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China: Tang & Song. Reunification & Renaissance Chapter 12, pg.256-276 220 CE: Han dynasty ends 220-589: era of division 589-618: Sui dynasty 618-907: Tang dynasty 960-1279: Song dynasty 1279-1368: Yuan Mongol dynasty. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice. 589 : Wendi - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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China: Tang & SongChina: Tang & Song
Reunification & Renaissance
Chapter 12, pg.256-276
220 CE: Han dynasty ends220-589: era of division589-618: Sui dynasty618-907: Tang dynasty960-1279: Song dynasty1279-1368: Yuan Mongol dynasty
Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice
589: WendiSui dynasty came to power
Wins widespread support throughRole of nomads
Lowering taxes
Establishing granaries
Sui Excesses & Collapse
YangdiMilder legal code
Restoration of Confucian exam system
Promotion of scholar-gentry
Excess, waste, & wars led to collapseYangdi assassinated in 618
Emergence of the Tang
623: Li Yuanlays the foundation for the Tang
Extends borders of the empire
Attempts to assimilate nomads of the Central Asian frontier
Rebuilding the Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy key to Chinese unityRevived scholar-gentry
Bureaucracy staffed by scholar-gentry Offset power of the nobility
The Examination System
Emphasized Confucian thought
Exam system expanded
Meritocracy exists, but birth/family connections still most important
State & Religion
Buddhism spread rapidly during era of division (b/t fall of Han & rise of Sui)
Mahayana/Pure Land = mass appeal
Chan/Zen = elite appeal
Buddhism = cultural, political forceMaintained support during early Tang
Empress Wu
Anti-Buddhist Backlash
Confucian revival threatened Buddhism
Daoism & Confucianism counter Buddhism’s popularity
Persecution under Wuzong
Confucianism re-emerges as central ideology
Buddhism remains influential minority
Tang Decline, Rise of Song
713-756: Xuangong’s rule = climax of Tang civilization
Yang Guifei
800s: Tang collapse by:Nomadic groups
Powerful provincial governors
Worsening economic conditions
Founding of the Song
960: Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty
Nomadic Khitans/Liao dynasty remain influential in north
Tribute paid to Khitans for peace
Sinification
Song Politics
Song = less powerful than TangWeakened military
Strengthened scholar-gentry
→Bureaucracy becomes bureaucratic: large, ineffective government
Confucian Revival
Neo-Confucianism:Virtue could be cultivated
Tradition over new, foreign ideas
Particularly stressed lessons of five relationships
Patriarchal
Decline & Reform
Decline:Held hostage by threat of nomadic groups
Reform:Legalist & interventionist ideas aimed at correcting dynastic weaknesses
Reaction & Disaster
Neo-Confucianism prevailed in endReversed reforms
Manchurian nomads (Jurchens/Jin) invaded
Song leadership fled southTermed “Southern Song dynasty”
Golden Age: Prosperity
Population shifted to southGrand Canal
Commercial Expansion
Territorial expansion & manufacturing → renewal of silk roads
Trade aided by:JunksGovernment regulationFlying money
Urbanization intensified economic growth
Expansion of Agriculture
Expanded agriculture into new lands
Innovations increased productivity
Redistributed land to peasants
Family & Society
Confucian social ideas adopted at all levelsHierarchy became more rigid & elaborate
Reinforced by lawMarriage practices
Early postclassical saw improvement for urban-elite women
Male Dominance
Despite exceptions, women’s conditions overwhelming declined
Especially in late postclassical Due to power of Neo-Confucianism
FootbindingCompare upper class to lower class?
Question:In what ways was footbinding symbolic of women’s position in postclassical China?
Invention, Scholarship, & Art
Extremely technologically advancedEngineering
Gunpowder
Compasses
Moveable printing
Confucian scholarship & being well-rounded valued
Tang = poetry, literature
Song = landscape painting
Global Connections
No major changes, instead, a consolidation of Chinese civilization
Extended influence over East Asia
Most advanced economy in world with major technological innovations
Important global impacts
Sui Tang
SongSouthern Song
Question:
How did Chinese society change & stay the same during the postclassical period?Compare & contrast the Tang & Song dynasties.In what ways did each successive dynasty try to address the weakness of the previous? What were the results of these efforts?