China Innovation White Paper

7/31/2019 China Innovation White Paper

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CHINA

INNOVATION

By- Aditya Tanwar (07)

Akash rawat (08)

Sec - A



History Of Science & Technology In China

The Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 AD) was a time of great innovation in Chinese history.

Some of the earliest inventions in China were:

Silk has been used by the Chinese for approximately 5,000 years.

The Chinese invented noodles 4,000 years ago.

Ice cream was invented in China around 200 BC.

The Chinese invented eyeglasses over 1,000 years ago.

The Chinese were the first in the world to use paper money.

Drinking tea is widely considered to have started first in China

The Chinese invented the world’s first seismometer.

The Chinese invented the crossbow around the 5th century BC.

The Chinese invented the hot air balloon.

The Four Great Inventions

The Four Great Inventions are the inventions that are celebrated in Chinese culture for

their historical significance and serve as symbols of China's

advanced science and technology. These are:

1. Paper – 2nd century BC

2. Printing – 6th century AD

3. Gunpowder – 9th century AD

4. Compass –10th century AD



China’s Scientific Research System

China's scientific research system comprises of the Chinese Academy of

Sciences (CAS), schools of higher education, industrial departments, national defense

departments and local scientific research institutes.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has six sections:

1. Mathematics and Physics,

2. Chemistry,

3. Life Sciences and Medicine,

4. Earth Sciences,

5. Information Technical Sciences, and

6. Technological Sciences.

There are over 160 national scientific and academic organizations affiliated to the China

Association for Science and Technology.

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) is the highest honorary, consultative

institute in engineering science and technology.

Development

In 1900, China had no modern science and technology at all. Now, in the early 21st

century, 60 percent of technologies, including atomic energy, space, high-energy

physics, biology, computer and information technology have reached close to the world

advanced level.

For example, China has made great progress in the field of astronautics.

October 15, 2003 saw the successful launch of the first manned spacecraft

"Shenzhou V”. "Shenzhou V" sent China's first astronaut into space and returned successfully,

making China the world's third country to independently develop and deploy

manned space flight technology.



Global Innovation Index



The Rise And Rise Of China

China’s innovation performance will improve by 11% and it will rise from 54th to

46th place between 2004-08 and 2009-13.

India will move up four places, whereas the ranking for Brazil will remain

unchanged and Russia will go down two places.

The country is investing heavily in R&D and education, and its innovation

environment is improving.

China now leads the world in the number of people engaged in science and

technology.

University graduates with degrees in science and engineering represent 40% of

the total and far above the 15% recorded in the US.





The Erosion Of USA’s Position

From 2003 to 2011, the growth in patent filings by US residents has slowed, while other

countries continue to catch up.

Growth in the number of researchers has slowed relative to China and a smaller

proportion of graduates obtain degrees in science and engineering than in those

countries.

Fewer articles have been published in scientific and technical journals.



Proportion Of Global Publication

Authorship By Country



China To Overtake USA In Scientific Output In Two Years

China is on course to overtake the US in scientific output possibly as soon as

2013 - far earlier than expected.

In 1996, the first year of the analysis, the US published 2, 92,513 papers - more

than 10 times China's 25,474.

By 2008, the US total had increased very slightly to 3, 16,317 while China's had

surged more than seven-fold to 184,080.

Previous estimates for the rate of expansion of Chinese science had suggested

that China might overtake the US sometime after 2020.



4 Reasons That China May Succeed

1. China's leadership understands engineering because eight of nine members of

the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau having engineering degrees.

2. China is spending money in various fields, from supercomputers to nanotech,

including clean energy.

3. China has a huge technical labor pool. The large Shanghai-based outsourcing

company screens applicants with an IQ test with a cutoff score of 140; less than

1 percent of the population reaches that high.

4. China's rate for undergraduates earning science or engineering is 42 percent of

all college graduates. Only 2 percent of U.S. 9th-grade boys and 1 percent of

girls go on to attain the same degrees.

National Patent Development Strategy (2011-2020)

It discusses broad economic objectives as well as specific targets to be attained

by 2015.

China’s goal for annual patent filings by 2015 is two million.

China intends to roughly double its number of patent examiners, to 9,000, by

2015. (The United States has 6,300 examiners.)

China also wants to double the number of patents that its residents and

companies file in other countries.

To lift its patent count, China has introduced an array of incentives. They include

cash bonuses, better housing for individual filers and tax breaks for companies

that are prolific patent producers.





Comparative Proportion

Of Global Citations By Country



China’s 2010 R&D Expenditure Statistics

Total R&D Expenditure in 2010 = $111.23 billion.

◦ Growth Rate = 21.7%

R&D expenditure (as a proportion of GDP) in 2010 = 1.76%.

◦ In 2009 = 1.70%

China’s R&D expenditure per R&D personnel (full-time) = $

43623.43.

◦ $3622.16 more compared with the previous year.

Breakup by Activity Type:

Basic research activities = $5.11 billion.

◦ Growth = 20.1%

Applied research activities = $14.08 billion.

◦

Growth = 22.3%

Experiment and development = $92.04 billion.

◦ Growth = 21.7%



Breakup by Executive Agency:

R&D expenditure by Industry = $81.66 billion.

◦

Growth = 22.1% Government research institutions = $18.68 billion.

◦ Growth = 19.1%

Higher learning institutions = $9.41 billion.

◦ Growth = 27.6%

74%

17%

9%

Percentage Investment in R&D by DifferentExecutive Agencies in 2010

Industry Government research Institutions higher learning Institutions



Conclusion

China is making a concerted effort to build a more innovative economy. It is

investing heavily in R&D and Education and its innovation environment is growing.

China even leads the world in the no. of people engaged in science and technology.

40% of total university graduates pass with degrees in Science and Engineering

which is far above the 15% recorded in US. Also China globally leads in the no. of

Trademark and Industrial Design Registrations which clearly shows China’s edge

over other countries in competitiveness and innovation.

But the prospects for China are not entirely positive: it also faces barriers to

innovation.

1. Weak protection of intellectual property (despite improvements in recent years)

stands out.

2. Although China leads the world in no. of Trademark and Industrial design

Registrations but it significantly lacks behind in the no. of Patients Registered

when compared to United States or Japan.

◦ In 2010, China accounted for 20% of the world’s population, 9% of the

world’s GDP, 12% of the world’s R&D expenditure, but only 1% of the

patent filings with or patents granted by any of the leading patent offices

outside China.3. Also industries in China spends huge amount of money in R&D ($81.89 billion in

2010) but despite such huge investments none of the Chinese company is as

innovative as any of the American or Japanese Companies. Companies like

Apple, Microsoft or SONY are the top innovators in the world and gives an edge

to US and Japan over China.

China is making rapid strides in some areas…However, on an across -the-board

basis, it still has quite some distance to cover before becoming a global innovationpower. It will take a long time for developing countries like China that rely on

manufacturing for export to close the innovation gap with the West.

Documents

China Innovation White Paper