China= only continuing civilization China= only continuing civilization from ancient world.from ancient world.

Cut off by mountains, deserts and oceans Cut off by mountains, deserts and oceans from other centers of human evolution, from other centers of human evolution, China developed its own self-contained but China developed its own self-contained but highly advanced civilization, which featured highly advanced civilization, which featured an astonishing combination of progressive an astonishing combination of progressive technology, ancient art, and cultural technology, ancient art, and cultural awareness. awareness.

The original center of Chinese culture was The original center of Chinese culture was along the great Yellow River which crosses along the great Yellow River which crosses the North China Plain, where stable the North China Plain, where stable settlements have dated back to at least settlements have dated back to at least 4000 BCE. 4000 BCE.

CChinahina China= only continuing China= only continuing

civilization from ancient civilization from ancient world.world.

Settled village life, c. Settled village life, c. 6,000 BCE6,000 BCE

Ceramics, bronze Ceramics, bronze casting, jade, silk casting, jade, silk scrollsscrolls

Daoism and Daoism and ConfucianismConfucianism

BuddhismBuddhism Early Shang Dyn Early Shang Dyn

bronzesbronzes Pagodas, Forbidden CityPagodas, Forbidden City Painting, silk, paper Painting, silk, paper

scrollsscrolls Literati Literati classclass Role of calligraphyRole of calligraphy Porcelain Porcelain Qin dyn Terracotta armyQin dyn Terracotta army

7-27-2 Guang vesselGuang vessel Bronze, c.1100 Bronze, c.1100

BCEBCE Shang Dynasty, Shang Dynasty,

6.5”6.5” Ancestors, Ancestors,

funeraryfunerary Libations, Libations,

blessingsblessings

Neolithic

Fang ding, c.1500 BCEFang ding, c.1500 BCE

used for storing food and wine for social and religious used for storing food and wine for social and religious

ceremonial functions. ceremonial functions. The emphasis on animal motifs, The emphasis on animal motifs,

which is typical of the intricate which is typical of the intricate

ornamental design found in Shang ornamental design found in Shang

bronze artifacts, suggests the importance bronze artifacts, suggests the importance

of hunting Shang culture.  of hunting Shang culture.  In addition to being buried in graves, In addition to being buried in graves,

bronzes were now also used to bronzes were now also used to

honor the living, as inscriptions honor the living, as inscriptions

carved in their bases carved in their bases

Fang Ding

Ceremonial Vessel

Zhou Dynasty

c. 900 BCE

Bronze casting

Storage Jar

c.2500 BCE

Neolithic

Yangshao culture

14” h.

JADEJADE

Jade Extremely hard, difficult Metaphor strength Art and ritual Magical qualities Shaped with abrasion

7-47-4 Bi Disk with DragonsBi Disk with Dragons c. 300 BCEc. 300 BCE Jade had special Jade had special

propertiesproperties Dragons= good luckDragons= good luck Might be related to Might be related to

weatherweather Delicate, fine Delicate, fine

craftsmanshipcraftsmanship Shaped with abrasionShaped with abrasion JADE= magical powersJADE= magical powers Protected the deadProtected the dead

JADE

Bi disk with Dragons

Chinese SculptureChinese Sculpture

Access to India, Middle East through the Silk Road results Access to India, Middle East through the Silk Road results in Buddhist influencein Buddhist influence

Sculpture reaches zenith; time of prosperity and Sculpture reaches zenith; time of prosperity and technological sophisticationtechnological sophistication

Glazed earthenwareGlazed earthenware Horses= power of emperorHorses= power of emperor TRI-COLOREDTRI-COLORED POTTERY POTTERY

THE TANG DYNASTY (618-907 CE)

7-17

TaoismTaoism

Tao = “path” or “way”Tao = “path” or “way” Taoism emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Taoism emphasizes the Three Jewels of the

Tao: Tao: compassioncompassion, , moderationmoderation, and , and humilityhumility.. Taoist thought generally focuses on Taoist thought generally focuses on naturenature, ,

the relationship between humanity and the the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. cosmos.

Harmony with the Harmony with the Universe Universe Balance between opposing forcesBalance between opposing forces (yin-yang) (yin-yang) Dao, like water, least resistance, Dao, like water, least resistance,

yielding but keeping strongyielding but keeping strong

•Developed from the teachings of the philosopher Confucius

•The cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection

•Golden Rule: "do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you."

ConfucianismConfucianism

Confucianism (Cont.)Confucianism (Cont.)

Social harmonySocial harmony "Filial piety“"Filial piety“ is among one of the is among one of the

greatest virtues. “Filial” characterizes greatest virtues. “Filial” characterizes the respect that a child should show to the respect that a child should show to his/her parents.his/her parents.

LoyaltyLoyalty was considered one of the was considered one of the greater human virtues. Loyalty to one's greater human virtues. Loyalty to one's family came first, then to one's spouse, family came first, then to one's spouse, then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's friends. friends.

CalligraphyCalligraphy In ancient China just like painting, Calligraphy was one of the most In ancient China just like painting, Calligraphy was one of the most

appreciated works of art.appreciated works of art. Amateurs, school officials, and aristocrats had the leisure to perfect Amateurs, school officials, and aristocrats had the leisure to perfect

the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork.the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. The equipment for painting Calligraphy are a brush pen, made of The equipment for painting Calligraphy are a brush pen, made of

animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot and animal glue.animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot and animal glue. Writing and painting was originally done on silk, but with the Writing and painting was originally done on silk, but with the

invention of paper in the 1invention of paper in the 1stst century, silk was quickly replaced. century, silk was quickly replaced. Wang Xizhi was a renowned Chinese Calligrapher in the 4Wang Xizhi was a renowned Chinese Calligrapher in the 4 thth

century AD. His most famous work of art is the Lanting Xu, which century AD. His most famous work of art is the Lanting Xu, which is the preface for a collection of poems written by numerous poets.is the preface for a collection of poems written by numerous poets.

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HandscrollHandscroll

Long, narrow scroll to be read horizontally. Can Long, narrow scroll to be read horizontally. Can be read on table for a long narrative.be read on table for a long narrative.

Also used in Japan and Korea. Made of silk.Also used in Japan and Korea. Made of silk.

Hanging scrollsHanging scrolls

Displays Chinese painting and calligraphy for public Displays Chinese painting and calligraphy for public appreciation and appraisal of the aesthetics of the appreciation and appraisal of the aesthetics of the scrolls in its entirety by the audience. Made of silk.scrolls in its entirety by the audience. Made of silk.

7- 10 - Gu Kaizhi,7- 10 - Gu Kaizhi, Lady Feng, Lady Feng, Handscroll, ink on silk, Handscroll, ink on silk, c.400c.400

Act of heroism save emperor-NobleAct of heroism save emperor-Noble, Confucian, Confucian behavior behavior Animated, plain backgroundAnimated, plain background Individualized expressions, Role of calligraphy, right to leftIndividualized expressions, Role of calligraphy, right to left Xie He’s 6 CanonsXie He’s 6 Canons

DaoismDaoism Dao, Laozi, c. 600 BCEDao, Laozi, c. 600 BCE Daodejing=Daodejing= The Way and Its PowerThe Way and Its Power Dao, like water, least Dao, like water, least

resistance, resistance, yielding but keeping strongyielding but keeping strong Yin- YangYin- Yang Fundamental natural Fundamental natural

of the universeof the universe

Fan K'uan (c.1000)Travelers Amid Streams and Mountains

Hanging scrollInk and color on silk81 1/4 x 40 3/4 in Sung Dynasty

Emperor Huizong, Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk

Northern Song, c.1100, 15x58”Scroll depicts three groups of ladies working on newly

woven silk, sewing and ironing silk. Two young maids assist ladies by

keeping charcoal hot and silk stretched; a little girl amuses herself by horsing around.

Gongcan (palace sericulture) was a symbolic imperial duty performed

every spring by the empress. In this ritual, she would lead palace ladies in

all stages of silk production, from raising the silkworms to making

dresses from the newly woven material.

7-23 Ma Yuan, Mountain Stroll in Spring,

Southern Song Brushed by his sleeves, wild flowers dance in the wind,Brushed by his sleeves, wild flowers dance in the wind, Fleeing from him, hidden birds cut short their songs . . . Fleeing from him, hidden birds cut short their songs . . .

Literati paintingLiterati painting

Educated classEducated class IndependentIndependent IndividualizedIndividualized ““Southern School”Southern School” Not as formal as NorthernNot as formal as Northern A little “looser” styleA little “looser” style

26-10 26-10 Shen Zhou, Shen Zhou, Lofty Mount LuLofty Mount Lu

1467, hanging scroll1467, hanging scroll

Chinese Architecture Chinese Architecture The architecture was built according to severe rules of The architecture was built according to severe rules of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophiesTaoism as well as other Chinese philosophies Earlier than the Shang Dynasty, around the time of Earlier than the Shang Dynasty, around the time of 1500 BC, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of 1500 BC, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Palaces of Qin Dynasty and Chou Dynasty, continued in Palaces of Qin Dynasty and Chou Dynasty, continued in this style this style

26-5 Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD)

Raised beam constructionRaised beam construction

Chinese Chinese ArchitectureArchitecture The architecture was built according to severe The architecture was built according to severe

rules of design which made Chinese buildings rules of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophiesphilosophies Around 1500 BCE, Chinese buildings looked very Around 1500 BCE, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. were distinguishable.

26-5

Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD)

26-5 26-5 Aerial view of the Forbidden City, Beijing, Aerial view of the Forbidden City, Beijing, China, Ming dynasty, 15th century and later.China, Ming dynasty, 15th century and later.

A. A. Meridian GateMeridian GateB. B. Gate of Divine MightGate of Divine MightC. West Glorious GateC. West Glorious GateD. East Glorious GateD. East Glorious GateE. Corner towersE. Corner towersF. F. Gate of Supreme HarmonyGate of Supreme HarmonyG. G. Hall of Supreme HarmonyHall of Supreme HarmonyH. Hall of Military EminenceH. Hall of Military EminenceJ. Hall of Literary GloryJ. Hall of Literary GloryK. Southern Three PlacesK. Southern Three PlacesL. Palace of Heavenly PurityL. Palace of Heavenly PurityM. Imperial gardenM. Imperial gardenN. Hall of Mental CultivationN. Hall of Mental CultivationO. Palace of Tranquil LongevityO. Palace of Tranquil Longevity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEJhfxyc8lI

Great WallGreat Wall

Especially famous is the wall built between Especially famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Qin Shi Huang.

This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, This is made up of sections of actual wall, This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5] 359 km (223 mi) of as hills and rivers.[5] 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5] defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5]

Great Wall, c.200 BCEQin Dynasty

7-21 Foguang Si 7-21 Foguang Si Pagoda, Yingxian, Pagoda, Yingxian,

China, Liao China, Liao Dynasty, 1056.Dynasty, 1056.Buddhist towerBuddhist tower

housed relics, like housed relics, like stupastupa

sacred images, textssacred images, texts

Also common in Also common in JapanJapan

Han House Model

c.220

Chinese SculptureChinese SculptureTerracotta ArmyTerracotta Army

• Carved during the short-lived Qin Dynasty• in Mausoleum of First Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang• buried in 210-209 BC• 7,000 terracotta figures of horses and warriors• had paint when unearthed in 1974; pigment has since faded; each head is unique.

Figure 7-5 Figure 7-5 Army Army of the First Emperor of the First Emperor of Qin in pits next to of Qin in pits next to

his burial mound, his burial mound, Lintong, China, Qin Lintong, China, Qin

dynasty, ca. 210 dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Painted BCE. Painted

terracotta, average terracotta, average figure 5’ 10 7/8” figure 5’ 10 7/8”

high.high.

7-9 7-9 Shakyamuni Shakyamuni Buddha, Zhao Buddha, Zhao Dynasty, Dynasty, Period of Period of Disunity, 338. Gilded Disunity, 338. Gilded bronze, 1’ 4” h.bronze, 1’ 4” h.Earliest Chinese BuddhaEarliest Chinese Buddharesembles Gandhara resembles Gandhara stylestyle

notice hand position notice hand position

Guan-Yin

c.12 century

Bodhisattva

Mercy

Compassion

Love

7-12 Vairocana Buddha,

Longmen Caves, Luoyang, China

ca. 670-680 C.E.50 feet high

Buddha= 44’ carved mt

COSMIC BUDDHA

Supreme majesty, serenity

Perfect symmetry, smooth

Colossal

Flanked by monks, bodhisattvas