CHAPTER 29: REVOLUTIONS China and India

Toward Revolution Fall of Qing

-1911: Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Kuomintang) overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.

-Fighting among groups for power Yuan Shikai

-Warlords form cliques-Leader of powerful clique in Northern China

Sun Yat-Sen-Leader of Kuomintang (Guomindang)-The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) pushed for

modernization and nationalization

MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT 1912:Sun became president of the Republic of China

-“Three Principles of the People” (Nationalism, democracy, economic security)

-Sun resigns presidency to General Yuan Shikai -Shikai betrays democratic ideals-Local revolts break out

1916:Civil war 1917: Enter WWI on side of Allies

-Allies gave Chinese territories to Japan 3,000 angry students gather in Beijing May 4, 1919

CONTINUED May Fourth Movement

-Transform China into liberal democracy-Reforms would be meaningless in a China

controlled by warlords Sun Yat-sen and Kuomintang share aims of the

movement Many realized need to do something more radical

-Serious attention given to Soviet communism-Li Dazhao: Intellectual that called for a

reworking of Marxist ideology to fit China (Focus on peasants, not workers) 1921: Chinese Communist Party founded

Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement

THE KUOMINTANG SEIZES POWER Sun Yat-sen

-Disillusioned with Western democracies-Allies with the Communist Party

Lenin sent military advisors/equipment to China in 1923

-1924: Whampoa Military Academy Sun Yixian died in 1925

-Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) heads the Kuomintang (Feared communism; promised democracy but became corrupt)

-Peasants gave support to Chinese Communist Party.

MAO AND THE PEASANT OPTION 1930: Bloody civil war

-Mao and Communists in south-central China

-Recruited peasants into Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare Nationalists attacked communists

-1933: Nationalists surround Communists

-Long March: 6,000 mile journey to safety in north

-Solidified Mao’s leadership and attracted new followers

JAPAN INVADES Japan took advantage of China’s weakened

situation -Invaded Manchuria

1937: Japan launched all-out invasion of China- “Rape of Nanking”

Japanese invasion forced uneasy truce between the Jiang’s and Mao’s forces

-Unite to fight Japanese

INDIA: NATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO BRITAIN Nationalist Groups:

-Indian National Congress & Muslim League B.G. Tilak

-Traditional, pro-Hindu nationalist leader-British exile to Burma for radical ideas

British promised reforms in return for service during WWI

-Modest reforms, but refuse to honor war-time promises

-Local protestsRowlett Act (1919): Jail protestors without trial for up to two years

AMRITSAR MASSACRE 1919: Hindus and

Muslims flocked to Amritsar for peaceful protest

-British banned public meetings

-The British commander ordered troops to fire on crowd Amritsar Massacre

changed millions into nationalists

Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer nicknamed “The Butcher of Amritsar” was the commander responsible for ordering the firing on civilians, including women children.

GANDHI AND NONVIOLENCE Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as

independence movement-Deeply religious approach to

politics-Noncooperation: Gandhi urges

Indian National Congress to follow this policy

1920: Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience-deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law Gandhi launched this campaign to

weaken British authority and economic power

BOYCOTTS, STRIKES, & DEMONSTRATIONS Gandhi asks Indians to refuse to buy British goods,

attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections

Staged boycott of British cloth -Urged all Indians to weave their own cloth

(Homespun movement)-Sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply.

Civil disobedience took economic toll on the British 1920: British arrest thousands who took part in

strikes and demonstrations-Protests led to violence

THE SALT MARCH 1930: Gandhi organized the

Salt March to protest Salt Acts-Indians could only buy salt from the government (Taxed)-Gandhi and followers marched to the sea where the people made their own salt

Demonstrators marched to salt processing plant

-Met with violence 60,000 people, including

Gandhi, were arrested

BRITAIN GRANTS LIMITED SELF-RULE 1935: British Parliament passed the Government

of India Act:-Local self-government-Granted limited democratic elections

-Limits: It did not grant total independence The Government of India Act fueled tensions

between Muslims and Hindus.-Two groups had different visions for independence-Indian Muslims feared being outnumbered by Indian Hindus

NATIONALISM IN SOUTHWEST ASIA Breakup of Ottoman Empire Growing Western political and

economic interest-Spurred the rise of

nationalism Turkey kept its homelands 1919: Greek soldiers invade

Turkey 1922: Mustafa Kemal, a

nationalist leader-Successfully fought back Greeks and British -After winning, overthrew the last Ottoman sultan

TURKEY BECOMES A REPUBLIC

1923: Kemal became president of the Republic of Turkey and ushered in reforms-Separated laws of Islam from the laws of the nation-Abolished religious courts and created a new legal system-Granted women the right to vote-Launched government funded programs to industrialize Turkey

Kemal died in 1938-Left a legacy of a new national identity

MANDATES Britain and France occupy Middle East after WWI

-Made the Middle East mandates (Govt’s entrusted to European nations)

-Britain promised Palestine to Jewish Zionists and Arabs (Balfour Declaration)

-Promoted Jewish emigration-Sense of betrayal felt by Arabs

Zionism-Est. Jewish homeland in Palestine-Led by Theodor Herzl

PERSIA BECOMES IRAN

Reza Shah Pahlavi seized power in 1921, and in 1925 deposed the ruling shah. He set out to modernize the

country established public schools built roads and railroads promoted industrial growth extended women’s rights

He kept all power in his own hands

He changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran

SAUDI ARABIA KEEPS ISLAMIC TRADITIONS

In 1902, Abd al-Azis Ibn Saud began a successful campaign to unify Arabia

In 1932 the new kingdom was called Saudi Arabia

Ibn Saud carried on Arab and Islamic traditions. Loyalty was based on custom, religion, and family ties

Ibn Saud brought modern technology to the country, but limited to what was religiously acceptable.

No democracy was practiced

EGYPT Lord Cromer

-Dominate government-Oversaw sweeping reforms-Bureaucracy, irrigation, public works-Ayan receive most benefits from British

Resistance-Middle class-Sons of effendi (Prosperous business families)

Growing nationalism-Dinshawai Incident (1906)-Villagers mob British officers after local woman shot-Harsh reprisals (Hanging, beaten, hard labor)

CONTINUED Discontent and nationalism

-Denied to travel to Versailles for treaty negotiations

-Student-led riots result-Wafd Party emerges

-Years of negotiations between Britain and Egypt British withdraw in stages

-Khedival regime preserved-Party factions fight for power

-Could not give peasantry needed reforms