Upload
tobias-gardner
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
China’s Rural Industries in Historical and Comparative Perspective
1. 18th and early 20th c. rural industries
2. Three decades of socialist economic transformation
3. Post-’78 rural industry: economic causes & impacts
4. Spatial impacts: historical & comparative perspective
5. Property rights: from public to private
18th-century rural industries
1. Agrarian = agricultural + crafts at household level
2. marketing systems locally & long-distance with
large merchant groups & small peddlers
3. Higher population density and higher incomes in rural
areas than possible with just agriculture
4. Gap between urban and rural smaller than if rural just
agricultural
Early 20th century rural industries
1. Beginning of modern urban industries
2. Some connections to rural industries in textiles
3. Growing regional gaps which appear as gaps
between urban and rural, but are regional
4. Isolated rural economies less viable than before.
Socialist Transformation: a new context for rural industries
1. Dismantle marketing systems & merchant networks
2. Separate urban and rural administratively
3. Stop household crafts and transform agrarian into
agricultural
4. Create economically less integrated countryside
subject to political demands
New rural industries under socialism
1. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) backyard steel
furnaces: mass mobilization & political enthusiasm
2. Cultural Revolution era (1966-1976) promoting
small-scale producer industries to serve agriculture
3. A rural modern: new technologies & agriculture
4. Continued separation of rural and urban, no
markets; political management of rural industries
Reform era Rural Industries:TVE & their economic impact, 1980s-mid 1990s
1. Township and village enterprises (TVE)
2. TVE output 1992 = 35% of national gross value of
industrial output (GVIO); almost = all of 1986 GVIO
3. Initial strategy of economic reform—agriculture and
then rural industrial—growing outside the plan
Markets& firms: historical factors
1. Using informal networks: kinship and friendship for
both product and factor markets
2. Contracts and agreements guaranteed through
trust—expectation of repeated interactions
3. Earlier commercial expansion largely without legal
framework of contracts and government’s courts
Markets & firms: political factors
1. The socialist rural industry legacy—local political
leaders become local entrepreneurs
2. Access to government controlled raw materials
3. Formal and informal networks of party colleagues
4. The local government as a firm; the community as
firm
Variations in firm structure of TVE
1. Sunan model: the village as firm under cadre
leadership
2. Wenzhou model: informal networks and household
initiative
3. Pearl River delta: overseas Chinese networks
4. Ambiguity & flexibility of property rights:
pros & cons
The public nature of TVE: local finance
1. Local cadres decide how to spend money from TVE,
can re-invest, diversify, spend on public goods
2. Health, education, roads, housing
3. A new kind of market socialism
4. TVE and village democracy—political elections &
individual interests
Spatial variations of Chinese rural industry
1. Connecting urban and rural
2. Resource endowments, locational advantages and
economic traditions
3. Challenges in poor regions: local and central
government roles
4. Repeating earlier historical patterns of spatial variation
Chinese TVE in Comparative Perspective
1. European industrialization—capital intensive, from
little to more government planning
2. East Asian industrialization experiences—labor
intensive and government planned development3. Chinese industrialization—planned and market,
urban and rural
The declining importance of rural industries since the mid- 1990s
1. An end to easy profits, the expansion of markets,
increasing numbers of competing firms
2. Difficulties for local officials
3. Changes in ownership forms
4. A Chinese path?
Chinese industrialization: convergence?
1. An end to TVE as local public property: privatization2. SOE privatization complements TVE privatization:
multiple origins of private firms
3. Social implications of TVE privatization: social
inequalities grow
4. Political implications of TVE privatization: public
finance