CHINA

THREAT ASSESSMENT

INTRODUCTION

CHINA TRN EVAL

AIMTO ACQUAINT YOU WITH TRN OBTAINING ON OUR NORTHERN AND EASTERN BORDERS WITH CHINA AND CARRY OUT A BROAD TRN EVAL

PREVIEWPART 1-TIBET GENPART 2-LADAKHPART 3-HP - UP BORDERPART 4-SIKKIM BORDERPART 5-ALP BORDER

SCOPE

PART 1: TIBET

GENPLATEAU- 14,000 FT (3050 M) TO 16,000 FT (4875M)AREA- 1,221,700 SQ KMINTERNAL -XINJIANG, QINGHAI BORDERSSICHUAN, YUNNANEXTERNAL- INDIA,NEPAL BORDERSBHUTAN & MMAR

TRN EVAL

Contains High Mtns.Large Areas Not Surveyed.Southern & Eastern Portions Have Maj Population & Agricultural Areas.Undulating With Few Steep Rises & Obst.Hard & Open, Suitable for Constr of Rds & Airfds.

TRN EVAL

East of Tsang Po bend, mtnous & unstable soil, prone to Landslides/ closure.Entry difficult but within Tibet, mov easy.Gradual slope towards India, Nepal

RELIEF OF TIBETCHANGTHANG REGIONPO REGIONEASTERN TIBET

COMNS

WESTERN HIGHWAYLength-2480 kms. Kashgar to Lhasa via Aksai Chin, Gartok.Cl 18 one way.Lhasa to Laze Cl 50.Closure period-60 days.Capacity 800 T daily.

CENTRAL HIGHWAYCl 50 two way black top.Length -1965 kms. Xining to Lhasa via Gormo.Gormo- Lhasa 1127 kms.Closure pd-40 days. Capacity -2700 T daily.

EASTERN HIGHWAYChengdu - Lhasa via Chamdo, Pangta.Cl 18 one way.Kangting - Pangta two alignments.N Alignment via Chamdo - 2405 kms.S Alignment via Mankang - 2085 kms.Closure period-90 days.Capacity 800 T daily.

EASTERN HIGHWAYTibet -Yunnan Highway from Mangkang.700kms.Cl 9.Induction route from Chengdu MR

KARAKORAM HIGHWAYLength-1225 Km.Kashgar - Havelian via Khunjerab PassKashgar - Khunjerab (395 km) Cl 18 two way.Closure period-90 days. Khunjerab-GilgitCl 40.Gilgit-HavelianCl 70.

RAILXinning - Gormo.Capacity 1000 T/ 640 pers per train.Daily eight trains (Four each way).Now extended South 33 km.

OIL PPLLength -1220 kms.Gormo - Lhasa.Oil Depots - 3Pumping stns - 12 Annual capacity-5 Lakh T.Present capacity-1.25 Lakh T.Annual reqmt-6 Lakh T.

AIR FDS

Eastern & Central Sects.HopingKongka DzDonshoonNagchu kaPangtaLadakh SectKhotan

TELE-COMNSLine & Radio comn from Lhasa to all Adm dists & Mil sub dists.Grnd Satl Earth stn at Lhasa on INTELSAT netwk.Direct comn link via satl from Lhasa to Beijing.

EMP OF ARMRPossible only in Southern Ladakh and North Sikkim.

EFFECTS OF HAATps to be acclimatised, trained & motivatedWpns & Eqpt - due care, calibrationLack of natural coverConsiderable strain on lgs as area devoid of natural resourcesDply of arty has it own problems

PART 2 : LADAKH

TRN EVALSparsely inhabited, barren & arid area. Himalayas & Karakorams run NW to SESteep & sharp crested, 15,000 to 25,000 ft.Separating the mtn massif are narrow valleys & gorges upto 7000 ft deep.

TRN EVALUATIONLeast rugged portion from NE Ladakh Eastwards.Permits ltd X country mov for tr & wh vehs in Southern Ladakh only.Open space only in Indus Valley.

TRN EVALClimateLow temp throughout the region.Severe winters, temp upto (-) 79 deg C.Vegetation. Barren & arid hence no cover available.PopulationSparsely inhabited.Imp places are Rudok, Churkang, Tashigong.

TRN EVALRiversR Indus.Enters India at Demchock.4 to 10 ft deep, fast flowing (2-5 kts) Flows West to Leh.Obst for inf & B veh (100- 300 ft wide)Frozen in winter, Xg by B veh w/o eqpt is possible.

COMNSWestern highway passes through Aksai Chin.Two laterals Lhasa to Gartok (Cl 18)Anto to Giamuk (Cl 9)Nine feeder rds upto IB / LAC and can be linked to own rds at Chushul & Demchok.

EFFECTS OF TRNFavourable period for launching ops ltd from Apr to Nov.X country mov restd to ft travel in all areas other than apchs from Spanggur & Tashigong where dply of mech forces is possible.Deployability upto two Divs.

PART 3 : HP - UPBORDER

TRN EVALGENCLIMATEVEGETATIONPOPULATIONRIVERSCOMNS

CL 9 FEEDER RDS EX WESTERN HIGHWAYGartok - Shipki (280 km)Gartok - Tholingmath - Poling - Sarang ( 172 km )Missar - Kunglung - Dapa - Tholingmath - Poling - Sarang (310 km )Porkha - Silangtar (91 km )Porkha - Taklakot (95 km)

RD H TO BORDERSHIPKI 6 KMSARANG15 KMTICHAMUR19 KMPOLING12 KMJINDU10 KMKUNGLUNG59 KMSILANGTAR14 KMPALA (TAKLAKOT) 8 KM

IMP PASSESSHIPKI LA13,300 FTTHAG LA16,500 FTMANA18,394 FTNITI17,387 FTKUNGRI BINGRI LA18,250 FTNUWE DHURA18,450 FTLIPU LEKH16,800 FT

CHINESE CLAIM AREASKAURIK - SHIPKI- 303 SQ KMPULAM SUMDA-1336 SQ KMBARAHOTI- 460 SQ KM

TRN : OWN SIDE

HP SECT

UP SECT

EFFECTS OF TRNLarge scale mil ops over prolonged period difficultCampaigning season - Oct to NovFt and AT mov difficultLgs sp problematic

PART 4

SIKKIM

TRN EVAL

GEN

N SIKKIMEast Nepal tri junc to Khungyame LaNorthern portion high alt plateau

IMP PASSES IN NORTH SIKKIM NAKU LA17,290 FTKONGRA LA16,840 FT( OPEN PERENIALLY)CHOMDO17,180 FTSE SE LA17,920 FT (OPEN PERENIALLY )KHUNGYAME LA18,390 FT

IMP PASSES IN NE SIKKIMGORA LA17,220 FTPHIMKARU LA16,160 FTTANGKAR LA16, 060 FT

EAST SIKKIMTangkar La to Batang La on Bhutan borderIB runs along Chumbi valleyRugged and difficult trnLand slide proneBad weatherNo vegetation astride IB

IMP PASSES IN EAST SIKKIMCho La14534 ftNathu La14042 ft (perenially open)Jelep La14410 ft-do-Batang La14817 ft-do-

CHUMBI VALLEYModerate altComfortable weather conditionsGood forest coverAdequate waterX countrry mov feasiblePassesAgla La, Goche La, Kayarang La, Thang La

EFFECTS OF TRNMov off the rd difficult except in plains opposite North Sikkim & North Chumbi valleyNorth-South X country mov difficultChumbi valley East -West X country mov difficultPasses are key trn featuresApch from Tibetan side easier

EFFECTS OF TRNEntry into Chumbi valley restd to four passesDevp of comns particularly to East difficult and time consumingRd blocked for 60 to 90 daysHigh alt problems for men and mtrl

TRN : OWN SIDENo of East - West rgs, hence rd constr dificultInter valley mov difficult

TRN : OWN SIDEStrat imp of Siliguri corridorChumbi valley to BD border 90 kmChumbi valley to plains30 kmNepal to BD22 kmComn and oil ppl from NE

RD COMNSCl70 NH TO GUWAHATI AND FURTHER EASTNH SILIGURI - GANGTOK (CL 24 UPTO TEESTA, CL 9 TO GANGTOK)SILIGURI-KALIMPONG (CL 9 AW)GANGTOK- NATHU LA (CL 9AW )KALIMPONG - JELEP LA (CL 9 AW )

RD COMNFWD RDS (CL 9)LACHEN - GIAGONG - 54 KmLACHUNG - SAMDONG - 42 Km

ALP : TRN EVALLofty mtns and habitable valleysModerate to severe climateValley flats sp vegetation South and SW of Namcha BarwaTsang Po Valley runs West to EastPasses over 13000 ft closed in winter

ALP : TRN EVALEastern part has denser netwk of streams and greater precipitation hence prone to floods and landslidesRds run East to WestTwo maj axesTsona DZ - Bumla in WestRima - Tatu in East

TRN POTENTIAL ALONG IB TRI JUNC TO TULUNG LATULUNG LA TO LONG JULONGJU TO KANGRI KARPO LA (KKL)KKL TO EAST TRI JUNC

TRI JUNC - TULUNG LAAvenue used in 1962Border along watershed (14000-18500 ft)PassesKhinzemane (7874 ft) - perennialBum La (14694 ft)Tulung La (16995 ft)

TRI JUNC - TULUNG LAROUTES OF INGRESS TSONA DZ - LE - KHINZEMANE TSONA DZ - BUM LA (CL 9) SL MBI - TULUNG LA (FT TR)

TULUNG LA - LONGJUSharp ridge line with alt 18500-21000 ftPermt snow over 15000 ftProne to avalanchesScrub type vegetation in lower valleysTp mov along streams and ridge lines possiblePassesAsaphi La (9995 ft) perennialLong ju (9597 ft)perennial

LONG JU - KANGRI KARPO LA (KKL)Difficult trn due to escarpment and permt snowTsang Po enters India at Kepang LaValley slopes covered with mixed junglesXg over Tsang Po difficult

LONGJU TO KKLNumerous passes exist.Imp passes Lola (13,000 ft)Kepang La (4710 ft) perrenially openShiyung La (6265 ft) - do -Darjitdnya (9250 ft) - do -KKL (12,790 ft)

KKL - TRI JUNCAlt 12000 - 16000 ftPermt snow above 14000 ftUpper half is rugged trnRima - Walong axis is in lower half Thick forest cover in lower valleysFew high alt flats exist above 14000 ftPassesGuyor La (5610 ft)Dichu (4500 ft) - Perennial

COMNS

RAU - TATU (200 km Cl 9 ONE WAY )CHUSHUL DZ- TSE LA (560 kmCl 9 ONE WAY)

EASTERNHIGHWAY

COMNSKAMENG SECTORTsethang - Bum La ( 230 km Cl 9 one way )Tsona Dz - Le ( 26 km Cl 9 one way )Ft Tr to Tulung La from both sides

RDS IN KAMENGTezpur - Tenga - Tawang ( 341 km Cl 9 AW)Missamari - Ft hills - Tenga (Cl 9 AW in a state of disuse )Tawang - Lum La (Cl 9 AW )Tawang Bum La (Cl 9 FW, last 8 km Cl 5 op tr)

COMNS OPPOSITE SUBANSIRI SECTORTsethang - Sanga Choling - Lung (Cl 9 one way , 10 km from Asaphi La ) Slimbi - Lung ( 137 km Cl 9 lateral ) Li lung - Lung

COMNS OPPOSITE SIANG SECTNumber of ft and AT tr to the IB Imp trs from Tsang Po to Shoka La and Kempang La

COMNS OPPOSITELOHIT SECTRd Rima - Tatu Number of ft tr upto IB astride Dichu

RDS IN SUBANSIRI ,SIANG AND LOHITNorth Lakhimpur - Ziro - Daporijo - Taliha (239 km Cl 9 AW)Lekhabali - Bame - Along -Yinkiyong (256 km Cl 9 AW)Along - Kaying -Tato (Under constr)Bame - Daporijo (115 km Cl 9 lateral) Tezu - Walong (250 km Cl 9 AW )

CLIMATE

IMP DEDUCTIONS Maj routes of ingress and deployability in ALP Kinzemane - Div Bumla - Upto Two DivTulung La- Upto Two Regts Long Ju - Regt Menchuka & Tuting - Regt Each Walong - Div

IMP DEDUCTIONS Minor ingress routes - self contained bn gpsCampaigning Season - mid Aug to mid DecInter valley mov difficult - pre loc res Own def plans must expl weaknesses and lgs difficulties

CONCLUSION

IMP FACETS OF TRNSEVERE EFF OF CLIMATE ON MEN & MTRLPRESENT RD CAPACITY FOR INDUCTION & MAINT LACK OF LGS INFRASTRUCTURE IN TIBET

CHINESE PRIORITY OF BLDG COMN NETWK TOWARDS THEIR CLAIM LINESIMP OF PERENNIAL PASSESDEPLOYABILITY ALONG VALLEYS & OTHER AVENUES OF INGRESSWIDE GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATION BETWEEN WESTERN & EASTERN THEATRE CAUSED BY THE NEPAL BORDER