are incompetent,an d y o u n g m en w hose fa thers have donee mi n e n t service [Jg3 /fe] are not admitted,i t i s no w requested that th e Ba n n e r chujengraduates , o f w h o m there are 300 at Mouk-den, m a y b e allowed to compete, in thesame w a y a s n o w a t Peking they ar e allowedto compete for bitkeshi and ^ | appoint-ments . It appears that at Mo u k d e n thereare 60 M a n c h u , 3 Mo n g o l , and 24 Chinese-Ba n n e r b i t k e s h i . In the ordinary course o fpromotion, these clerks become secretaries,and u n d e r secretaries.

T he Chinese statement that all Tartartribes [^|j] worship thej||| ^jlj, andthattheir t rys t ing place, capital, or city, is thencecalled by the generic name of |= jjjjjj m ayyet t u r n out to have historical significance.

M r. Ross' statement that' w h a t is usuallywrit ten Khan in English, or rather in


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T H E CHINA R E V I E W .French, w hence i t w as tak en, is nev er sowritten by the Chinese, from w h o m i t w ast rans la t ed ; it is a l ways kokan ' is too bol d .Kubl a i Khan , w hen ca ll ed K han a t all, isalways called fiQ JJ\ ffi , and in allrecent Memorials ^ p w a s used for theprinces about Yakoob Beg . W e have often.seen ^- used alone: e.g. Jl ^-J- ' theirK h a n : ' in fact, except in Will iams' dic-t i onary , we hav e ne ver seen 'tij' y^p atall. S ee also Mayer s ' Chinese Government,page 83.

T he 'bear's liver,' which M r. Ross saysw o m e n in t rava i l take, is evidently j|jjij JJ||,which probably bears th e same* relation tobear's gall (not to say liver) that the bear'sgrease o f British barbers does to hog's la rd .

* Inverse relat ions? i.e. The o ne is verylittle bear's gall th e other is ver y muchhog's l a r d .ED.M r. Ross ' account of the Co rean rules of

euphony is interesting. That b g at the endof a w o r d are p k is a fact , no t only inCorean but in m o d e r n G e r m a n and ancientSanskrit. Many Chinese transpose / and nas obstinately as the Coreans. All thatM r. Ross says about euphony fal ls underwhat is in Sanskrit called Sa n d h i , and thewhol e hu man r ace seems to have similarinstincts in this regard . T he con fus i on o fsi a an d sh a still exists in at least o neChinese dialect. M r. Boss is q ui te wr ongin suppos ing that th e sof ten ing o f ying o rking into ching life] ha s a n y t h i n g to dowith Manchus . A ll o v e r H u k w a n g , Yiin-k w e i , S z C h ' u a n , an d a l mos t ever ywher ewher e ' m a n d a r i n ' is spoken but Ho Nanan d N a n k i n g , th e initial is soft. It is softeven in C hekiang . M r. Ross' views upondz , s z, &c., (page 386) appear to us cr ude .He seems to assume, as m a n y do , t h a t o u row n standard of vowels and co nsona nts isanything bu t ar b i t r a r y . It is quite easy tosa y d z w i t h o u t an y vow el whatever .

D u r i n g th e reign of the Han E m p e r o rKing-Ti, th e land- t ax remitted by his f a t h e r

was again imposed one halfjffl ], in addition to which over three per-cent , t r a n s f e r fees [? ^ -t* jffi ;K ]were charged.

W h a t is called Guna in Sanskri t exists inEnglish as well as in the F o o c h o w dialect,an d in exactly th e same way . Fo r instance,th e short a in c an 'takes G u n a ' and be-comes can't (cahnt). The moder n Amer i -canism can't is an out r age upon the ' laws'of language. So the u in do ( for letterscannot affect sounds) is changed by G u n af r o m I du not to I don't ( d o u g h n t ) . S o fa ris this true that from th e w o r d won't it ispossible to lay d o w n that th e original wordmust have been I w u l l , and not I wil l .

T he system o f da t ing from th e beginn ingof an Emper or ' s nien hao, or reigning style[$ 7C H ^ Sill began wi th the HanE m p e r o r W u . I t w a s u n d e r this E m p e r o rthat commu nica tions wi th Ind ia a n d CentralAsia were first opened , and h is innu mer abl ethough devas ta t ing conq ues ts may be com-pared to those of Csesar and Pom pey, whoflourished a generation later.

The C anton Vicer oy says that th e q u i n -q uennia l sur veys of grassy levels have beenneglected during th e past 3 0 year s , dur ingwhich t ime th e receipts have amounted toTls. 222,000, of which Tls. 150,000 havebeen spent in suppressing local risings. Inth e five riverine magistracies there ar e74,731 mu, say15,000, acres of j|j[ |fj JJJ,[evidently th e 'grassy' levels o f a pr eviousNote}, and now term ed also jjt1 & or' unripe. ' There are only 147 mu, or say30 acres, of ' ripe' (or w h a t we previouslytermed ' r ec l a imed ' ) levels. It is proposedby him to w h i t e w a s h th e neglect of the past30 years and to start afresh, collect taxes,remeasure regularly, an d turn over a newleaf . Taxes should be paid and the landq uoted as taxable [ft ill] wh en 'ripe':remitted when th e barriers fall in ; cultiva-tion for b idden wher e th e cur r en t is obstruo-


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N O T E S A N D Q U E R I E S .ted ; and confiscation im p o s e d for clandestinec u l t iv a t io n . The term & fH or ' s u b -merged flats' seems to be applied to allalike.

The J|| f sof r e q u e n t l y m e n t io n e d inChinese h is to r y c a n n o t we l l b e a c o m e t , ass ta te d b y D r . Wi l l ia m s u n d e r th e n a m e o fS3 Jg T h e r e are 53 m e n t i o n s of th e s enebu lae (?), and 17 of co m et s [fi!f |||].T he c o m m e n ta to r s s ta te that o n a c c o u n t o ftheir f r e q u e n c y they are more s in is ter than

The term (j| Sj" ^ o r i g i n a t ed w i t hth e Ts'in D y n a s t y , fo r e v e ry e n e m y 's he a do ne step [j^] in rank [ ] was ther e wa r d .

T h e V ice ro y o f Sz C h 'w a n m e n t io n s c er -tain military tenures in W[ yj Su b - p r e -fecture . Ma rr ied soldiers L l a * ~J~] get30 mu on which they pay an annual tax ofa little o v e r 2 L- one , or a tr if le morethan seven gills [ -A- ] of r ice the mu. Un-married soldiers [ B3 ~ J ~ ] pay the s a m etax, bu t only receive 15 m u o f l a n d . T hee n c a m p m e n t or lines are called |gg Sot & .

M r . K l e in wa c h te r 's s p e c u l a t io n s as to therelation of Chinese to Sanskrit n u m e r a l s arei n g e n i o u s . It is we l l k n o w n , h o w e v e r, th a t1 or 7 is the letter e of e k a h , one ; 2 is dvofdvau , two ; 3 is tr of trayah, three ; 4 is ch,c h a t v a r a h , f o u r ; 5 is p ofpaucha, five. Forthe old f o r m s see Max Muller's G r a m m a r ,and com pare Tu rkish num erals . Possiblythe C h in e s e ma tsz may have been derivedf rom the H in d u s .

The act of m a r r y in g (or b u y i n g ) a c o n -c u b in e p e n d in g e n g a g e m e n t to a l e g i t im a tew i f e [J|S J|J ?] is a p u n is h a b l eoffence,

The sentence E^ j| }$ $B9in the annals of the Han E m p e r o r Su a nshews that for 2,000 years at least the landedproperty of brothers has been separately

o w n e d : it also shews that f r o m a n c ie n tt imes d ivis ion has been thought less respec-table than tenancy in c o m m o n .

A r e p u b l ic a n g o v e r n m e n t w as t he earliestk n o w n toC h i n a [S. *| 5T ] v inwh ic h th e s u c c e s s io n we n t to the ablestc i t i zen [*jg $^ ]. Butthesemi-m y th ic a l e m p ir e of the - ||| or

w as h e r e d i ta r y [^- 9E 3C ^C i* ] ' inw h i c h th e succession went to the d e s c e n d -a n ts [3J |# $ -f- ] ThephrasetiT Ul {Si W Jjfi m e a n s ' a c c o r d in g toIT T -" i"vr ^ i - ath e kwan, o r p u b l i c f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t , th esuccession w e n t to th e w o r th ie s t . ' Se e N o .4 8 o f M r . Ba l f o u r ' s D ia l o g u e s .

T he f o l lo w i n g w o r d s from the ' DelegatesVers ion ' of N. J, are not in c l u d e d in Dr.Eitels' Ca ntonese D ictionary J-E? 64.13 w an 'L u k e 11.21; f la 9 .11


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54 T H E C H I N A R E V I E W .A a to the a n t i q u i t y of s u r n a m e s , it isme n t i o n e d t ha t the HanEmper or ^ wishedto find, amongs t th e th i r teen sur names

o w n e d by the descendants of the fy Qm onar chs , th e direct l ine, or M | . He w a sunsuccessful , so hem a d e (j , the gr and-so n in the 14th degree of Con fuciu s, a M ar-qu i s , and then a D u k e , and the f a m i l y o fC o n f u c i u s w e r e to be pa ten ted aa descendants

Shih T an [gjjj -j^-] seems to have beena sort o f Chinese Gr acchus : he br ought b e-fore the Emperor f j j ^ th e great ineq ua l i t iesb e t we e n the patr icians [g|f 0 ^ ^?jjan d th e poor . T he consequence w as anedict forbidding the lands called ^ {JJheld by j||j j J |p| j i toexceed 30k'ing [600 acres], an d their slaves, mal ean d female [^JJ $jp] , to exceed 30 indi-vidua l s . T he result o f this w as that th eprice of slaves fell, and the matter was soondr opped . Wan g Mang for b ad e for a t imeth e sale of land [ U $] } and slaves[^ jsliand or da ined that all excess ofland over one it should be divided b et w eenthe ^L j^J and the |J tj in cases wherethere were no t m or e than eight males to oc-c u p y it .

The minion of Ts ' in S hih Hwang's mo ther( Ma y e rs N o . 258) w as named Lao Ngai , an dno t Kiao Tuh. The first character given b yMr . Mayer s is correct, but the second is 3Eian d no t ij|jj. D r. Will iams' dict ionary iscorrect on the subject.

T he H an dynasty held th e third f& d ayaf ter th e winter solst ice to be the last d ayof th e year L ]. This w o r d is of the sameorigin as , to hunt , because on this daythe captures of the chase were sacrificed.O w i n g to the Chinese giving a cyclic cha-racter to days as well as months and years,it is possible to count back events wi th ino ne day to the remotest ant i q u i t y . T heu s u rp e r Wang 'Mang made the 12 th moon

of hi s predecessor 's reign the first of hisow n [ tfy 3i| (g|j ]. The reason why a Jjiday was f ixed on is thoroughly Chinese init s compl exi ty . The Han dynasty 's symbolof g o v e r n m e n t w a s tj f ; but fire is at itshe ight at m i d - d a y [ p] and weakest atsunset [J^, or 7-9 p.m.] ; ther efor e the y e a rshould go out on a fJ^ day. Q, E. D ;.

Pri n c e *g* of the C h o w dynasty sent ^f "~ ^ o n a n expedi t ion aga ins t th e pr eda tor yH u n s [then called $|| f^J The Ode al-luding to the event runs ' fe

A ll ancient rhymes are of interest in fix-ing anc ien t p r onunc ia t ion . Thu s a j j i ij|&? f c )i ^ H ~ f c $ f t 'We would ra-ther meet [General Fa n C h' ung , head o f the]r ed-eyebr ow [army] t ha n [General W a n gK ' w a n g ] th e Protector . ' Again "J ^| QW a n g is better than th e Renova tor [LienTan] , w ho woul d eat us up.' In moder ndialects there is a great diversity as regardsthese two couplets .

It appears that the Governor of K w e iC h o w is extending th e military colonies tothe regula r army [$ l Jj^ f$],andencour ag ing them to grow tobacco, cotton,silk, hemp, varnish, flax [|j|J] and. teawhere they f ind that th e abandoned land[" ] now t aken up will not do for wetcrops [|JJ]. He ment ions that H. E, LiHung-chang's soldiers have t h u s o f lateyears reclaimed [f;J j ] several millionm u o f land on the Tientsin coasts, an d thatH. E. Tso Tsung-t'ang made his armiesfeed themselves all the way from J j^to -J in Kan Suh.

In Chih Li and Shun-t'ien there are a n u m -ber o f fee-farms [jf|>i gg]held bypr inces ,dukes, &c. [3E^ M Wl^' andby stewards [jJJ- ^ ], or bailiffs [When th e Emper or grants remission o f taxes


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N O T E S A N D QUERIES.o n common socage tenures , 'these du kes aredirected to m a k e a proport ionate reduct ionin their rack-rents, an d proclamations ar eissued by the local authorities stating to thepeople to what remissions they ar e entitled.The rents o n those lands the s tewa rds ofwhich have been degraded [ jjx] byth e Hous ehold D epar t ment [fij^ JfsfJ)are collected for the noble owners by thelocal authorities. T he glebes attached tot heMaus olea , [{|f $J fgj ^ yft jf|jflj]; th e estates suppor t ing th e W es t ernRiver repairs [ $ $ $fc fg ffi f3^ gff l" eg fll?]; and the variou s temple glebes[?? ' J ] > to a11 of which rents tffl] areappurt enant , are, as to their cultivatingtenants, placed o n a similar footing.

There appears to be a sort of o f f i c i a l d u t yk n o w n to the Boards as wupu (probably aManchu word) . T he term occurs in thephrase || lit ^ 'fjj ' deprived him ofhis trust,' or his vh'ai-shih.'

T he Buddhi s t priest Lot s angt anpi wang-shuk'o, who has been o n a pilgrimage fromKan Suh to Lhassa, reports t h a t he haschanged h is n a m e [ j ] since his in-terview with the Dalai Lama [^ Jj]to Chiamupats 'utop'u, which latter is nowhi s |fct jK. On ' receiving a warn-ing,' su ch priests bu rn nine holes in theirforeheads L^^Q]- The ^ & is notused fo r ordinary purposes.

T he ancient Chinese Emperors used toconduct their o w n armies [$-| ]an d werecalled Jt f 5 is would be a vcryappropriate title for the Presidents o f Franceand the United States instead of police tenteran d ' head captain, ' as they arenowstyled.

T he -fo jk or High College was firstestablished by the A f t er Ha n Emperor

According to the Governor at Urga noChinese is understood among the Tsetsens

and all doc ument s mas t be translated intoManchu an d Mongol .

The Governor W a n g Wen-shao in 1876reduced the internal l ik in on rice and grainin Hu Nan to one paym ent . The collectionno w ia not ] ' of w h a t it then was, and asthe deficit is said to be over- 100,000 taels,th e likin o n grain an d rice in Hu Nan m u s thave amounted to Tls. 150,000 annuallyagainst, say, Tls. 15,000 now.

T he A mur a u t hor i t i es ar e cont inuing th ewi nt er hunt this year by way of exercisingth e troops.

D u r i n g th e period covered by the 5c j\24 2 years there w ere 36 eclipses of thesun. If astronomers can calculate th e t r u t ho f this,* it conclusively proves the authen-ticity of so much Chinese history at least.

* It has been calculated long ago.ED.The old Chinese saying =p\fiftg

^ i$ tfll #tis very like give adog aba d name an d hang him.'T he $fi salt is now finding its way intoShen S i, where a l ik in tax is imposedupon it.Th e prefect of }|f /|| receivedTls.238,828 from June 1878 to January 1882 in

payment of the cost price of Yiin N an copperincluding porterage [^ J )]. D u r i n gthis time 1,433,234 catties have been sent,or are ready to be sent, to Peking. Tls.8,729 have been spirited a w a y by thePrefect. If reference be made to previousNotes, it will be found how far the aboverate o f, say,6 catties the tael [which meansTls. 15 or so the pecul] compares with theprice paid to the miners.

'Mis fortu nes never come sin gle' per-haps fits in wi t h fttf T J? 2& *fr


8/12

T H E C H I N A R E V I E W .Brevet steps

when they are ISm ay be valuable

o r available to countagainst degradation {$ j$|]' For con-veying rice safely to Peking only y*j. 'la^steps are given, and only one at a time, or ,as a special distinction, coupled with tw ogood marks [|(Q j f a *"- ^(]- The lowestreward of a ll is to have one's bu tton changed[^]. Only Chih Li men can be chargedw ith the rice delivery bus iness, and only130 Tientsin and Tu ngehow officers an dgentry can be rewarded each year : half forC he Kiang rice an d half fo r K i a n g N a n .

Since 1874 Kiang S u rice ha s been sent bythe [? sea] direct rou te [$ |jg].

Chinese civilisation is rapidly spreadingin the nor th. The M anchur ian au thor i t iesare now establishing a training school atS9f 0jJ sub-prefecture, the population ofwh i c h defrays al l expenses. T he n u m b e r o fMa n c h u paid licentiates is to be increased,so as to eq ua l the H anchun in number .Separate graduates are to be al lot ted to thesub-prefecture, and a share of 'ffi JJ.

It is a curious thing that in several dia-lects the character p j p j j j is read in two ways ,accordingly as it m e a n s ' two , ' or a ' tael.'W h e n ' two ' it is in Cantonese 'long ; inH a k k a (liong ; in Foochow lang' , and inWe n c h o w ~lae. "When ' tael ' it is in C a n -tonese ''long ; in H a k k a ' l i o n g , (which inthat dialect is the same sound as liong) ; inFoochow liong o r ' l iong (the tw o being in -dist inguishable tones in that dialect) ; andin W e n c h o w ^liae. Here w e f ind the H a k k atone flatly cont r ad ic t ing C anton in eachcase. A treatise might be writ ten uponthis point , w hich w ould, how ever, prob ablybe delectable to as few as D om inie Samp-son's treatise upon the Gr eek letter u .Suffice i t to say that w e believe th e w o r dfo r ' two ' to be an ancient anddist inct wordfrom theword for ' tael.'

T he Peking Gazet te says that ~ ^is a name given to c o m m o n Ma nchu so l d ier s

f rom th e rate at w h i c h they ar e paid. Thiss u p p o r t s the theory advan ced in explanationof the C antonese "T. $J> """.. ' a slave.'

It seems that all the l and but 105,000( j l j r t (o f which 71,000 ar e j|7t) ha s been sub-jected to taxation (^j") in the A m o o rterr i tory. So m e years ago, i t was proposedto colonise these 105,000 morgen with 30 0M a n c h u s f rom Peking, each m an getting 5 0f j j p ] , an d m e a n w h i l e 30 0 local bannermenw er e to cul t iva te fo r them. Ther e w er e tobe f o u r 8Jj, each consist ing o f five fJJ offifteen m e n : i .e . 300 Pekingese, and 300acting cul t ivators, or 600 in all. It wasestimated that each Pekingese woul d needTls. 250 to build a house and buy stock,Tls. 61,500 in all. If after 7 years noPekingese c l a imant tu r ned up , the actingcul t ivator was to be made absolute owner[ft SS] of 15 morgen, and hold 35 morgenas t e n a n t in fee-farm [4|t i|j!|],ofwhichlast 35 twenty m o r g e n were, after f ive moreyears, to pay 660 cash a year fo r eachmorgen. It is now requested that these105,000 acres be still no t taxable for thepresent . It is incidental ly mentioned thatth e A m o o r terr i tory depends for i ts revenueentirely o n land-tax an d cus toms .

The saying ^ =f- ft ft %$ g =f-O (& R0C issomething like ' the pitcheralways goes to the well once too of t en , ' i.e.' you may be a r ogue a l ways , but you can-no t guar d against rogues always. '

It appears that Mongol Emperor or k ingit t' whoheld the Ming Em peror _ lj jlin capt iv i ty for so many years, wa s a t^ i CnShenS,sohatupohatdateit is evident that the ancient capital ofCh i n a w as still in Mongol hands.

It is a curious thing in Foochow the Pe-king dialect is called king (p'ie; in W e n -chow kiang 'p i , and in Y a n g c h o w ching pie.'In n o n e o f these cases is there an y t r ad i t ionof th e m e a n i n g of the wo r d p 'i o r p' ic .


9/12

N O T E S A N D Q U E R I E S .In a recent Pe k i n g Gazette &f |Q is

used by a h igh officer with r e fer ence to aninquest held by his infer iors, af ter a sen-tence beginn ing ' it was f o u n d that' [ffi&^]. H owever , the high officer isM a n c h u ,military, and in northern employ, all ofw h i c h three points are u n f a v o u r a b l e tok n o w l e d g e o f official stereotyped forms.

M r. Griffis says the Ya-lu river is alsocalled the ' A p - n o k , the for mer name r e fer -ring to its sinuous course, meaning the dra-gon ' s wind ings , and the l a t te r af t e r i ts deepgreen colour . ' The characters lj]f| j^used by the C hinese a r e pr ono unced Ya l ui n P e k i n g, a nd A p - l u k i n C a n t o n . T h ew o r d s are the same.

It is a pi ty M r. Griff is does n o t give u sth e Chinese characters fo r C or ean-C hinesewor ds . Fo r ins tance , Ta i -wen-kun o r T a i -i n - k u n , th e title of the captur ed Regent .T he three chong o r ministers m ay bej f c H : the p a n -c h o or 'heads of depart-m e n t s ' are probably j^jf ^ : the c h a m -p an an d cham-e a re almost certainly

or councilshould be . The six classes ofcities yin, mu, fu, ki, ling, and hi'u areprobably [? /ft] ffi|| [j$?] and[? ^]. The kam-sa or Gover nor of a pro-v i n c e will be |& ft) or possibly ^ 5gs?.T he y u p o r obeisance is u n d o u b t e d l y $ & .

T he Corean ho-pai, that is personal t icketo r passport mentioned by Mr. Griffis, isth e anc ien t C hinese J^J or ^[j. It was inthe reign of '^ J|g t^1 that they first be-gan to be cut in half . T he rope chairs fo rnobles of the third r ank are pr obabl y th e3j introduced by that Emperor , in orderto prevent braw lings at Court. Nothingcould be clearer from a perusal of Mr.Griffis ' book than that Corean civilization isalmost purely that of the ancient Chinese.

Tho ugh the or der in which the Boar dsare ment ioned is /3 j Jft flij I,

y et the ji r anks second , the JfyJ f o u r t h(after the J3 and the jjj|| before the T).A f t e r h a m m e r i n g a w a y a t this subject inChinese Notes fo r some years, w e have atlast got it right.

T he ' flat wand' said by Mr. Griffis tobe used by the Corean nobles in the king'spresence is the C hinese ffij. The ' b a t o n ofc o m m a n d ' is the ^fp i|f, and the sangchang are simply the i|vj mentioned inth e L i k i , an d used a t funer a l s in C hina tothis day.

Mr. Boulger 's history o f C hina down toth e fal l of the af te r Han dynas ty is on thewhol e an exact resume of the most import-ant events. H e errs o n page 6 in confus ingthe term |j| i*fc w i t h that of J| ^jj1;an d on page 16 in referr ing jbC ^g j jto S iam, when he or it is clearly t raceableto A n n a m o r T o n q u i n . He is again mis-taken in us ing th e term j= $ *5j1 as the per-sona l name o f Ts ' in S hi H w a n g - t i , and inascribing to the f o u n d e r of the Han dynas tyrespect for men of letters, whereas, untilnearly th e close of his reign, he treatedt h e m w i t h o u t r a g e o u s insult [S3 ^Jj-T he expression ' l esser Emper or ' t a ken f r omMailla as an eq uiva l en t for H [^ [" 1=1is q ui t e un jus t i f i ed as a translation. If' dowager ' wher e appl icab l e to males, theterm ' d o w a g e r E m p e r o r ' w o u l d be nearerth e mar k : for the characters ar e also appli-cable to an E m p e r o r w ho resigns hi s civilf u n c t i o n s to a successor, but who retains hisf a mi ly s u p r e m a c y . The I| HjjJ ^J whono w rules China is , strictly speaking, a ni n d i v i d u a l in the same position. T he' Pr ince C howhow of Nan-yuei' should beChow T'o [jjg -]. The wor d Sin wasnot used by Wang Mang aa the name of theEmpire l ike th e n a m e H a n : he took th estyle of jSSj || *S*, or ' new Emperor.'T he anecdotes an d quotations ar e accurate,an d though there is much confus ion in thespel l ing, owing to French and Engl i s hforms being promiscuously used, these first


10/12

T H E C H I N A R E V I E W .chapters may well be accepted by personsu n a c qu a i n t e d wi t h Ch i n e s e literature as af a i th f u l ou tline. T here are several slips inEnglish. F o r i n s t a n c e : 'What H e a v e nhears and sees manifest themselves by &c.,& c. A g a i n : ' M a y u e n , w ho ra n k e d w i t hF o n g y an d Ke n g Ka n g as the best generalsof the age, w as &c., &c .

There is a t ribute of gold [|J? ^jj] duefrom s o me Mu s s u lma n tribe described as8 f lei R ^ g ti- Oneof the M a n -c h u Ge n e ra ls i n th e E u ld ja reg i o n for w ar d s1 ounces of this gold, and states that, inaccordance with rule , a few pieces o f silkhave been conferred upon th e chief inquestion.

S t u d e n t s a t t h e foreign College a t Cantonare eligible asJjf $ Jg | ^assoonthey have attained the posi tion of jKG gS?^fe HA ' and they m ay then go u p fo r theirchujen degree. It appears that there is alsoa foreign degree called fan y ih chu jen, bu tthis does not seem to ha ve the same effectas a proper degree [ ^ 2jR j f j j j ] ] . F o rme r-ly Bannermen who had become fanyihsheng-chien mi g h t b e c o me Ca p t a i n [ K j f rJ!"] if they wished to jo in th e a r m y ; b u t ,as this p ro mo t i o n is now considered to orapid, they will henceforth hav e o n ly th esame chance as the others. It will benoticed again that new Jjg^ -J- or ' o p e n -ings are n e v e r i n v e n t e d : the fiction of ais here again repeated.

The C hinese have a sayin g: the gooddoctor cures th e ta i l , th e qu a c k o n l y th ehead ofadisease : i f $fy ||| / '/j^

T he Shen Pao, t h o u g h mo re c a re f u ln o w , still calls th e E mp e ro r Na p o le o n^ j CJ, and, whilst, in translating fromthe N.C. Daily News, it calls the Chineseminister j| ^jj, it only calls the Britishminister ^ j^l. These ill-judged dis-tinctions in the long ru n cannot be of ser-vice to the Chinese cause. In a later n u m -ber, however, the Shen Pao uses the veryproper expression J, ^ j=j| for H. M.Minister.

Ho N an has a lso to send s ilk to C ourt .Fo r 1883 i t was ordered to f u rn i s h 50 0pieces of -f c |Sj, and 500 of -fc fij^.

T o th e new ly s tarted f u n d fo r p o o r Pe k i n gofficials ( wh i c h is fixed f rom 1883 at Tls.260,000 annually) , Fu Ki e n c o n t r i b u t e s T ls.20,000; S z C h'u an Tls . 14,000 and CheKiang Tls . 12,000. The |g ^g Jjg istheo f f i c e charged w i t h re c e i v i n g an d dis tribut-ing this m o n e y , wh ic h , as far as possible, isdirected to be taken from th e moneys de -tained in each Province fo r local r e v e n u e s

T he Chinese for 'govern , ' as a verb doesa n o u n , is jj^, and for ' a g re e wi t h , ' asan adjective, $ . Both terms seem to beinterchangeable according to the context .

' 'Tis the last s traw, ' &c., is well expressedby H 4$ R f i & The s a y i n g & X^ % M ^S> or 'those engagedin great affairs d o n o t shrink f rom pettyenmit ies , ' does no t seem to h a v e an exactE n g l i s h e qu i v a le n t .

T he ^ J^ p u rc h a s e s m ad e for1882 bythe Silk Commissioner at Nanking consis t of40 0 f| ^ |([| |H for theBoard of Re-venue, and the f o l lo wi n g t h i n g s for theHousehold Department: to wit, 1,280 piecesof silk; 30 0 k e r c h i e f s ; 3,000 pieces of ^fj ;10 0 catties of wh i t e silk; five catties of2J|( SL, or Aralia papyrifera; and 96catties of |jj^ ^^. The M a n c h u term JJ^9 is used in the sense of jP la".

T he Chinese saying : "g ^ ffl fifr J5t JSl is exactly the s a me as theF ren c h s a y i n g : ' Lesgrandes arbres a t t i rent

la f o u d re , et les grandes f o r t u n e s lesqu o l i b e t s , '


11/12

N O T E S A N D Q U E R I E S . 59T he canniibalism borne w i t n ess to by

Colonel Mesny, and attested in previous notes,is f r e q u e n t l y alluded to in Chinese history.For instance, thetongue of J j j f f i i was cutout and eaten by a b y s t an d er w h e n hi s headw as exposed [ |jJ[J j$i ^j[~\. Thephrase ' eat the flesh and sleep in the sk i n 'of an en em y is colloquial .

T he C h i n e s e hav e a s a y i n g : ' T h e greatm an easily m a k e s f r i e n d s ; th e rich o n eeasily gets aw i f e [jl| ^ ^ g ^Isaac Disraeli uses the expression ' the

stag was started, and the hunt was up' inreference to the con q ues t o f Hen r y th e 7th.T he first of the b eaut i fu l ^ l&f c o m -mences w i t h t hese w or d s :

O ld Ch i n a once m o r e h u n t s th e stag,A w a y my pen ! Come here my steed ?S ee May er s ' Man ual , N o . 434, where' hun t i n g the stag' is shew n to be an ancientChinese expression for ' a i m i n g at thethrone.' Dr, Williams, under the characterJ!|g, erro neo us ly ascribe s to Ts 'ao w hat cam efrom th e m o u t h o f Chao Kao 500 y ear searlier.

In the ad m i r ab le n ov el -jj ij |j^, thehero m arries two gi rls at once, at his adoptedf a th e r ' s (his uncle's) house. The maternalun c le ofthesenior bride acts as i )&{;

- - API 'and two friends of the bridegroom act as^jSt for the girls, th e y o u t h w ho acts for thejunior bride being a distant agnatic cousinof the bridegroo m. Both the brides arej|fi t and it is only because theone is ayear th e older that th e bridegroom passesthe first night w ith her. Each bride has aseparate apartment, and the second son oftbe elder w i fe i s given as grandson in adop-tion to the said wife's father. The happytrio arecalled -fc f|E ~ ^, so that itwould appear that, under certain circum-stances, two women at once could (duringth e M i n g d y n as t y ) hav e th e status o f w i fe ,or IB,

T he expression JjJ ' let this belaw' used in rescripts by the earlier Em-perors of this dynasty does no t seem to beso m u c h in v og ue n ow . The Han Emperorssaid it j j-K be this law. '

T he Mili tary Go v ern o r at Urga has, sinceth e year 1,799, been charged w ith th e d ut yof inspecting in person once every te n yearst h e - 1 fKiachta. frontier station a t

It seems from a recent Gazette that th eBa n n e r Head Quarters or B ann er in attend-ance for the year [ fj I 4E fi ] receives* * IOB H f* JDecrees fo r t ransmission as well as the Ca-binet. Itsoffice is called theJ|J ,,

T h e r e is an officer called fj| jp[J ^fc,( n o t mentioned by Mr. Mayers), appointedto perform sacrifices at honorary shrines :on e a u t h o r i t y says that he is under the

A m o n g th e m ed i c i n es r eq ui s i t i on ed fo rImperial use are the Q j& or Atractylo-des, th e wild specimens o f w h i ch ar e m ostvaluable. T he ffa $S district of CheK i a n g p r od uces the best, but -jjjj ^ and^ J arealso f a m o u s for this vegetablean d d r u g .

Since the commutat ion [ |Jj -j-fp] o f H o -na n rice tribute fo r m o n e y , the old rice-boat crews, [ ^-], have dra w n Tls.40,000 a year as before : the Governor (lateprefect at Canton) has now discovered thatth e whole thing is a squeeze, an d that th e' crews are hisown clerks.

The Governor of Shen Si uses the term - Hf| in alluding tothedespatch

of the Commissioners sent to his Province.He alludes to them in a Mem or i a l asfijj j only, raising these characters two

In ancient t imes the only tax was a l an dtax of 10 percent. [ ^f & ft


12/12

60 T H E C H I N A R E V I E W .According to a Memorial from the Go-

vernor o f S h a n T u n g , th e Ch ef o o taotaifi? S3 f>i S& ^J' which (if proper)ma k e s a Commissioner o f Customs sub-ordinate to a C u s t o m s taotai. T he expres-sion ^jj ^ ffj is used by the Tele-graph prefect in wri t i n g to the C a n t o nHoppo.

T he Chefoo taotai reports 24 customs s ta-t ions under hi s charge great and small,

The Hunch 'un referred to in the C h i n aR e v ie w are all ^ jf^c 0A, Mo n g o ls or T a r-tars [^ "J", Mayers No. 375] They arenow being reorganized under a $ j t & 'j||'Jan d taught th e blessings o f civilizationt f f i j fflP' The appointment is to cont inueto be what is k n o w n as a M a n c h u

T he mili tary toxophili te examinat ions a tPeking areheld in , each dis t inguishedby a letter from th e 1,000 charac ter classic.T he Emperor usually appoints a high Man-chu dignitary as 6 ^vj" and a high Chineseofficer as .

The ' j j : ^ Custom House at Soochow ispronounced as if it w ere j| , out of defer-e n c e t o t h e E mp e ro r Ki e n lu n g , wh o mi s -takenly read th e character as such. ChineseEmperors ar e supra grammaticam.

From a remark made by a degraded judge,it appears that h i g h officers (a t least s u c h ashe ) s u m m o n e d to Peking, have to pay theirrespects to [^^ ^] theCa b i n e t Co u n c i l ,t "

It seems that even a paternal uncle ' s beinga runner is sufficient to disqualify one forexaminat ion. A graduate g ives as an ex-cuse for no t being degraded that his pater naluncle was not successful in getting him topersonally represent both th e said uncle an dhis (the gradu ate ' s ) fa ther [J& jjjjjjl], butthat he ( the graduate) gave a son in adop-tion to the childless son of his (the graduate'suncle's) son.

T he grave of Ki-tsz (Mayers 242A) ha sbeen discovered in Corea, wi th th e c h a ra c -ters j3*- -r yi still vis ible on a slab.Tho ugh desecrated a few years ago by theJ a p a n e se [ ? A m e ri c a n s ] i t i s n o w s u rro u n d -ed with an i ron paling, so that n o ru b b i n g scan be t a k e n . All the descendants of K i -tsz in Corea are now s u r n a m e d IS ^p[ w h i c h is the old Imperia l title of theH u n s ] .

The phrase ^^ | jj I j j j j is used byth e Shen P ao in the sense o f [ t h o u g hFrance] ' brings all her available troops,"i.e. ' registered soldiery.'

T he Tartar-General at Ca n t o n has (aspreviously proposed) nowturned his ' navy 'of 1050 into an a rmy , o f which 7/10 willuse spears and 3/10 rifles, w h i c h rifles w i l lbe given them ou t o f the 1,000 some timeago presented by the Tartar-General. Pre-viously he had a land force [[j^] o f 1,500men in three j& of 500 men each, o f w h o m384 in each ying ha d rifles. Each ying ha dalso six g u n s , 18 in all, of w h i c h 12 w e r e field -g u n s , \ft jHQ]- He has now b o u g h t sixmore fleld-guns complete, presumably fo rthe t ransformed marines .

T he Shen P ao ma k e s use of the local cha-racter j&inthew o r d s ^ | Jt|&, wh ichap p ear to have reference to local Sh angh aiconstruct ions . It also a lludes to some mys-terious new spaper by the nam e of

* (1y is a n a m e fo r Si n g a p o re .E D .Taotais and department magis tra tes have

been appointed to Kashgar and A ksu.

QUERIES.1. Is it a belief among th e Ch i n e s e that' The t o a d , u g ly and v e n o mo u s , we a rs yeta precious pearl in his body ?' And similar-ly of the cent ipede ?

2. What is the composition of the ^j^ jy -j|j ? Arethey seen beyond Kwang-t u n g ? A . D .

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