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China’s Higher Education
Yingyi QianSchool of Economics and Management
Tsinghua UniversityDecember 1, 2010
Agenda
• An overview of China’s higher education• The case of Tsinghua University and its
School of Economics and Management
China’s Higher Education: An Overview
• Before 1949– The influence of the West– Public, private, missionary universities
• 1949-1977– The Soviet influence– The impact of Mao
• 1977-now
The Quantity Dimension
• Enormous expansion of China’s higher education since 1998
• Raw enrolment rate of college students: from 5% in late 1990s to 24% in 2009
Annual New Enrolment (million)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
new
col
lege
stu
dent
s
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2010; Unit, million
Total College Enrollment (million) and Raw Enrollment Rate (%)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
raw
col
lege
enr
ollm
ent r
ate
(uni
t, %
)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
tota
l col
lege
enr
ollm
ent (
unit,
milli
on)
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
total college enrollment (left)raw college enrollment rate(right)
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2010, China Populatoin Statistical Yearbook(various years)Notes: raw college enrallment rate calculated for population of 18-21 year old
The Quality Dimension
• Project “211” (100 universities in the 21st
century, mid-1990s)• To build “world class universities” (May 4,
1998 Centennial Speech at Peking University by President Jiang Zemin)
• Project “985” (after President Jiang Zemin’sspeech in May of 1998)
Shanghai Jiao Tong “Academic Ranking of World Universities”
• The ranking started to publish in 2003, as a result of aspirations for “world class universities”
• Positive impacts– Worldwide universities, objective measures, single
criteria (not country specific)– Huge impacts in Europe (shocks), Asia (aspirations)
• Biases– Academic research only, not teaching and education– Mainly science and engineering, not humanities, little
social sciences
Top Universities in China
• “C9 universities” (Chinese “Ivy League”)– Peking, Tsinghua (original two on “985” list)– Fudan, Shanghai Jiao Tong, Zhejiang, Nanjing,
Xi’an Jiaotong– Harbin Institute of Technology, University of
Science and Technology of China
Government planning (1)
• “The National Medium- and Long-Term Talent Development Plan (2010-2020)”(announced on June 6, 2010)
• “The Thousand Talent Project”(“千人计划”): Bring back to China 2,000 top talents within five to ten years
Government planning (2)
• “The National Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Educational Reform and Development (2010-2020)” (announced on July 29, 2010)
• Targets:– Raw enrolment of college students: to reach
40% in 2020– Government fiscal expenditure on education as
% of GDP: to reach 4% in 2012
Tsinghua University
• Established in 1911 as a boarding school to prepare students for US college education (8 years high school plus junior college education)
• Began to accept undergraduates in 1925• A top comprehensive university in China in 1930s
and 1940s• Restructured as an engineering university in 1952• Became a comprehensive university again after
1980
Government’s initiatives
• Funding mainly for science and engineering, through “211” and “985” (the latter is more important)
• Three phases of “985” funding– Phase I (1999-2001): 1.8 billion RMB– Phase II (2003-2007): 1.8 billion RMB– Phase III (2010-2013): 3.3 billion RMB
School of Economics and Management (Tsinghua SEM)
• Combination of economics and business• 8 departments: Economics, Finance, Accounting,
Strategy, Organization Behavior, Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Management Science
• Faculty: 146 (132 holding PhD degrees, of which 69 holding overseas PhD degrees)
• Faculty recruitment: 55 new recruits in the last 5 years, all but 2 from overseas, mostly U.S. and Canada
• Staff: 240
Student Enrolment by Program
Full-Time: 1,9883,906Total
Undergraduate 996 Overseas: 76
Master’s/Doctoral 576 Doctoral: 256
MBA 1,347 International MBA: 254
EMBA 987 International EMBA: 84
Second-degree undergraduate
460
Undergraduate Admission
• National College Entrance Exam– Nearly 10 million high school students each June take
the exam in 31 provinces– Two tracks: sciences, humanities
• Tsinghua SEM admits only 180 students– About 30 exempt from the exam as they received top
prizes in national or provincial competitions– About 90-100 are ranked top 10 in each province– About 20 are provincial number 1’s (in either sciences
or humanities track)– The average admission scores are ranked number 1 in
both tracks among all schools of Tsinghua
The New Undergraduate Curriculum: Two Themes
• General education– Value– Capability– Knowledge
• Individual development/customization– Freshmen seminars (over ten to choose from)– The second degree programs (in math, law, etc)– Honors programs in three tracks (academic,
entrepreneurship, leadership)
General Education: Core Courses Basic Skill Courses Core Courses
Chinese English Mathematics Humanities Social Sciences Natural Sciences
1st Year Fall
Chinese Composition Oral English (1) Linear
Algebra Western
Civilization Principles of
Economics (1)
UnivariateCalculus
1st Year Spring
Introduction to Communication Oral English (2) Multivariate
Calculus Chinese
Civilization Principles of
Economics (2)
Introduction to
Psychology
2nd Year Fall
English Composition (1)
Probability and Statistics
Critical Thinking and Moral Reasoning
Introduction
to Life Sciences
2nd Year Spring
English Composition (2) Art and Aesthetics China and the
World Fundamentals
of Physics
The MBA Admission Reform
• The National Exam for MBA Admissions– The test score was the only criteria for admission
• The new admission criteria– Overall quality rather than just written test scores– Considering both explicit indicators and potentials
• The new admission process– Three steps: application, interview, the national exam – Making “conditional offers” before the national exam
(commitment to admission provided that the applicant should pass the minimum national score required by the government)
MBA First Year Core CoursesFall Semester Spring Semester
Managerial Thinking and Communications
Corporate Finance
Leadership Development and Organizational Behavior
Marketing
Ethics and Corporate Accountability Operations Management
English (or Chinese) Strategic Management
Accounting China’s Institutional Environment and Business Law
Managerial Economics The Chinese Economy in the World
Data, Models and Decisions Management of Global Enterprises
Integrative Practical Projects
Competition among Business Schools in China
• 200+ MBA schools, 30,000+ annual student intake• University business schools: 4 top schools
– Tsinghua SEM (Beijing)– Peking U Guanghua School of Management (Beijing)– Fudan University School of Management (Shanghai)– Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Economics &
Management (Shanghai)• Standalone business schools: 2 schools
– CEIBS (Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen) (“Sino-Europe joint venture”)
– CKGSB (Beijing) (“quasi private”)