Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    1/74

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    2/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    trsdK;bmom omoemtusKd; onfydk;aqmifrnf

    csif;a&mifjcnfAk'"rbmoma&;r*Zif; trSwf(4)

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUrS xkwfa0onf

    xkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olOD;wifatmif(Ou|)

    ,m,DrSwfyHkwif(1822)

    trSwf(74)?tcef;(2)ajrnDxyf

    uRef;awmvrf;? prf;acsmif;? &efukef/

    yH kE S dy folyH kE S dy folyH kE S dy folyH kE S dy folyH kE S dy fol

    a':at;at;cdkif

    pdefMu,fykHESdyfwdkuf

    trSwf(bD-16) tP0gvrf;oG,f(1)

    anmifwef;tdrf&m/ykZGefawmif?&efukef/

    &ufpGJ&ufpGJ&ufpGJ&ufpGJ&ufpGJ-2013? Mo*kwfv(yxrtBudrf)(yxrtBudrf)(yxrtBudrf)(yxrtBudrf)(yxrtBudrf)

    tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa& -1000 wefbdk;wefbdk;wefbdk;wefbdk;wefbdk;-"r'ge

    uGefysLwm-udkrsKd;rif;(aZmfr dwL-vSnf;wef;)

    yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    3/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ]]csif;a&mifjcnf}}]]csif;a&mifjcnf}}]]csif;a&mifjcnf}}]]csif;a&mifjcnf}}]]csif;a&mifjcnf}}(a'G;csdK;uAsm)

    csif;a&mifjcnf0if;ajymifxnf *kPf&dSefj'yfawGeJY

    jrifhjrwfNyDaum/

    omoemtjzmjzm xdefxdef;vif;zdkYcsif;a&mifjcnf tkPfOD;rSm

    jrL;0if;apaom/(trSefy) xl;wifha0aESm/

    armifvdIifoif;(puk) oDukH;csD;jrifhonf/

    Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;

    (1) b'Eu0dE

    uefom,mausmif;wdkuf

    Munfhjrifwdkif? &efukef/

    (2) b'Eem&'

    atmifr*Fvmwdkufopf

    tvHkNrdKUe,f?&efukef/

    tBuHay;em,ursm;

    1/ OD;azvdef;armif;

    2/ OD;&Sdef;vdef;xef;

    3/ OD;wifatmif

    t,f'DwmcsKyf... udkEdkif;(csif;awmif)wm0efcHt,f'Dwm... armifaEGxGef;(aygufacgif;)t,f'DwmtzGJU ... qvdkif;aemapmf

    aoa&Smifcsif;?

    taEG;ocif

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    4/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    rmwdum

    1/ aygufacgif;NrdKUu rdk;aumif;pdefbk&m; t,f'Dwmaxkywdu@axkywdu@axkywdu@axkywdu@axkywdu@

    2/ apwkw&mNrdKU? awm&taSUausmif;q&mawmfb'Eauo&\axkywdtusOf; OD;[efxGef;

    3/ q&mawmfOD;r@v\axkywdtusOf; OD;[efxGef;4/ jrif;csnfawmifawm&rScsif;OD;yif;BuD; ay:vDwDpif

    uAsmu@uAsmu@uAsmu@uAsmu@uAsmu@5/ vef;qJyef; tnMw&vkvif-ap&majr6/ omoemhcsif;a&mifjcnf armifvIdifoif;-puk7/ tarxufomwJhtar ZifxGef;-puk8/ apmifhraaebl; MumoGDydk;(uefyufvuf)9/ ref;acsmif;ab;uaoG;csif;wdkYGm armifvIdifoif;-puk

    10/ rdcifpdwf ZifxGef;-puk11/ ref;acsmif;ab;u urmat;bk&m; armifvIdifoif;-puk

    csif;omoemu@csif;omoemu@csif;omoemu@csif;omoemu@csif;omoemu@

    12/ csif;wdkYae&mAk'omoem t&SifeErmvm(csif;0efaqmif)13/ 2000ausmufuGif; y&[dw armifaEGxGef;(aygufacgif;)14/ ref;acsmif;a& at;jrjroGif yl;acgarmif;-rif;wyf

    "raqmif;yg;u@"raqmif;yg;u@"raqmif;yg;u@"raqmif;yg;u@"raqmif;yg;u@15/ OmPfaumif;ol aiGa|;-pufrItxnf16/ uRefawmfjrifwJhAk'bmom0ifawG

    a'gwfwmcifarmifvwf-aTjrefrm17/ olwdkYajymMum;"rpum; qvdkif;a&Tvif;18/ aTjrefrmajymMum;"rpum; s.k&Sefvdef;

    19/ aumif;pGmtoHk;cszdkY&owd&Edkifygap aoaSmifcsif;20/ vufqifhurf;"rpmay armifMunfarmf-puk22/ MunfndKwwfaprsm;a0ae rat;-aygufacgif;22/ ZmwdewfrawmifGmESifhcef;ylSD udkBuD;aumif;-ewfrawmif23/ bk&m;apwDysuf jyifqif&usKd; t&Sifem*dE(ykym;)2 4 / ow i f ; u@ . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5 / " m w f y H k u@ . . . . . . . . . . . .

    . . . . . . . . . . 4

    . . . . . . . . . . 6. . . . . . . . . . 1 1. . . . . . . . . . 1 4

    . . . . . . . . . . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . 1 0. . . . . . . . . . . 1 0. . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

    . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6. . . . . . . . . . . 2 0. . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

    . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

    . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7. . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. . . . . . . . . . . 3 4

    . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6. . . . . . . . . . . 4 8. . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. . . . . . . . . . . 5 7

    . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. . . . . . . . 1 3 ^ 1 9 ^ 3 5. . . 5 3 ^54^55^56

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    5/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;? jynfcdkif aygufacgif;

    NrdKUe,fwGif tdIcsif;wdkif;&if;om; aus;&Gmaygif;

    (32)&Gm &dSygonf/ 80-&mcdkifEIef; rSm Ak'bmom

    0ifrsm;jzpfMuNyD;? aemifawmfArmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;enf;wl Ak'bmom omoemawmfudk ,Hk

    Munfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfvsuf &dSMuygonf/

    ya0a&S;umvuyif vlrsdK;pum;uGJjym;ap

    umrl wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf; ,HkMunfrIwlnD

    pGmaexdkifvmcJhMuojzifh? aygufacgif;taMumif;

    ajymvQif csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY&JUtaMumif; yg

    &rnf/ aygufacgif;ordkif;qdkvQif csif;wdkY\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o ordkif;tpteudkvnf; csefvSyf

    rjzpfyg/

    av;rsufESmapwDordkif; jzpfay:&ef ayguf

    acgif;NrdKUe,fxJodkY pdkifjzLBuD;0ifa&mufvmcJh&m

    xdkpdkifBuD; tarmajza&aomuf&onfh tif;uGuf

    BuD;rSm ,ckaygufacgif;NrdKUawmifbuf (2)rdkif

    tuGmwGifwnf&dSaom pdkifypftif;csif;&GmteD;

    wGifjzpfygonf/xdkenf;wl ,ckazmfjytyfaom rdk;aumif;

    pdefbk&m;qif;wkawmfjrwfonfvnf; iSufawmf

    OD;(csif;) &Gm tajccHpwifcJhaMumif; ordkif;t

    axmuftxm;ESifh t&yfpum;rsm;t& od&dScGifh&

    cJhygonf/

    xdkYaMumifh csif;a&mifjcnfr*Zif;rS wpfqifh

    csif;Ak'bmom0iftaygif;wdkYtm; ]]igwdk Yonf]]igwdk Yonf]]igwdk Yonf]]igwdk Yonf]]igwdk Yonf

    Ak'tarGtESpf O' dapwDawmfjrwfESif hA k'tarGtESpf O' dapwDawmfjrwfESif hA k'tarGtESpf O' dapwDawmfjrwfESif hA k'tarGtESpf O' dapwDawmfjrwfESif hA k'tarGtESpf O' dapwDawmfjrwfESif h

    wpfenf;wpfzHk qufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfaMumif;wpfenf;wpfzHk qufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfaMumif;wpfenf;wpfzHk qufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfaMumif;wpfenf;wpfzHk qufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfaMumif;wpfenf;wpfzHk qufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfaMumif;

    omoemawmfBuD;tay: ayghayghwefwefromoemawmfBuD;tay: ayghayghwefwefromoemawmfBuD;tay: ayghayghwefwefromoemawmfBuD;tay: ayghayghwefwefromoemawmfBuD;tay: ayghayghwefwefr

    xm;bJ av;eufpGm ,HkMunfqnf;uyfoifhxm;bJ av;eufpGm ,HkMunfqnf;uyfoifhxm;bJ av;eufpGm ,HkMunfqnf;uyfoifhxm;bJ av;eufpGm ,HkMunfqnf;uyfoifhxm;bJ av;eufpGm ,HkMunfqnf;uyfoifhaMumif;}}aMumif;}}aMumif;}}aMumif;}}aMumif;}} owdw&m;xm;&dSapvdkaom qE

    r Ge f jzi f h ? . . .

    aygufacgif;NrdKU? av;rsufESmapwDawmf

    a*gyuOu|OD;jrifhodef;ESifh a*gyutzGJUrsm;xH

    oGm;a&mufawGUqHk cGifhawmif;NyD;? a*gyutzGJUrS

    aygufacgif;NrdKUu .... r d k ;aumi f ;p de fb k&m ;r d k ;aumi f ;p de fb k&m ;r d k ;aumi f ;p de fb k&m ;r d k ;aumi f ;p de fb k&m ;r d k ;aumi f ;p de fb k&m ;

    4

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    6/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    MunfndKpGmjzifh jrwfpGmAk'0if rdk;aumif;&SifudkaeYpOftdyfEdk; NrJ&dScdk; udk;uG,faepOf orZOfjzifh

    mPf,SOfpOf;pm; pdwfawmfxm;onfrSm igwpf

    yg;wnf; odrf;qnf;ylZmjyKHkom bZmtusdK;&dS

    rnfenf;/ trsm;a0ae zl;&acsu av;axGt

    yg,fvGwfawmhrnf pdwf0,f&nfNyD;? r[max&f

    jrwf OD;ynmaZmwxH qufuyf 1291-ckESpf?

    wydkYwGJvqef; (8)&ufaeY rGef;rwnfhrD rdk;aumif;

    apwD kyfyGm;awmfjrwftm; o'gMunfjzL ay;qufvSL'gef;awmfrlygonf/

    ,cktcg Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;

    \ trdefYawmfjrwfudk cH,l a*gyutzGJUuyif

    vHkNcHKpGmapmifha&Smufxm;ygonf/ NrdKUe,ftwGif;

    rdk;acgifqGHUyg;onfh rdk;tcgumvrsm;wGif rdk;

    aumif; pdefkyfyGm;awmftm; NrdKUwGif;odkY vSnfh

    vnf tylaZmfcHawmfrlvsuf yZKefewfrif;?trKE&ewfrif;wdkY vma&mufzl;arQmf &Tifaysmf

    onfhtcg aeYcsif;yif rdk;&GmoGef;awmfrlonfudk

    aygufacgif;NrdKUe,f a'ocHrsm; tBudrfBudrf

    awGUjrifcJhMuzl;ygonf/

    aygufacgif;NrdKUusufoa&aqmif av;rsuf

    ESmapwDwmfjrwfBuD;&dS rlv"rmHk *Euk#d

    wdkufcef;awmftwGif; ,aeYwdkifudef;0yfpHy,f

    oDwif;oHk;awmfrlvsuf&dSygonf/ rdk;aumif;

    pdefbk&m; kyfyGm;awmfjrwftm; apwDawmf

    Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfjrwfBuD;rsm;\ rdefYMum;

    csufESifhtnD- ,ckESpf 1375-ckESpf? e,kefv

    jynfhaeYrS vjynfhausmf(2)&ufaeYtxd oHk;

    "r'gejyKvdkufaom ]]rdk;aumif;pdefbk&m;}}qif;wkawmfjrwf\ twKywd ordkif;tusOf;udk

    wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/

    pdefom;awmf"mwf rdk;aumif;kyfyGm;awmf

    jrwfrSm omoemMunfndKaom ok"r&mZm om

    oemjyKrif;w&m; eduryg&rDjznfhusifh Oykof

    awmf0if bm0emw&m;yGm;rsm;awmfrl&ef ayguf

    acgif;NrdKUe,f iSufawmfOD;aus;&GmteD; ndKr

    awmifta&SUbufOD; jyefYjyL;aomajrae&m tnDapwDawmfwpfql wnfxm;udk;uG,fawmf

    rl&mwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmfrsm;? t

    jcm;kyfyGm;awmf Ak'0ifkyfvHk;awmfrsm;ESifh pdef

    om;"mwfkyfyGm;awmf rdk;aumif;bk&m;(pdefbk&m;)

    udk XmyemxnfhoGif; apwDjrwfwpfql wnf

    awmfrlcJhygonf/

    umvMumanmif; ESpfrsm;ajymif;um ouf&dS^oufrJhtaygif;wdkY tdkrif;a[mif; axmif;

    axmif;aMuvsuf ysufpD;&NrJ "rwmtwkdif;

    ndKrawmif&dS (atmifod'd)apwDawmfonfvnf;

    NydKusysufpD;jcif;oYdk usa&mufcJhygonf/

    xdkaomumv "n0wD &cdkifjynf? ppfawG

    NrdKUrS

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    7/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    apwkw&mNrdKU? awm&ta&SUausmif;q&mawmfb'Eauo&

    q&mawmfonf apwkw&mNrdKUESifh (2)rdkif

    tuGm atmufyHkaus;&Gmae crnf;awmf OD;&m

    cif? r,fawmfa':y

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    8/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ausmif;0dkif; tkwfwHwdkif;umjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ odrfawmftm; 1364-ckwGif wnf

    aqmufjcif;tygt0if bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif

    &dSoifhaomt&mtm;vHk; jyKjyifaqmif&GufcJh

    ygonf/

    q&mawmfonf 1342-ckESpfrS 1374-ck

    jymodkvef; (7)&ufaeYxd NrdKUe,foHCem,u

    tusdK;awmf aqmifOu|tjzpf wm0efrsm;udk

    ausyGefpGmaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ q&mawmfonfusef;rma&;tenf;i,f csdKUwJhvm 1374-ck

    jymodkvrSp Ou|tjzpfrS tem;,lcJhygonf/

    q&mawmfonf 1346-ckrS ,aeYxd

    NrdKUbHkuxdef?y|mef;yGJrsm;udk ESpfpOfOD;aqmif

    cJhygonf/ apwkw&mNrdKUteD;&dS ausmufc

    armufbk&m;yGJudkvnf; 1348-ckrS ,aeYtxd

    OD;aqmifusif;ycJ hygonf/ apwkw&mNrdK Ue,ftwGif;&dS ausmif;ae&efcufcJaom csdKUwJh

    uav;rsm;tm; ntdyfaeYpm;jzifh pmoifausmif;

    rsm;wGif ausmif;xm;ay;cJhonfrSm ,aeYxd

    wdkifyif jzpfygonf/

    q&mawmfbk&m;\ xifomjrifomaom

    xl;jcm;csufrSm oufawmf(80)twGif; uGrf;pm;

    jcif;? aq;vdyfaomufjcif; uif;pifcJ h NyD;?

    &[ef;oHCm? vltrsm;ESifh cspfcif&if;EDS;pGm

    aewwfoljzpfygonf/ /

    OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;qvdkif;a[mvHkum;*dwfqvdkif;a[mvHkum;*dwfqvdkif;a[mvHkum;*dwfqvdkif;a[mvHkum;*dwfqvdkif;a[mvHkum;*dwf

    apwkw&mNrdKU/apwkw&mNrdKU/apwkw&mNrdKU/apwkw&mNrdKU/apwkw&mNrdKU/

    v e f ; q J y e f ;v e f ; q J y e f ;v e f ; q J y e f ;v e f ; q J y e f ;v e f ; q J y e f ;

    &moDpuf0ef; ? tvDvD,Gef;?

    NrdKifpGef;,H ? tvdkufbmom

    yef;rmvmwdkY ? yGifh&SmMuonf?

    rnfolrnfodkY odvdrfhenf; /

    teE*kPf ? rTrf;xkHrvyf?

    txyfxyfwnf ? wdkYXmeD0,f?

    *kPf&nfedrfhyg;? Opm&Sm;vnf;?

    bmomwefcdk; rEGrf;nSdK;cJh /

    apwDykxdk; ? trsdK;rsdK;eJY?

    zGHUNzdK;om,m ? wdkYjynf&Gm0,f?

    wdk;jrifhomoem ? xGef;cJhygonf?urmwnfo vif;apownf; . . ./

    tnMwvkvif (ap&majr)

    &ufwm av;rsufESmapwDawmfjrwfBuD;&d S

    r[moEdokc "rmHkBuD; tylaZmfcHcJhaMumif;

    MunfndKo'gpdwf ,dkzdwfapMu&ef a0iSwifjy

    tyfygonf/ /

    aygufacgif;NrdKU? av;rsufESmapwDawmfaygufacgif;NrdKU? av;rsufESmapwDawmfaygufacgif;NrdKU? av;rsufESmapwDawmfaygufacgif;NrdKU? av;rsufESmapwDawmfaygufacgif;NrdKU? av;rsufESmapwDawmf

    a*gyutzGJUESifh OD;pdefwif0if;(r*Fvmqdkif;)wdkYa*gyutzGJUESifh OD;pdefwif0if;(r*Fvmqdkif;)wdkYa*gyutzGJUESifh OD;pdefwif0if;(r*Fvmqdkif;)wdkYa*gyutzGJUESifh OD;pdefwif0if;(r*Fvmqdkif;)wdkYa*gyutzGJUESifh OD;pdefwif0if;(r*Fvmqdkif;)wdkY

    tm;aus;Zl;wifygonf/tm;aus;Zl;wifygonf/tm;aus;Zl;wifygonf/tm;aus;Zl;wifygonf/tm;aus;Zl;wifygonf/

    wm0efcHt,f'Dwmwm0efcHt,f'Dwmwm0efcHt,f'Dwmwm0efcHt,f'Dwmwm0efcHt,f'Dwm

    pmrsufESm(5)rS

    7

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    9/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    omoemhomoem homoemhomoem homoem h csi f ;a&mi f jcnfcsif;a&mi f jcnfcsif;a&mi f jcnfcsif;a&mi f jcnfcsif;a&mi f jcnf

    omoemh csif;a&mifjcnf

    csif;rsdK;EG,f tm;pkHk;? pnf;vHk;ygonf?

    bmomtwGuf pGefYpm;rnf

    jrwf*kPf&nfcdkudk;?

    oHk;vlY&Sif apmAk'udk? OD;cskdusdK;/

    omoemh csif;a&mifjcnf

    jrwfpdaE "rrsm;? emMum;Murnf

    oHo&mwGuf arQmf&nf

    csif;wdkYonf ravQmhZGJ

    omoem}bmoma&;? OD;pm;ay;NrJ/

    jrwfaomcsif;a&mifjcnfomoemxGef;um;zdkY? wdkYrsm;aqmifrnf

    ausmif;aqmuf bk&m;wnf

    csif;a&mifjcnf jzefYcsdxm;

    EG,fomuDnDaemifbGm;? odMuapom; /

    pmqdk&Sif udk,fh&ifxJ

    yHkazmfqJ csif;a&mifjcnf

    tem*wfrSm rSefrvGJ? NrJwdk;wufrnf

    pdefcsif;wdkY jrefrmjynf

    a&Tcsif;wdkY pHXmeD? aiGcsif;wdkY uHomNyD

    a0pnfvdkYxif&Sm;?

    awmifZvyfawG b,frEGrf;

    vef;qef;0ifh

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    10/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    tarxufomwJhtar(aw;xyfuAsm)(aw;xyfuAsm)(aw;xyfuAsm)(aw;xyfuAsm)(aw;xyfuAsm)

    tar .. tarwdkif;&,feJ YtEdIif;rJh aus;Zl;&Sif

    arwmESifh *kPmyifvQifrk'dwm tpOfyGm; /

    om;orD;rsm; wpfusdyfru,lonfpdwfvSol tarygvm; . ./

    wcsdKUtarrsm; om;wpfa,mufawmfNyDaemufray:atmif oaEem; . . ./

    rwlwrljcm;ygvdkY]]tarrsm;xufomwJh tar}}om;awGrsm;av tm;awGjzpfvdkYtarcspfwJ h orD;awG . . . /

    ausmufoHywjrm;pdefa&TaiG

    pnf;pdrfawG omrnrdkYxm0& tarhb0if .om;orD;rsm;udkyif . ./

    &wemtppffrdkY tarcspfcifw,furmhpHcsdefwifprf;awmhav; / /

    Zi fx Ge f ;Zi fx G e f ;Zi fx G e f ;Zi fx G e f ;Zi fx G e f ;(((((pu kpu kpu kpu kpu k)))))

    a p m i f h r a e b l ;a p m i f h r a e b l ;a p m i f h r a e b l ;a p m i f h r a e b l ;a p m i f h r a e b l ;

    om;a&; orD;a&;? pD;yGm;a&ESifh

    [dka&; 'D&m? aMumif;pkHpGmudk

    ylumaxG;vHk;? csdefrzef;ESifh?

    cg;ukef;qHjzL? oGm;usKd;olxd

    MunfjzLpdwf&Snf? apmifhraebl;

    aoaeYa&mufu? rae&bJ

    tedpac:&m? aumufaumufyg[k

    jrwfpGmpdaE? a[maz:a>crdkY ..?

    taobk&if? rvmcifu

    BudKwifaumif;rI? apmapmyMuaemufusaomcg? yg,fav;&GmodkY

    jyefuma&mufrnf aocsmwnf;/ /

    MumoGDydk;(uefyufvuf)

    9

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    11/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    r e f ; a c s m i f ; a b ; ur e f ; a c s m i f ; a b ; ur e f ; a c s m i f ; a b ; ur e f ; a c s m i f ; a b ; ur e f ; a c s m i f ; a b ; u

    aoG;csif;wdkY&Gm

    jr&dyfqif opfyifwdkif;eJYrdIif;ndKUndKU onfaus;&Gm?wnfxm;yHk pepfusawmhoyf&yfvSpGm/a&mufolwdkif; aecsifwm . . .vlolawGpGJruf?ref;acsmif;a& csdKMunfat;eJYESvHk;aq;zuf /

    csif;aoG;pHk onf&Gmav;ra0;vS trSefyg?jrefjynfv,f]]puke,f}}]]puke,f}}]]puke,f}}]]puke,f}}]]puke,f}} wGif;oufqif;&dSwm/

    awmifcsif;eJ Y ajrmufcsif;yg . . .pnf;vHk;umaexdkifMu?ajrdkif;awG &Sif;xGifckwfBudK;ukwf&Tifys/

    ESpfav;q,fausmfvGefoGm;aemifrsm;vnf; qufOD;rnf?aoG;csif;qHk csif;pHkaoG;

    vufa&;[efonf/vufcsif;quf aoG;,Sufonf . . .wnfMunfwJh cspfpdwf0rf;?wdkYe,f&Gm IvSnfhprf;ompG ]]awmifref;}} / /

    armifvIdifoif;(puk)armifvIdifoif;(puk)armifvIdifoif;(puk)armifvIdifoif;(puk)armifvIdifoif;(puk)

    r dci fp dw fr dci fp dw fr dci fp dw fr dci fp dw fr dci fp dw f(a'G;csdK;uAsm)(a'G;csdK;uAsm)(a'G;csdK;uAsm)(a'G;csdK;uAsm)(a'G;csdK;uAsm)

    MuufNrHKwGif; Ocsif;,lzvS,fvdkYbJaumifi,f &ifaiGUay;w,f

    MuuftarhyHkxHk;/

    wJtaemuf bJaygufrsm;tpm&Sm

    a&uefrSmaqmhupm;awmh

    urf;yg;aygif MuuftarywfygvdkY

    rjywfatmf waMumfaMumfeJYol ac:wm om;wdkYrodw,f

    trd&JUESvHk; / /

    ZifxGe f ; (puk)Zi fxGe f ; (puk)Zi fxGe f ; (puk)Zi fxGe f ; (puk)Zi fxGe f ; (puk)

    10

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    12/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    q&mawmfonf apwkw&mNrdKUESifh

    (14)rdkif a0;uGmaom xD;acsmif;e,fajr&dS ivJ

    &GmwGif tzOD;zdk;cdkif?trda':at;csHKwdkYrS 1307-

    ckESpf? wydkYwGJvef;(6)&uf Mumoyaw;aeYwGifarG;zGm;oefYpifygonf/ rif;uscsif; (ac:)oif

    wdkif;csif;rsdK;EG,fpkrS qif;oufvmygonf/

    1313-ckESpfwGif &SifomraP0wfNyD;? 13

    17-ckESpfwGif &[ef;abmifodkYa&mufcJhygonf/

    q&mawmf\ OyZsm,fq&mrSm ivJausmif;

    q&mawmf OD;0go0jzpfonf/

    pvif;NrdKU?rdwDvmNrdKU t*ynm&HoDausmif;

    wdkuf? rEav;NrdKU r[ma0,HbHkom ygVdwu

    odkvf? &efukefNrdKU? Munfhjrifwdkif? urf;em;vrf;?

    jynfvHk;csrf;ompmoifwdkufwdkYwGif pmayusrf;

    *efrsm;udk oif,lcJhygonf/

    rdwDvmNrdKU? t*ynm&HoD atmifomausmif;

    wGif rlvwef;? ti,fwef;rsm;udk pm0gydkYcsae

    cJhygonf/ jrefrmou&mZf 1349-ckESpf? 0gqdkv

    wGif apwkw&mNrdKU?&Gmopf&yf?jruefomausmif;wGifoDwif;oHk; aexdkifcJhonfrSm ,aeYtxd

    jzpfygonf/

    q&mawmf\bmoma&;? omoema&;

    vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSm-

    (1) Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rIoifwef; ydkYcsjcif;/

    (2) "rpMum trsdK;orD;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;oif

    Mum;ay;jcif;/

    (3) apwkw&mNrdKU? NrdKUe,fvHk;qdkif&m ausmuf

    carmufbk&m;yGJawmfudk oHCem,u Ou|tjzpfaqmif&Gufum BuD;rSL;usif;yay;jcif;/

    (4) rdk;ukwf0dyemw&m;awmf jyefYyGm;a&;t

    wGuf a[majymaqmif&Guf vkyfudkifay;jcif;/

    (5) NrdKUe,f0denf;"dk&fq&mawmftjzpf aqmif&Guf

    vkyfudkifjcif;ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/

    q&mawmf\ xl;jcm;csufrSm w&m;a[m

    ajym&mwGif toHMunfvifjywfom;jcif;? toH

    atmifjcif;? vl? &[ef;oHCmwdkYESifh vdkufavsm

    nDaxGpGm qufqH aygif;oif;wwfjcif;? tajym

    ta[maumif;jcif;? (68)ESpftwGif; aq;vdyf

    aomufjcif;? uGrf;pm;jcif;rS uif;pifaom csif;

    bkef;BuD;wpfyg; jzpfygonf/

    wpfqufwnf;yif vufvSrf;rD&m csif;

    q&mawmftcsKdU\ axkywdtusOf;rQudk csif;Ak'bmom0ifrsm;ESifh pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;Munff

    ndKedkifMu&ef wifjytyfygonf/

    apwkw&mNrdKU?&Gmopfq&mawmfOD;r@v\

    axkywdtusOf;

    q&mawmfOD;oDvmpm&q&mawmfOD;oDvmpm&q&mawmfOD;oDvmpm&q&mawmfOD;oDvmpm&q&mawmfOD;oDvmpm&

    q&mawmfonf aumZmou&mZf 1337-

    ckESpfwGif rauG;wdkif;? apwkw&mNrdKUe,f?

    11

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    13/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    atmufyH k&Gm crnf;awmfOD;oef;atmif?r,fawmfa':vS&SifwdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/ 1358-

    ckESpfwGif OyZsm,fq&mawmfOD;auo&xHwGif

    &[ef;cHcJ hygonf/ qifjzLuRef;NrdKU? r[m

    0dokwm&mrwdkufESifh rEav;NrdKU? rlvqD;bef

    eDwdkufwdkYwGif y&d,wdpmayynmrsm;udk oif

    Mum;cJhygonf/ rauG;NrdKU ausmif;xdkifbkef;

    BuD;oifwef;udkvnf; wufa&mufNyD;jzpfonf/

    NrdKUe,f0denf;"dk&f wm0efrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?NrdKUe,foHC0efaqmif tzJGUtusdK;awmfaqmif

    twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmif

    cJhygonf/ /

    q&mawmfOD;ynmaZmwq&mawmfOD;ynmaZmwq&mawmfOD;ynmaZmwq&mawmfOD;ynmaZmwq&mawmfOD;ynmaZmw

    aumZmou&mZf 1346-ckwGif apwkw&m

    NrdKU? v,fjyifpk&yfuGufwGif crnf;awmfOD;atmifodef;? r,fawmfa':vHk;wdk YrS zGm;jrifonf/

    OyZsm,fq&m OD;em,uxHwGif &[ef;abmif

    0ifonf/ qifjzLuRef;NrdKU r[m0dokwm&m

    rwdkufwGif yxri,fwef;udkatmifjrifNyD;?

    tvwfwef;udk rJBuD;ausmif;wdkufwGif atmif

    jrifcJhygonf/ ,cktcg apwkw&mNrdKU?ajrmif;cG

    ajrmufausmif;? ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftjzpf

    omoemhwm0efrsm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf/(zkef; - 09-4016 77278)

    q&mawmf OD;Empm&q&mawmf OD;Empm&q&mawmf OD;Empm&q&mawmf OD;Empm&q&mawmf OD;Empm&

    aumZmou&mZf 1337-ckwGif apwkw

    &mNrdKUe,f? oHqnftkyfpk? rusD;pk&Gm crnf;

    awmfOD;atmifcif? r,fawmfa':wif&DwdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhygonf/

    OyZsm,fq&mOD;0g,rxHwGif &[ef;abmif

    0ifcJhygonf/ pvif;? qifjzLuRef;NrdKUrsm;wGif

    y&d,wdpmayrsm; oifMum;cJhygonf/ ausmif;

    xdkifbkef;BuD;oifwef;udk rauG;wGif wuf

    a&mufcJhNyD;? ,ckapwkw&mNrdKU?ajrmif;cGawmif

    ausmif;wGif ausmif;xdkifq&mawmftjzpf om

    oemhvkyfief;wm0efrsm; aqmif&GufNyD;? 0denf;"dk&fudprsm;wGif a&G;cs,fcH&ygonf/ ausmufc

    armufbk&m;yGJ usif;ya&;aumfrwDwGif 'kwd,

    em,utjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/

    t&SifOD;aZmwdut&SifOD;aZmwdut&SifOD;aZmwdut&SifOD;aZmwdut&SifOD;aZmwdu

    apwkw&mNrdKUe,f? csDaus;&Gmae crnf;

    awmfOD;atmifoef;? r,fawmfa':0dkif;wdkYrS 1336-ckESpf? uqkefvef;(3)&uf?t*FgaeYwGif arG;

    zGm;oefYpifonf/ 1356-ckESpfwGif &[ef;abmif

    odkY0if a&mufcJhNyD;? yxri,f? yxrvwfESifh

    tBuD;wef;pmar;yGJrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,fajrmuf

    ydkif;? rdk;ukwfNrdKUwGif atmifjrifcJhygonf/ ,ckt

    cg csD&Gmawmifausmif;wGif ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;

    tjzpf omoemhwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif

    vsuf&dSonf/ /

    r Sw fwr f ;wi fo lr Sw fwr f ;wi fo lr Sw fwr f ;wi fo lr Sw fwr f ;wi fo lr Sw fwr f ;wi fo l

    OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef;OD;[efxGef; qvdkif;a[mvHk apwkw&mNrdKU/

    12

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    14/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    13

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY ESpfywfvnftpnf;a0;usif;yjcif;ESpfywfvnftpnf;a0;usif;yjcif;ESpfywfvnftpnf;a0;usif;yjcif;ESpfywfvnftpnf;a0;usif;yjcif;ESpfywfvnftpnf;a0;usif;yjcif;

    &efukefNrdKU?csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsKyf

    BuD;\? toif;zGJUpnf;jcif; ESpfywfvnftcrf;t

    em;udk (30- 3- 1013) paeaeYwGif? &efukefNrdKU?

    A[ef; (1)vrf;Sd jrefrmoD&dvuFm"rmkH usif;

    yonf/

    aSOD;pGm]earm w} oHk;BudrfGwfqdk

    pwifzGif hvSpfonf? xdk Yaemuf Mo0g'p&d,?

    uefom,mausmif;q&mawmf b'Eu0dErS

    tzGifhMo0g'pum; rdefYMum;jcif;? Ou|OD;wif

    atmifrS csif;Ak'omoeygvu tzGJUBuD;\

    wpfESpfwm aqmif&GufcJhaom omoema&;qdkif

    &m vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESif h a&S Yvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk

    avQmufxm;wifjyjcif;? twGif;a&;rSL; pma&;q&mqvdkif;a&Tvif;rS b@ma&;pm&if; Sif;

    wrf;udk zwfMum;wifjyjcif;? wufa&mufvmMu

    aomy&dwfoufrsm;xHrS tBuHmPfrsm; &,l

    jcif;jzifhtpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhMuygonf/

    if;aemufem,uBuD; OD;azvdef;armifu

    ed*Hk; csKyfMo0g'pum;udk rdefYMum;NyD;? csif;Ak'

    omoeygvutzGJUcsKyfBuD;\ ESpfywfvnf t

    pnf;ta0;tcrf;tem;udk kyfodrf;cJ haMumif;

    owif;&Sdygonf/ /

    ax&0g'"ruGef,uftpnf;a0;oax&0g'"ruGef,uftpnf;a0;oax&0g'"ruGef,uftpnf;a0;oax&0g'"ruGef,uftpnf;a0;oax&0g'"ruGef,uftpnf;a0;odkY

    wufa&mufjcif;wufa&mufjcif;wufa&mufjcif;wufa&mufjcif;wufa&mufjcif;

    bmoma&;paom toif;tzGJUrsm;jzifh pkaygif;

    zGJUpnf;xm;aom ax&0g'"ruGef,uf tzGJUBuD;\

    (6)vywf pHknDtpnf;a0;yGJBuD;udk (31- 3- 20

    13)we*FaEGaeYu '*HkNrdKUe,f? pum;0gvrf;&Sd wd

    yd#uedum,ausmif;awmfBuD; usif;y&m -

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUBuD;rS 0efaqmif

    q&mawmft&SifeErmvm? Ou| OD;wifatmif?

    em,uq&mOD;Edkif;bl(udkEkdif;-csif;awmif)ESifh t

    wGif;a&;rI; pma&;q&mqvdkif;a&Tvif;wdkY wuf

    a&mufcJhMuygonf/ /

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    15/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    jrif;csnfawmifawm&rS csif;OD;yOif;BuD;

    csif;jynfe,f? rif;wyfe,f? cDG&def;&Gm?

    jrif;csnfawmifawm& OD;yOif;BuD;OD;0dokw (OD;

    avmtGrf)?'k&Jtkyf(Nidrf;)? oD;wif;oHk;omoem

    jyKvsuf&dSaeygonf/OD;yif;BuD; OD;0dokwudk cDG&def;&Gma[mif;wGif

    tbOD;a*avm? trda':idkif;a*vSL; wdkYrS 1938-

    ckwGifarG;zGm;NyD;? wpfOD;wnf;aomom;jzpfonf/

    i,f&G,fpOf rlvwef;ynmtpydkif;udk 0rf;

    ol;&Gm? bkef;BuD;OD;0dok'xHwGif rDScdkaexdkifNyD;

    oif,lcJhonf/

    i,f&G,fpOfuyif rdb(2)yg;vHk; tedpa&mufoGm;Muojzifh ba'G;jzpfol OD;a*vdef; (a':uD;

    wD;)wdkYxHwGif rDScdkaexdkifcJh&onf/ tv,fwef;

    ynmudk rif;wyfNrdKUwGif oif,lcJhonf/ (9)wef;

    atmifNyD;aemuf jynfolY&JwyfzGJUodkY 0ifa&muft

    rIxrf;cJhonf/ &efukef? ykym;? a&eHacsmif;?

    rEav;NrdKUrsm;&Sd &Joifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif

    wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1962-ckwGif cDG&def;&Gmol

    a':armif;xHkESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/1984-ckwGif jynfolY&JwyfzGJUrS 'k&Jtkyf&m

    xl;jzifh tNidrf;pm;,lcJhNyD; om;orD; (5)a,muf

    xGef;um;cJhonf/ if;om;orD; (4)a,mufp

    vHk;yif uefyufvuf t.x.u wGif (10)wef;

    atmifjrifcJhMuonf/

    ZeD;a':armif;xHkonf 2004-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (20)&ufaeYwGif uefyufvufNrdKUaetdrf

    uG,fvGefoGm;onf/ xdkESpf 2004-ck 0grqdkrDyif?

    uefyufvufNrdKU? awmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;

    q&mawmfOD;Owr (pvif;)udk OyZm,fjyK

    uefyufvufNrdKUausmif;wGif &[ef;jyKcJhonf/

    uefyufvufausmif;wGif (1)0g oDwif;oHk;cJhNyD;?

    (2)0gajrmufwGif Zmwd&Gmjzpfaom rif;wyfe,f?cGD&def;&Gm? jrif;csnfawmifxdyfwGif jyefvnf

    oD;wif;oHk;NyD; omoemjyKaeygonf/ ,cktcg

    OD;yif;BuD;onf oufawmf (74)? 0gawmf (9)0g

    &aeNyDjzpfonf/

    cDG&def;&Gm tBuD;tuJrsm;jzpfMuaom

    OD;edef;&Sdef;? OD;abGtGrfwkdYuOD;pD;NyD; &Gmol&Gm

    om;rsm;pkaygif; jrif;csnfawmifxdyfwGif awm

    &ausmif;uav; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;Muonf/qGrf;? ouFef;? aq;ponfwdkYudk vSL'gef;

    axmufyHhNyD; oma&;?ema&;udprsm;wGif yifhzdwf

    udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuonf/

    jrif;csnfawmifywf0ef;usif&dS yvdwfxDG

    &Gm? cDG&def;&Gm? xHkudef;&Gm? xmavmif;&Gm? tG,f

    14

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    16/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    a&;&Gm? roHk;El;&Gm? pyfaumuf&Gm ponf&Gmrsm;rS

    oma&;? ema&;rsm;wGif tm;udk;yifhzdwfMu

    aus;&Gmrsm;odkY awmifa0S;axmuf awmifqif;?

    awmifwufc&D;udk ajcvsifqif;wuf omo

    emjyKaeqJjzpfonf/ ,cktcg om;BuD;OD;ynm

    "ZESifhtwl oD;wif;oHk; omoemjyKaeMu

    onf/

    jrif;csnfawmifonf yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif

    tjrifhay 6315 ay jrifhNyD;? taemufbufodkYarQmfMunfhvQif rwlyDbuf&dS ]]armyDawmif}}

    udk vSrf;jrifEdkifNyD;? ta&SUbufudk arQmfMunfhvQif

    'DZifbm? Zefe0g&D aqmif;tcg jrL&Sif;csdefwGif

    ykym;awmifrBuD;udk xif&Sm;pGm vSrf;jrif&onf/

    ykym;awmifrBuD;onf yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif

    tjrifhay 5000 &dSonf/ cDG&def;&Gmonf tjrifhay

    5500 wGif&dSonf/ awmifbufodkY arQmfvQifac:El;pkrf (0dwdk&d,)awmifudk vSrf;jrif&onf/

    ajrmufbufwGif xD;vif;e,fudk vSrf;arQmfEdkifonf/

    xdkjrif;csnfawmifonf &GmESifh awm&

    rnfavmufatmif a0;aomaMumifh xdkawm&

    ausmif;wGif oD;wif;oHk;aom &[ef;udk ]]t&

    n0goD}}[k ac:wGifEdkifonf/ OD;yif;BuD; OD;0d

    okwonf xdkt&n0goD &[ef;tjzpf xif;SL;

    awm? awmifZvyfawmwdkYtv,fwGif oD

    wif;oHk; Armpum;em;rvnf? Armpum;rajymwwfMuaom csif;'umBuD;? 'umrBuD;rsm;

    tm; csif;bmompum;jzifh Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;\

    w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk a[mMum;&Sif;jy

    omoemjyKvsuf&dSonf/ csif;&Gmol? &Gmom;

    rsm;twGuf vGefpGmrSyif tm;udk;tm;xm;&mt

    jzpf omoemjyKvsuf&dSaMumif; *kPfjyKa&;om;

    azmfjytyfygonf/ /

    ay:vDwDpif (taemufdk;r)

    0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;

    rif;wyfrdU? cGD;&def&Gm?jrif;csnfawmifawm&

    oDwif;oHk;aeaom oufawmf(75)ESpf 0gawmf

    (9)&Sd OD;0dokwonf?

    b0ewfxHysHvGefawmfrloGm;aMumif; od&yg

    ojzifh? vlrsKd;bmomomoemtwGufqHk;IH;rI

    wpf&yf[k cHpm;&ygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfyg

    onf/

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsKyf(&efukef)csKyf(&efukef)csKyf(&efukef)csKyf(&efukef)csKyf(&efukef)15

    zdwfac:tyfygonfcsif;a&mifjcnf"rr*Zif;udk(av;vwpf

    Budrf) qufvufxkwfa0oGm;rnfjzpfyg?csif;vlrsKd; wdkY\ Ak'bmomESifh ywfoufaomuAsm? aqmif;yg;? 0wKrsm;-

    t,ljrifpifMu,fa&;? bmoma&;Ia'gifhpHkrSuAsm? aqmif;yg;? 0wKpmrlrsm;ESifh bmoma&;owif;rsm;udk("mwfyHkESifhwuG) a&;om;ay;ydkY csD;jrifhMuyg&ef zdwfMum;tyfygonf/ t,f'DwmtzGJU csif;a&mifjcnf"rpmapmif

    trSwf-74(ajrnDxyf)?uRef;awmvrf;?prf;acsmif;? &efukef/

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    17/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ajrjyefYae tdIcsif;rsm;aexdkif&ma'otawmfrsm;rsm;odkY pmay,Ofaus;rIESifh bm

    oma&;udprsm;jzifh a&mufcJhygonf/

    ausmufwHcg;NrdKUe,f ppfAkdvfBuD;?atmif

    jrifukef;? 'dkufOD;NrdKUe,f vSnf;ul;?vSnf;0dkif;?oiftif;?uGif;ajrmif? v,fa0;NrdKUe,ftxuf

    yifaomif?ausmuftdk;? v,fa0;NrdKUe,fatmuf

    opfawm?uefom ponhf ponfjzpfygonf/

    ae&m xl;jcm;onfrSm tIdcsif;rsm;

    onf jynfr upOfhuvsm;jyefYusJaeapumrl

    ESpf&GmwGJ wnf&dSaejcif;jzpfygonf/ odk Y

    aMumifhyif om;ay;orD;,lup ema&;tqHk;tcsif;csif; az;rEdkifMuojzifh ,cktcsdefxd

    t"Gef Y&SnfpGm &yfwnfvsuf&d SMuonf [k

    ,lqEdkifayonf/

    2013 (3)vydkif;u v,fa0;NrdKUe,f? opf

    awmuefome,frS uefomaus;&GmodkY tdIpm

    ayoifMum;a&;twGuf a&mufcJh&ygonf/

    uefomaus;&Gmonf csif;wdkif;&if;om;

    oD;oefY&Gmr[kwfbJ Armwdkif;&if;om;wdkYjzifha&m>yrf;aexdkifMuojzifh csif;pum; uG,f

    aysmufvkvk jzpfaeonfudkum; &ifeifhzG,f

    &ifqdkifcJh&yg\/

    ]]oif\rsdK;om;? pmpum;vnf;]oif\rsdK;om;? pmpum;vnf;]oif\rsdK;om;? pmpum;vnf;]oif\rsdK;om;? pmpum;vnf;]oif\rsdK;om;? pmpum;vnf;

    BuD;yGm;wufjrifh? usefaumif;oifh\/BuD;yGm;wufjrifh? usefaumif;oifh\/BuD;yGm;wufjrifh? usefaumif;oifh\/BuD;yGm;wufjrifh? usefaumif;oifh\/BuD;yGm;wufjrifh? usefaumif;oifh\/

    zwfaumif;Hk? a[maumif;Hk? ajymaumif;

    Hkr[kwf vufawGUusus usifhoHk;Mu&rnf

    jzpfonf/ jyefvnfxdef;odrf;EdkifMuygap/

    q&maZmf*s D\ aemufqufwGJrSm .. .

    oifOD;cs? trQa0&m? apwDomESifh?oifOD;cs? trQa0&m? apwDomESifh?oifOD;cs? trQa0&m? apwDomESifh?oifOD;cs? trQa0&m? apwDomESifh?oifOD;cs? trQa0&m? apwDomESifh?opmta&mif?mPfwefaqmifvnf;opmta&mif?mPfwefaqmifvnf;opmta&mif?mPfwefaqmifvnf;opmta&mif?mPfwefaqmifvnf;opmta&mif?mPfwefaqmifvnf;

    ajymifvsuf0if;vsuf usefapownf;/ajymifvsuf0if;vsuf usefapownf;/ajymifvsuf0if;vsuf usefapownf;/ajymifvsuf0if;vsuf usefapownf;/ajymifvsuf0if;vsuf usefapownf;/

    xdktcsufwGifum;- opfawm?uefom(csif;pk)

    rS Ak'bmom0if csif;rdom;pkwdkY\ Ak'bmom

    ay: xm;&dSaomo'gpdwfudk rSwfwrf;wif&

    ayrnf/

    uefom&GmodkY csif;pmoifzdkY oGm;rnfqdkuwnf;u a&S;bdk;bGm;wdkY wnfaqmufvSL'gef;

    cJhaom csif;ausmif;BuD;csif;ausmif;BuD;csif;ausmif;BuD;csif;ausmif;BuD;csif;ausmif;BuD;&dSaMumif; aESmif;vlrsm;

    jyKjyifrGrf;rHxm;MuaMumif; Mum;od&onf/

    uefom&GmodkYa&mufNyD; aemufreufrSmyif

    uefom&Gm\ajrmufbuf acsmif;wpfzufurf;

    acsmif;cHk&GmteD;&dS csif;ausmif;BuD;odkY a&mufcJhyg

    onf/ a&S;rlrysuf jyKjyifxm;aom ausmif;

    awmfBuD;\ cefYnm;xnf0grI? csif;Ak'bmom0ifwdkY\ Ak'omoemtay: xm;&dSaom

    o'gjy,k*f? omoedutaqmufttHkrSonf

    omoemwnf;[laom Ak'enf;us tqHk;tr/

    tmrdotarGESifh "rtarGwdkYudk cGJjcm;qHk;

    jzwf oHk;oyfcH,lEdkifaom tarGcHxdkufolawG

    csif;wdk Yae&mAk'omoem

    16

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    18/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    jzpfapzdkYudk &ifxJrSm wzGzGqEjyK&if; auseyfyD

    wd *Grf;qDxdcJh&ygonf/

    csif;ausmif;BuD;rStjyef pmoifcef;odkYr0if

    rD opfawm&GmrS ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;jApfESifh

    OD;wifarmifwdkY a&muf&dSvmNyD; em&D0ufrQ p

    um;ajymcGifh&onf/ olwdkYvufxJrS "r0D&*sme,f ta[mif;av;udkvnf; qufuyfMuo

    jzifh? udk,k,(v,fa0;)udk,k,(v,fa0;)udk,k,(v,fa0;)udk,k,(v,fa0;)udk,k,(v,fa0;)a&;xm;aom csif;

    ausmif;BuD;taMumif;udkvnf; zwfIcGifh&cJhyg

    onf/ xdkYaMumifh csif;ausmif;BuD;\ ordkif;

    aMumif;udk oD;oefYrar;jref;awmhbJ?aqmif;yg;

    yg tcsuftvufrsm;udkyif aumufEIwfaz:

    jyty fy gonf/ . . .

    csif;ausmif;BuD;[kwpfrsdK; xdyfcRefausmif;BuD;wpfzHk? acsmif;cHkausmif;[kwpfoG,f e,fol

    e,fom;rsm; todrsm;aom ausmif;awmfBuD;

    onf aejynfawmf? v,fa0;NrdKUe,f? uefom

    a'opdyf? ayyifukef;wpfjzpfvJ uefom&Gm\

    ajrmufbuf acsmif;cHk&GmxdyfwGif wnf&dSygonf/

    xdkausmif;awmfBuD; jzpfay:vmyHktaMumif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfNyD;? omoemtwGuf

    tm;wufp&mvnf;jzpfygonf/ ausmif;awmf

    BuD;jzpfay:vmyHk ordkif;tusOf;udk ausmif;'g,

    umBuD; OD;jApfxHrS avhvmod&dSrSwfwrf;wifcGifh

    &cJhygonf/

    bdk;bGm;pOfquf ajymjycsufrsm;t& {&m

    0wDjrpf taemufbufurf; rif;wkef;urbuf

    rS csif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf a&Munf&m jrufEk&m[laompum;twdkif; {&m0wDjrpfta&SU

    bufurf; atmifvH? aygufacgif;? EGm;arsmaus;

    &GmrSwpfqifh dk;rudkjzwfausmf v,fa0;

    NrdKUe,f? ayyifukef;[k ,cifuac:aom uef

    oma'oodkY a&muf&dSvmcJhMuygonf/

    csif;wdkif;&if;om; tbdk;tbGm;wdkYonf pD;

    yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;udk pepfwus BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaqmif&GufMuNyD; omoema&;?bmoma&;

    udkvnf; rvpf[if;&atmif wm0ef,lMuonf/

    xdkaMumifh aumZmou&mZf 1262-ckESpf

    wGif &yf&GmyHkpH pepfwuswnfaxmifMuNyD;?

    omoemESpf 2464? aumZmou&mZf 1282

    ckESpfwGifausmif;awmfBuD;udk csif;wdkif;&if;ol

    wdkif;&if;om;rsm; pkaygif;tm;jzifh aqmufvkyf

    vSL'gef;NyD;um q&mawmfOD;ukrm&t&Sifoljrwf

    udk ausmif;xdkifftjzpf udk;uG,fcJhMuygonf/

    tqdkygausmif;awmfBuD;onf obm0ab;

    'PfaMumifh wpfpwpfp ,dk;,Gif;ysufpD;vm

    onfjzpf csif;wdkif;&if;olwdkif;&if;om; bdk;bGm;

    rsm;\ ajr;jrpfrsm;u bdk;bGm;tarG xdef;odrf;17

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    19/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    aomtm;jzifhif;? avmukw&mtarGudk qufcHaomtm;jzifhif; jyefvnfjyKjyifMuavonf/

    ausmif;awmfBuD;udk u&dux t"dujyK

    jyKjyifMuaom csif;bdk;bGm;wdkY ajr;jrpfrsm;rSm -

    1/OD;atmifvS+a':at;wif 2/OD;jApf+a':Nidrf;

    3/OD;wifarmif+a':vSpdef 4/OD;oef;armif+

    a':Munf 5/OD;vlysdK+a':acG;? 6/a':wifvdIif?

    7/OD;wifat;+a':cspfNrdKif? 8/ODjrifhOD;+a':cifjrifh

    9/OD;usifarmif+ a':pef;&D? 10/OD;atmifoef;+a':axG;BudKifwdkY jzpfMuygonf/

    qdkcJhNyD; yk*dKvfrsm;onf ausmif;awmfBuD;

    udk jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;jzifh ausmif;'g,um?

    'g,dumrrsm;tjzpf cH,lxm;MuNyD;? vuf&dS

    q&mawmf b'EeEom&\ vrf;TefrIudk cH,l

    Muum uefoma'opdwf oHCem,u(Ou|)

    q&mawmfESifh (twGif;a&;rSL;) q&mawmf wdkY\a&SUawmfarSmufwGif a&pufoGef;cs oHCdu

    'getjzpf vSL'gef;Muygonf/ vSL'gef;NyD;&ufrSm

    omoemESpf (2551)? aumZmou&mZf 1369-

    ck? oDwif;uRwfvef; (5)&ufaeY jzpfygonf/

    ausmif;awmfBuD; jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;\ t

    aMumif;udk ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;jApfu-

    ]]csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYvnf; Ak'omo]]csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYvnf; Ak'omo]]csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYvnf; Ak'omo]]csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYvnf; Ak'omo]]csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYvnf; Ak'omo

    emudk av;av;pm;pm; jyKp kapmifha&SmufMuemudk av;av;pm;pm; jyKpkapmifha&SmufMuemudk av;av;pm;pm; jyKp kapmifha&SmufMuemudk av;av;pm;pm; jyKpkapmifha&SmufMuemudk av;av;pm;pm; jyKpkapmifha&SmufMu

    w,fqd kwm odapcsifygw,f/ txl;ow,fqd kwm odapcsifygw,f/ txl;ow,fqd kwm odapcsifygw,f/ txl;ow,fqd kwm odapcsifygw,f/ txl;ow,fqd kwm odapcsifygw,f/ txl;o

    jzif hawm huRefawmfwd kY&J U aemi fvmaemufjzif hawm huRe fawm fw dk Y& JU aemi fvmaemufjzif hawm huRefawmfwd kY&J U aemi fvmaemufjzif hawm huRe fawm fw dk Y& JU aemi fvmaemufjzi fhawmhuRefawmfwd kY& JU aemi fvmaemuf

    om; om;oD;ajr;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk; om;pOfom; om;oD;ajr;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk; om;pOfom; om;oD;ajr;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk; om;pOfom; om;oD;ajr;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk; om;pOfom; om;oD;ajr;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk; om;pOf

    ajr;quftxd igwd k Ytbd k ;tbGm;rsm;uajr;quftxd igwd k Ytbd k ;tbGm;rsm;uajr;quftxd igwd k Ytbd k ;tbGm;rsm;uajr;quftxd igwd k Ytbd k ;tbGm;rsm;uajr;quftxd igwd k Ytbd k ;tbGm;rsm;u

    olwdkYtbdk;tbGm;awG&JUtarGudk qufvufolwdkYtbdk;tbGm;awG&JUtarGudk qufvufolwdkYtbdk;tbGm;awG&JUtarGudk qufvufolwdkYtbdk;tbGm;awG&JUtarGudk qufvufolwdkYtbdk;tbGm;awG&JUtarGudk qufvuf

    xdef;odrf;Muygvm;? igwdk Yvnf; bdk;bGm;xdef;odrf;Muygvm;? igwdk Yvnf; bdk;bGm;xdef;odrf;Muygvm;? igwdk Yvnf; bdk;bGm;xdef;odrf;Muygvm;? igwdk Yvnf; bdk;bGm;xdef;odrf;Muygvm;? igwdk Yvnf; bdk;bGm;tarGudk xdef;odrf;oif hw,fvdk Y todwtarGudk xdef;odrf;oif hw,fvdk Y todwtarGudk xdef;odrf;oif hw,fvdk Y todwtarGudk xdef;odrf;oif hw,fvdk Y todwtarGudk xdef;odrf;oif hw,fvdk Y todw

    &m;av;awG &apcsifvdk Yyg}}&m;av;awG &apcsifvdk Yyg}}&m;av;awG &apcsifvdk Yyg}}&m;av;awG &apcsifvdk Yyg}}&m;av;awG &apcsifvdk Yyg}} [k ajymMum;

    cJhonf/

    txufazmfjyyg taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;udk

    NcHKiHkMunfhI&aomf csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ ajr;

    jrpfrsm;u rdrdwdkYbdk;bGm;rsm; aqmufvkyfvSL

    'gef;cJhaom ausmif;awmfBuD;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifMuygonf[laom taMumif;t&mrQom jzpf

    ygonf/ xdktaMumif;t&mudk aoaocsmcsm

    pOf;pm;awG;Munfhaomtcg yk*dKvfwdkif; rdrdwdkY

    \ bdk;bGm;tarGrsm;udk avmuDtarGa&m?

    avmukw&mtarGyg qufcHoifhygw,f[laom

    tawG;pav;rsm; &&dSygonf/ yk*dKvfwdkif; (pm

    Iolwdkif;)onfvnf; bdk;bGm; tarGrsm;udk p

    epfwus qufcHEdkifMuygap/

    csif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ajr;jrpfrsm;tm;

    vnf; aqmif;yg;jzifh bdk;bGm;tarGxdef;

    odrf;Mu&m twk,lp&mtjzpf omoemawmf

    twGuf vdktyfaomuGufvyfwpfckudk jznfhpmrsufESm(26)odkY

    opfawm&GmrS OD;jApfESifhOD;wifarmifopfawm&GmrS OD;jApfESifhOD;wifarmifopfawm&GmrS OD;jApfESifhOD;wifarmifopfawm&GmrS OD;jApfESifhOD;wifarmifopfawm&GmrS OD;jApfESifhOD;wifarmif

    18

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    20/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    19

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY (tzGJUcGJ)zGJUpnf;jcif;(tzGJUcGJ)zGJUpnf;jcif;(tzGJUcGJ)zGJUpnf;jcif;(tzGJUcGJ)zGJUpnf;jcif;(tzGJUcGJ)zGJUpnf;jcif;

    rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;?izJNrdKUe,f 1375ckESpf?

    uqkefvef;(6)&uf(15-5-2013)aeYwGif csif;Ak'omoeygvu(NrdKUe,ftzGJYcGJ)udkzGJYpnf;MuaMumif;

    owif;&&dSonf/

    tqdkygtcrf;tem;udk izJNrdKU?ukef;jrifh&wemausmif;wdkuf usif;y&m ..izJNrdKU?a&mifjcnfOD;

    q&mawmfb'EEmpm&(NrdKUe,foHCem,uOu|)?*kP0efausmif;q&mawmfb'Eaum0d'

    (b-uynma&;Ou|)?ukef;jrifh&wemausmif; q&mawmfb'Eaomrmpm&(b-u ynmtwGif;a&;rSL;)wdk YuBuD;rI;? Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmf

    (9)yg;? em,u(12)OD;? tvkyftrIaqmif(8)OD;?pnf;kH;a&; wm0efcH(11)OD;? pm&if;ppf(4)OD;wdkYjzifh

    OD;aqmifzGJYpnf;cJhMuygonf/izJNrdKUe,f? csif;Ak'omoeygvu(tzGJYcGJ)\

    tzGJY0ifOD;a&aygif;(231)OD;jzpfNyD;? rdrdwdkY(csif;Ak'bmom)omoemawmfBuD; rwdrfaum ryaysmufa&;ESifh xGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf wufnD

    vufnD qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;Ekdif&ef jzpfaMumif; owif;aumif;yg;tyfygonf/ /

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;

    rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;?izJNrdKUe,f? ausmif;ukef;^rif;vGifaus;&Gmtkyfpk 1375ckESpf? e,kef

    vef; (1)&uf(9-6-2013)aeYwGif csif;Ak'omoeygvu(tzGJYcGJ)udkzGJYpnf;cJhMuonf/

    tqdkygtcrf;tem;udk izJNrdKUe,f? ausmif;ukef;bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;usif;y&m izJNrdKU?

    a&mifjcnfOD;q&mawmf? *kP0efausmif;q&mawmf? ukef;jrifh&wemausmif;q&mawmfwdkYu BuD;rI;?

    b'EpEukrm& (omoewuoDv"rmp&d,-bDat) e,faZmq&mawmfb'Ea0ykv uHopfausmif;q&mawmf b'EaombdwwdkY\Mo0g'udkcH,lvsuf? em,u(6)OD;? tvkyftrIaqmif(6)OD;?

    pnf;kH;a&; wm0efcH(4)OD;? pm&if;ppf(4)OD;wdkYjzifh OD;aqmifzGJYpnf;cJhMuonf/

    izJNrdKUe,f?ausmif;ukef;^rif;vGif csif;Ak'omoeygvu(tzGJYcGJ)\ tzGJY0ifOD;a&aygif;(85)OD;

    jzpfNyD;? rdrdwdk Y(csif;Ak'bmom) omoemawmfBuD; xGef;um;jyef YyGm;a&;twGuf qufvuf

    aqmif&GufoGm;Ekdif&ef zGJYpnf;cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; owif;&&Sdygonf/ /

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    21/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    2000-au s mu fu G i f ;2000-au s mu fu G i f ;2000-au s mu fu G i f ;2000-au s mu fu G i f ;2000-au s mu fu G i f ;

    y&[dwc&pfESpf2011 (10)vydkif;u jynfNrdKUe,f?

    0ufxD;uefwdkufe,f? ausmufuGif;&GmodkY tdI

    pmayoifMum;a&;udpESifh (15)&ufMum a&muf

    &dScJhonf/xdkpOfuyif ausmufuGif;q&mawmf OD;

    oDvmpm&\ cH,lcsufESifh &nf&G,fcsufwdkYudk

    xJxJ0if0if odjrifcJhygonf/ q,fESpfausmfum

    vtwGif; ausmufuGif;&Gm\ bmoma&;tajc

    taeESifh tjcm;ynma&;? vlrIa&; ajymif;vJ

    wdk;wufrIrsm;rSm txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf/

    aus;&Gmvli,farmifr,frsm;\ tao;pm;aiGpkaiGacs;vkyfief;? aus;&GmpmMunfhwdkuf?

    wpfywfwpfcg usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI? aus;

    GmaoG;vSL&Siftoif;? rlvGefausmif;ay:ayguf

    a&;? ynmoifp&dwfaxmufyHhjcif;? ,Ofaus;

    vdrmoifwef;ESifh arwm&Sifq&mawmfpaom

    q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ "robifyGJqifEGJjcif;

    ponhf ponfvkyfief;&yfrsm; /

    xdkxufxl;jcm;pGm uREkfyfwdkY\ESvHk;om;udkdkufcwfapaom q&mawmf\ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf

    jzpfonf/ tppt&m&m aemufususefcJhaom

    csif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: xm;&dSonfhapwem?

    Armq&mawmfwpfyg;\ omoemjyKpdwf"mwf

    tajccHrSonf .. arwm ukPm rk'dwm

    jA[pdk&fw&m;rsm;/ ausmufuGif;&GmrSwqifh

    csif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf q&mawmf

    \ajcvSrf;rsm;u oGufvufvSonf/

    q&mawmf\tm;xkwfrI? a':arat;OD;a':arat;OD;a':arat;OD;a':arat;OD;a':arat;OD;

    OD;aqmifaom2000-y&[dwtzGJ U2000-y&[dwtzGJ U2000-y&[dwtzGJ U2000-y&[dwtzGJ U2000-y&[dwtzGJ U\ yHhydk;r I

    wdkYjzifh wpfausmhjyefausmufuGif;omoemonf

    q,fausmfoufumvrQjzifh ajymifajymifvufvuf ta&mifxGufvmNyD;onfhaemuf ../

    2012-ckESpf arv (28)&ufaeYrSpwifum

    jynfNrdKU? *ErmpufrI&yfuGufodkY ajymif;a&TU

    vmcJhNyD;?2000-ausmufuGi f;y&[dwausmi f;2000-ausmufuGif;y&[dwausmif;2000-ausmufuGi f;y&[dwausmi f;2000-ausmufuGif;y&[dwausmif;2000-ausmufuGif;y&[dwausmif;

    udk xlaxmifvdkufjyefonf/

    q&mawmfonf ausmufuGif;rSm aepOf

    uwnf;u ausmufuGif;wpf&Gmwnf;\ ta&;udprsm;omru aygufacgif;NrdKUe,f? ajrmuf

    jcrf; tdIcsif;wdkif;&if;om;trsm;pk&Gmrsm;\

    ynmoifMum;a&;? aomufoHk;a& &&dSa&;ESifh

    bmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;udkyg pGrf;EdkiforQ ulnD

    aqmif&GufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/

    20

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    22/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ,ckjynfNrdKU 2000-ausmufuGif;y&[dwausmif;udk xlaxmifvdkufaomtcg ausmuf

    uGif;&GmrQru aygufacgif;NrdKUe,f? a&Tyef;awm

    wdkufe,frsm;rS csif;wdkif;&if;om;av;rsm; t

    rsm;tjym; vma&muftyfESHxm;Muonf/

    tdIcsif;rsm;twGuf q&mawmfharwm

    vufjzifh ynmwHcg;rsm; wGef;zGifhay;cJhjcif;yif/

    tdIcsif;rsm; ynmtvif;a&mifudk ydkrdkjrifEdkifcGifh

    &&dSvmcJhNyD jzpfayonf/,cifuyif ,cktaMumif;rsm;twGuf

    q&mawmfESifh awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ajymjzpfcJh?

    aqG;aEG;jzpfcJh zl;onf/ ausmif;om;vufcH&m

    Zmwd&Gm (oJukef;NrdKUe,f)bufrS ausmif;om;

    rsm;ESifh tdIcsif;rsm;udkvufcHrnf[k ajymzl;

    avonf/ ,ckpma&;ola&muf oGm;aomtcg

    q&mawmfu ausmif;om;rsm;udk tdIvdkMo0g'ay;&efajymojzifh ]]t&Sifbk&m; Zmwd&Gmbufu

    rygbl;vm;}}[kavQmuf&m ]]'DESpfausmif;om;

    ESpfq,favmufvmtyfMuw,f? vlrsm;aewm

    vnf;wpfaMumif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tcuftcJ&dS

    Edkifwmu wpfaMumif;aMumifh tjywfyJ (tm;

    ememeJY) jiif;vdkuf&w,f}} [krdefYygonf/

    q&mawmf\ y&[dwpdwf"mwfum; w

    u,fh y&[dwppfppf jzpfaeygayghvm;[k pm

    a&;ol cHpm;vdkuf&ygonf/

    ausmif;wdkuf\tajctaerSm rESpfupwif

    a&muf&dScsdef oGyfrdk;x&Hum ausmif;aqmif

    wpfvHk;omjzpfNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;aexdkif&ef

    opf0g;x&Hum ausmif;aqmifopfudk tm;csif;

    xyfaqmuf&onf/

    ausmif;olrsm;aexdkif&ef ausmif;udkvnf;

    ajrpdkuf ywfum; (wpfxyfausmif;i,f)wpfvHk;

    wnfaqmufNyD;aewmawGU&onf/

    ,ckESpf(2013)wGif qGrf;csuf&efESifh xrif;

    pm;&eftwGufwpfaqmifESifh pufa&wGif;wpfwGif;udkvnf; xyfrHwl;xm;ygonf/

    aqmufvkyfqJ ay 50x30 ausmif;aqmif

    opfBuD;udkvnf; trdk;NyD;tajctaejzifh awGU

    cJh&onf/

    xdkodkYtaqmuftODESifh ausmif;om;rsm;

    twGuf oifaxmufulypnf;rsm;twGufvnf;

    a':arat;OD; OD;aqmifaom 2000-y&a':arat;OD; OD;aqmifaom 2000-y&a':arat;OD; OD;aqmifaom 2000-y&a':arat;OD; OD;aqmifaom 2000-y&a':arat;OD; OD;aqmifaom 2000-y&

    [dwtzGJUuyifaxmufyHh vSL'gef;aeaMumif;[dwtzGJUuyifaxmufyHh vSL'gef;aeaMumif;[dwtzGJUuyifaxmufyHh vSL'gef;aeaMumif;[dwtzGJUuyifaxmufyHh vSL'gef;aeaMumif;[dwtzGJUuyifaxmufyHh vSL'gef;aeaMumif;

    0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om Mum;od&onf/

    2012-13 ynmoifESpfwGif ausmif;om;OD;

    a& (31)OD;jzpfNyD;? ausmif;wGif;q&mroHk;a,muf?

    jyify q&mrwpfa,mufjzifh atmifjrifrI&atmif

    pGrf;aqmifcJhonf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;

    ausmufuGif;q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&ausmufuGif;q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&ausmufuGif;q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&ausmufuGif;q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&ausmufuGif;q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&

    21

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    23/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    umvtwGi f ; twd ki f ;twmwpfc ktxdatmifjrifrI &,lEdkifcJhaom 2000-ausmuf2000-ausmuf2000-ausmuf2000-ausmuf2000-ausmuf

    uGi f;y&[dw. . . / q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&uGi f;y&[dw. . . / q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&uGi f;y&[dw. . . / q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&uGi f;y&[dw. . . / q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&uGi f;y&[dw. . . / q&mawmf OD;oDvmpm&

    \ y&[ dw . . . /\ y&[ dw . . . /\ y&[ dw . . . /\ y&[ dw . . . /\ y&[ dw . . . /

    q&mawmf\ y&[dwpdwf"mwfum; rQ

    avmufjzifh &yfwefYaeOD;rnfr[kwfyg/ wif;

    wdrfvdrfhOD;rnfrxifyg/ q&mawmf\ &nf

    &G,farQmfrSef;csufwdkYum; avSum;xpfaygif;

    r sm;p GmqDod k Y . . .uJhodkYaomajcvSrf;wdkif;onf y&[dw

    ajcvSrf;rsm;om jzpfaeOD;rnf[k xm0pOf

    ,HkMunfvsuf - -

    2000ausmufuGif;y&[dw2000ausmufuGif;y&[dw2000ausmufuGif;y&[dw2000ausmufuGif;y&[dw2000ausmufuGif;y&[dw atmifjrif

    rIaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh avQmufvSrf;Ekdifygap / /

    (tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pkaqmif;wifjyay;(tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pkaqmif;wifjyay;(tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pkaqmif;wifjyay;(tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pkaqmif;wifjyay;(tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pkaqmif;wifjyay;aom q7mrrdkifoDwmOD;ESifh "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;aom q7mrrdkifoDwmOD;ESifh "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;aom q7mrrdkifoDwmOD;ESifh "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;aom q7mrrdkifoDwmOD;ESifh "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;aom q7mrrdkifoDwmOD;ESifh "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;

    k duful;ay;aom OD;bdkeD(aiGwGif;wl;)wdk Ytm;k duful;ay;aom OD;bdkeD(aiGwGif;wl;)wdk Ytm;k duful;ay;aom OD;bdkeD(aiGwGif;wl;)wdk Ytm;k duful;ay;aom OD;bdkeD(aiGwGif;wl;)wdk Ytm;k duful;ay;aom OD;bdkeD(aiGwGif;wl;)wdk Ytm;

    aus;Zl;wifygonf/)aus;Zl;wifygonf/)aus;Zl;wifygonf/)aus;Zl;wifygonf/)aus;Zl;wifygonf/)

    armifaEGxGef;(aygufacgif;)

    wGif uav;rsm;twGuf pufcsKyfoifwef;udk

    vnf; zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;cJhonf/

    ,ckESpf-2013^2014 ynmoifESpftwGuf

    ausmif;wGif;q&mroHk;a,muf? jyifyq&m

    oHk;a,mufwdkYjzifh tiftm;jznfhum ,cifESpfu

    xuf qwdk;wufvmaom ausmif;om;OD;a&(63)a,mufwdkYudkvufcH xdrf;ausmif; oif

    Mum;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/

    ausmif;wdkuf\ wpfaeYwmvkyfief;pOfrsm;

    tao;pdyfudk rwifjyEdkifawmhyg/ wpfESpfausmf

    22

    EdI;aqmfwdkufwGef;tyfygonf

    csif;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ Ak'bmomomoem wnfwefYjyefYyGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUBuD;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUBuD;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUBuD;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUBuD;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUBuD;ESifh vufwGJaqmif&GufoGm;Edkif&ef? csif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;

    aexdkifMuaom (jynfe,f?jynfr) NrdKU? &Gm? &yfuGufrsm;rS csif;Ak'bmom0ifrsm;taeESifhcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcGJrsm;udk zGJUpnf;EdkifMu&efESifh?

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUcsKyf(&efukef)ESifh qufoG,faqmif&GufMuyg&ef EdI;aqmfwdkufwGef;tyfygonf/

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    24/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    Buddhism, it has been truly said, is

    not the Religion for fools.

    (Buddhsit Review for October, November

    and December 1914)

    ]]Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom

    w&m;awmfjrwfonf ynmrJholwdkY\ t&mr

    [kwfacs}}

    bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmfu ]um&PygvD}

    rnfaom ykPm;wpfa,mufonf a0om

    vDjynf vdp0Drif;wdkY\tvkyfudkvkyfae\/

    ,if;odkYvkyfudkifaeqJ ta0;rSvmaom ]yd*,meD}rnfaom ykPm;udkjrif&aomf -

    ]]t&Sif . .b,fuvmovJ}}

    yd*,meDu &[ef;a*gwrxHrS jyefvmaMumif;

    ajz\/ xdktcg um&PygvDu -

    ]]&[ef;a*gwr\ynmtpGrf;udk t&Sifb,f

    vdkxifovJ}}

    yd*,meDu]]uREkfyfu b,fvdkvlrdkYvJ? b,f

    avmufawmfwJhvlrdkY &[ef;a*gwr\ ynmtpGrf;udkodEdkif&rSmvJ? &[ef;a*gwr&JU ynmt

    pGrf;udkodolrSm &[ef;a*gwrvdk yk*dKvfrsdK;om

    jzpf&ayraygh}}[k ajz\/

    xdktcg um&PygvDu ]]t&Sifum;

    &[ef;a*gwrtm; aumif;jrwfrGef&nfvSaom

    csD;rGrf;jcif;jzifh csD;rGrf;cJh\/ b,fvdktusdK;xl;jrif

    &[ef;a*gwr MunfndK&ygovJ}}

    ]]tarmif taumif;qHk;aom t&omrsm;

    jzifh 0tDaeaoma,musfm;onf tjcm;nHhzsif;aom t&omrsm;udk rvdkvm;rESpfoufawmhNyD?

    xdkYtwl &[ef;a*gwr b,fyHka[monfjzpf

    ap? w&m;udkem&aomf w&m;rSwpfyg; tjcm;

    orP? jA[PwdkY\t,l0g'udk rvdkvm; r

    ESpfoufawmhyg}}[k yD*,meduajz\/

    pma&;olwdkY&yfuGufwGif bmomjcm;wdkif;&if;om; awmifay:om;rsm; trsm;tjym;&dSonf/

    if;wdkY\ "rausmif;rsm;vnf;&dSonf/ olwdkY

    onf olwdkY\ bmomtaMumif;udk tvGef

    a[majymvdkMuonf/ ajymcGifhr&vQif pm&Guf

    wdkrsm;jzefYa0 if;wdkYbmom0if jzpfapa&;?

    trsdK;rsdK;aomenf;jzifh pnf;Hk;Muonf/ if;wdkY\

    bmoma&; "ra[majymyGJrsm;udkvnf; vm

    a&mufwufa&muf&ef zdwfac:wwfonf/wpfaeYpma&;ol vrf;avQmuf&mrSjyeft

    vm wpfa,mufaom &if;EDS;aombmomjcm;

    u-

    ]]q&mBuD;u odyfmPfaumif;w,f? uRef

    awmfwdkYbmomxJ0ifNyD; w&m;a[mq&mvkyf

    Pfaumif;olaiGaX;-pufrItxnf)

    23

    vp

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    25/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ygvm;}}[k ajymvmonf/]]at;-uRefawmf cifAsm;wdkYbmomxJ w&m;

    a[mq&mvmvkyfvQif cifAsm;wdkY uRefawmfwdkY

    bmom0ifawG jzpfukefr,f}}[k ajymvdkufcsif

    onf/ odkYaomf pma&;ol qdwfqdwfaevdkuf

    onf/

    tdrfa&mufawmh 'DtaMumif; tdrfom;awG

    udk ajymjzpfonf/ orD;BuD;u -

    ]]tJ'Dvl&JUrdef;ruvnf; olUudkbk&m;ausmif;vdkufcJhygvm;q&mr}}[k ajymaMumif; jyefajz

    onf/ orD;BuD;uvnf; olNyHK;aevdkufaMumif;

    odkYaomf orD;BuD;u]]teHYt&omeJY jynfhpHk

    wJhtpm;tpmudk pm;ae&wJholu b,fvdkvkyf

    nHhzsif;wJhtpm;tpmudkpm;EdkifrvJ}}[k pma&;

    oludkwHkYjyefonf/

    ]]mPfESifh ,SOfaombmom}}]]mPfESifh ,SOfaombmom}}]]mPfESifh ,SOfaombmom}}]]mPfESifh ,SOfaombmom}}]]mPfESifh ,SOfaombmom}}

    Ak'bmomw&m;onf mPfESifh,SOf

    aom bmomw&m;jzpf\/ olajym igajymjzifh

    rsufpdrdSwf ,HkMunf&aom (Blind Faith) bm

    omr[kwf[k ynm&Siftrsm;u wpfnDwpf

    Gwfwnf;qdkonf/ vmvSnfh? IvSnfh? prf;

    oyfppfaq;vSnfh[k zdwfac:qef;ppf a0zef

    cHEdkifaom bmomjzpf\/bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;onf Ak'bm

    omrSwpfyg;aom t,l0g'&dSol ]bmomjcm;}wdkY

    &dSaom taMumif;tusdK;ESifh r,SOfaom w

    &m;rsdK;r[kwf? pdwful;mPfjzifh BuHqwDxGif

    [efaqmifw&m;rsdK;vnf;r[kwf? ukd,fwdkif

    usifhBuH odjrifNyD;rS a[mMum;Tefjyxm;aom

    vufawGUw&m;rsm; jzpf\/

    w&m;awmfu ]rvkyfeJY tjypf&dSonf}[k

    wm;jrpfxm;onfudk vkyfrdvQif wu,ft

    jypf& ]vkyfyg tusdK;BuD;onf}[k wdkufwGef;

    xm;onfudk vkyfMunfhvQif wu,ftusdK;

    &dSonfudk awGU&rnf/ rnfonfhwefcdk;&SifurQ

    tjypf&dSonfudk tjypfrjzpfatmif tjypfr&dS

    onfudk tjypf&dSatmif rjyKvkyfEdkifay/

    ]t0wfykqdk;}]t0wfykqdk;}]t0wfykqdk;}]t0wfykqdk;}]t0wfykqdk;}

    todenf;wJhvlwpfOD;[m uav;upm;

    p&m arsmufkyfwpfkyfudk c0gonfqD,loGm;NyD;

    aq;qdk;ay;&ef cdkif;w,f/ 'Dawmh c0gonfu

    ]arsmufkyfqdkwm tdkuftESuf tavQmftzGyf

    rcHEdkifbl;}vdkY jyefajymvdkufw,f/ 'Dtcg t0wfykqdk;udk ,loGm;w,f/ c0gonfu ]t0wf

    ykqdk;uawmh tavQmftzGyf tdkuftESufcH

    Edkifw,f aq;qdk;vdkY&w,f}vdkY jyefajymw,f/

    ]'DOyrmvdkyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;

    awmfawG[m tdkuftESuf tavQmftzGyfcH

    Edkifw,f/ t0wfykqdk;vdkyJ tprf;oyfcHEdkifw,f/

    tppftaq; ta0zefcHEdkifw,f/ ]wdwd}wdkY

    &JUw&m;awGuawmh tdkuftESuf tavQmftzGyfrcHEdkifwJh arsmufkyfvdkbJ tppftaq; t

    a0tzef rcHEdkifbl;}vdkY Oygvdol

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    26/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfudk em&aomtcgwdwdwdkY\0g' bmrQtESpf&Smr& tv[

    jzpfonfudk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odcJhonf/

    ]]touf0dmOf}}]]touf0dmOf}}]]touf0dmOf}}]]touf0dmOf}}]]touf0dmOf}}

    vlwGifom touf0dmOf&dSonf/ wd&dpmef

    rsm; touf0dmOfr&dS? olwdkYudkowfvsif t

    jypfr&dS? ygPmwdygwuHrxdkuf if;wdk Yudk

    xm0&bk&m;ocifu vlwdkYpm;oHk;&ef zefqif;ay;xm;onf/ ordkif;rwdkifrD a&S;OD;vlwdkY wd

    &dpmefrsm;tay: tEdkifusifhvdk tumtuG,f

    ,laom pum;jzpf\/

    jcifawG? jcawG? Murf;ydk;awG? ydk;[yfawG?

    avmufawGudk bmjzpfvdkYbk&m;ocifu zef

    qif;xm;&ovJ/ pm;vnf;rpm;& vludk'ku

    ay;wmyJ&dSonf/wd&dpmefawGudk vlom;awGpm;zdkYzefqif;

    xm;onfajymvQif vlom;pm;awmwGif; om;&J

    wd&dpmefawGuvnf; vlYpum;ajymwwfvQif

    vlawGudk olwdkYpm;zdkY bk&m;ocifu zefqif;ay;

    xm;onf[k aocsmaygufajymrnf trSefyif/

    wd&dpmefwdkYwGif touf0dmOfr&dSqdkvQif

    tod0dmOf&dSonfqdkaom vlwdkYuJhodkY cspfjcif;?

    rkef;jcif;? &efvdkjcif;? oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;jcif;? pm;jcif;?tdyfjcif;? aMumufjcif;? vdifqufqHrIjyKjcif;?

    om;arG;jcif;? a0'emcHpm;jcif;ponfwdkY vlESifh

    rjcm;&dSaeonf/

    vlow0g\ udk,fwGif;tNrJwnfaom

    0dnOfaumif (Soul or Spirit) &dS\/ if;0dnOf

    aumifu jrifjcif;? Mum;jcif;? eHjcif;? pm;jcif;udkjyK\/ (Ak'a'oempum;jzihf ajymvQif ]tw}

    t,l&dS\/)

    odkYqdkvQif rsufpdudkydwfxm;u jrif&m\/

    em;udkydwfxm;u Mum;&m\/ ESmacgif;udk

    ydwfxm;uvnf; teHYudkodEdkif&m\/ wpfenf;

    - toHudk rsufpdjzifh Mum;Edkif&m\/ tqif;udk

    em;jzifh jrifEdkif&m\/ wpfenf; - udk,fum,?

    ajc? vuf? t*Fgwpfckckjzifhvnf; Mum;Edkif? jrifEdkif? teHYcHEdkif&m\/ odkYaomf xdkodkYum; rjzpf/

    ]]Z&m? r&P}}]]Z&m? r&P}}]]Z&m? r&P}}]]Z&m? r&P}}]]Z&m? r&P}}

    vlonf zefqif;&Sifxm0&bk&m;ocif\

    wm;jrpfxm;onfhtoD;udk pm;cJhMu bk&m;

    pum; em;raxmifojzifh bk&m;\jypf'Pfcwfj

    cif;cH&onf/ xdkrS vlom;onf qif;&J'ku trsdK;rsdK;cHpm;& tdkjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif;wdkYESifh

    qHkawGU&Mujcif;jzpfonf[k olwdkYqdkonf/

    bk&m;ocif\ zefqif;&SifZmwfvrf;wGif

    wd&dpmefwdkY if;wm;jrpfxm;onfh toD;udk

    pm;Muonf/ bk&m;pum;em;raxmifqdkaom

    Zmwfvrf;rygcJh/ odkYaomf if;wd&dpmefwdkYonf

    vnf; tdkjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif;ESifh y&da,

    oe0rf;pmudk yifyef;BuD;pGm &SmazGpm;aomufae&jcif;ponfudk vlwdkYESifhrjcm; cHpm;ae&

    onf/

    (if;pum;udk bmomjcm;wpfOD;ESifh

    aqG;aEG;zl;onf/ rnfonfhpum;rS jyefr&cJh -

    pma&;ol)25

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    27/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ]]u,fwifjcif;}}]]u,fwifjcif;}}]]u,fwifjcif;}}]]u,fwifjcif;}}]]u,fwifjcif;}}q&mawmfwpfyg;\ w&m;pum;udk em

    Mum;vdkuf&onf/ ]]ESmacgif;xd &THUEGHepfaewJh

    ol[m tjcm;a&epfaeolwpfOD;udk ru,fwif

    Edkif? rdrdudk,fwdkif EGHuvGwfatmif kef;xGufNyD;

    rSom u,fwifEdkifonf/}}

    u,fwif&Sifu,fwifrnfqdkaom pum;

    &yfonf tm*r,kwd? obm0,kwdwdkYESifhwif

    qifjcifvQif tvGeftajctjrpfr&dSaom pum;jzpf\/ vlYb0vlYavmu &mxl;? *kPfodrf

    BuD;jrifhrI&&dSolrsm;? olaX;ol

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    28/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    (1)

    wpfaeYreuf q&mqvdkif;a&Tvif;u

    w,fvDzkef;eJY olwdkY oHk;v?av;vwpfBudrf

    xkwfa0aewJh]]csif;a&mifjcnf}}r*Zif;rSm bm

    oma&; aqmif;yg;av;awG a&;ay;ygqdkNyD;arwm&yfcHygw,f/ olUawmif;qdkcsufudk 0rf;

    yef;womvufcHvdkufNyD; uwdawGay;vdkufrd

    w,f/ uwdawGay;NyD;awmhrS tvkyfawGrsm;NyD;

    tcsdefravmufiSwJh puFmylvlae rIb0awG

    aMumifh a&;jzpfwJhqD a&mufrSa&mufyghrvm;vdkY

    oHo,0ifrdao;w,f/ bmajymajym q&mq

    vdkif;a&Tvif;qDudk pmrlwpfyk'fawmh ay;vdkufEdkifNyD/

    (2)

    bmomw&m;eJYywfoufNyD; aqmif;yg;

    awGa&;&avmufatmif rif;u bmoma&;

    taMumif; b,favmufodvdkYvJ? bmpmar;yGJ

    awGatmifxm;vdkYvJ? bmvufrSwfawG &xm;

    vdkYvJ pojzifhar;p&mawG&dSvmygvdrhfr,f/

    trSeftwdkif; &Sif;&Sif;0efcHxm;vdkufygr,f/uRefawmf[m bmomw&m;eJY ywfoufvdkY bm

    pmar;yGJawGrS ratmifcJhzl;ygbl;? bmvuf

    rSwfawGrSvnf; r&cJhzl;ygbl;/ touf av;

    q,fhig;ESpfausmf t&G,fa&mufrS &efukefNrdKU?

    usdKuf0dkif;bk&m;vrf;ray:rSm&dSwJh o'r&HoD

    &dyfomrSm o'r&HoD&dyfom q&mawmfBuD;

    t&Sifuk@vmbd0Ho&JU teD;uyfBuD;Muyfvrf;

    TefrIeJY yGJawGUw&m;tm;xkwfzl;&mupvdkY

    Ak'bmomudk ESpfESpfumum dkaoqnf;uyfudk;uG,folwpfa,muf jzpfvmcJhwmyg/

    tJ'DuaerS Ak'pmayawGudk tcsdef&orQ

    &SmazGzwfI emMum;zl;wmyJ&dSygw,f/ zwfI

    emMum;w,fqdkvdkY awGUorQ w&m;pmtkyfawG

    zwf? awGUorQwm;acGawGem? vmorQq&m

    awmfawG&JU w&m;yGJawGoGm; qdkwmrsdK;vnf;

    r[kwfjyefbl;? udk,fav;pm;MunfndKwJh q&mawmfBuD;awG&JU pmtkyf? w&m;acG? w&m;yGJawGyJ

    zwfemoGm;vkyfygw,f/

    bmomw&m;MunfndKw,fqdkNyD; tJ'gawG

    eJY tcsdefukefr,fhtpm; Ak'tvdkusvnf;jzpf?

    udk,fhtwGufvnf; jynfhpHk&r,fh oDv? orm"d?

    ynmudk xlaxmifEdkifatmifyJ BudK;pm;csifw,f/

    (3)

    puFmylrSm&dSaewkef; vli,fawG bmomw&m;eJYuif;a0;NyD; bmoma&;tawG;tac:eJY

    ywfoufvdkY wdrf;apmif; a00g;oGm;rSmpdk;vdkY?

    udk,fwdkifaiGukefaMu;uscH? vltyifyef;cHNyD;

    a&Tjrefrmr*Zif;udk q,fESpfwdwdxkwfa0cJhzl;

    ygw,f/ tJ'Dr*Zif;rSm BuHKBudKuf&if BuHKBudKuf

    uRe fawm f jri fwuRe fawm f jri fwuRe fawm f jri fwuRe fawm f jri fwuRe fawm f jri fwJh Ak'bmom0ifawG(1)

    27

    a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    29/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    vmovdk bmoma&;aqmif;yg;awG a&;jzpfcJhygw,f/

    uRefawmfhaqmif;yg;awGrSm b,fusrf;udk;?

    b,ft|uxmudk;rSrygbl;/ uRefawmfem;

    vnfxm;wJh? oabmaygufxm;wJh wu,fhbm

    oma&; tajccHoabmw&m;av;awGudk

    tajccHNyD; vli,fawGvufcHEdkifvmatmif

    acwftjrifacwftawG;eJ Y &Sif;jywmawG?

    axmufjywmawGrsm;ygw,f/ wpfckawmh&dSw,f? uRefawmfu uRefawmfhaqmif;yg;awG

    udkyHkrEdSyfcif puFmylrSm&dSwJh vufvSrf;rD&m

    q&mawmfawGudk ajymjyavQmufxm;wwfyg

    w,f/ aqG;aEG;wwfygw,f/ Ak'&JU tqHk;treJY

    vGJacsmfaerSm pdk;vdkYyg/ vli,fawGqDu olwdkY

    tjrifrSm;udk0efcHNyD;? aus;Zl;wifaMumif; a&;

    wJhpmawG? q&mawmfawGqDu 'umBuD;wdkYrsm;rsm;a&;Muyg/ usKyfwdkYu a'oemawmft

    wdkif;yJ a[mwwfwmqdkwJh vufcHwJh? tm;ay;

    wJh pum;awG&aewmeJY rMumrMum a&;jzpfae

    wmyg/

    tckvnf; vltrsm;em;vnfwJhpum;eJY

    uRefawmf em;vnfoabmaygufxm;ovdk

    a&;oGm;rSmyg/ bk&m;a[mMum;wJh w&m;

    awmfawGudk ygVdygXfom;awG &Gwfzwfjyae

    wmxuf? tJ'Dacwfu OyrmawGay;ajym

    wmxuf? vufawGU jrifomxifom&dSatmif

    vdk&if;wdk&Sif;ajymjywmu uGefysLwmacwf vl

    i,fawGtwGuf ydkxda&mufavrvm;vdkYyg/

    (4)

    tckaqmif;yg;rSm yxrqHk; Ak'bmom

    0ifawGudk uRefawmfaxmufjycsifwJhtcsufu

    uRefawmfwdkYjrefrmawG (Ak'bmomwdkif;&if;

    om;awGa&m ygwmaygh)trsm;pk[m bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;

    eJY,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI awGa&maxG;aeMuwkef;yJqdkwJh

    taMumif;yg/ 'DtcsufESpfcsuf ruGJao;orQ?

    rcGJEdkifao;orQ? Ak'vdkvm;wJh wu,fhAk'bm

    om0ifaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfvmrSmr[kwfbJolvdkudk,fvdk a0avavAk'bmom0ifyJ jzpf

    aeOD;rSmyg/

    wu,fu bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;qdkwm[m udk,f

    ,HkMunfav;pm;ouf0ifwJh bk&m;&Sifwpfqlql

    &JU tvdkus? tJ'Dbk&m;&Sifudk qdkqHk;rvrf;Tef

    wJhtwdkif;waoGrwdrf;bJ aexdkifusifhBuHMu

    &wmjzpfNyD; ,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI qdkwmuawmh a&S;a&S;tcgu aexdkifoGm;MuwJhvlawGu tpOf

    tquftm;jzifh udk,fhvlrsdK;? udk,fha&ajr?

    udk,fh&moDOwk? udk,fhpGJvrf;,HkMunfrIeJY vkyf

    aqmifoGm;MuwJht&mawG vufqifhurf;oGm;

    wJh "avhawGjzpfygw,f/ 'D"avhawG[m

    vlrsdK;tvdkuf a'otvdkuf ,Ofaus;rIawG

    jzpfukefawmhwmyg/ 'D"avhawGeJY trltusifh

    awG[m bmomw&m;todtajccHeJY vkyfMuwmawGuenf;NyD; taMumufw&m;eJY tm;udk;

    &m&SmwJhtpGJtvrf;awGeJY vkyfcJhMuwmu rsm;

    wmyg/

    jrefrmhq,fhESpfv&moD yJGawGudkMunfh&ifyJ

    bmoma&;eJY wdkufdkufywfoufwJhyGJu wpf

    28

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    30/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    0ufausmfausmfav;&dSwm/ usefwJh wpf0uf

    rjynfhwjynfhu ,Ofaus;rI"avhyG JawGyg/

    tJ'gawGudk cGJcGJjcm;jcm;rodbJ a0zefqef;ppfrI

    rvkyfMubJ? a&S;xHk;vnf;ry,feJY qdkwJhpum;

    eJYwifbmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&;bmoma&; eJY,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI,Ofaus;rI awG a&maxG;

    ,SufwifukefMuawmhwm/ tqHk;rSmawmh

    wu,fhAk'tvdkus Ak'bmom&JU tESpfom&

    awGu aysmufukefMuawmhw,f/ trsm;nDNyD;

    udk uRuRuRuRuRJ zwfukefMuawmhw,f/'gaMumifh bk&m;yGJeJU ZmwfyGJ? bk&m;yGJeJY

    ewfyGJ? bk&m;pifeJY iSufaysmtkef;yGJ? bk&m;w&m;

    eJY aA'if,MwmpwJh tjrifrawmf axmfavmf

    uefYvefYawG jzpfukefMuawmhwmaygh/ tJ'g

    awGudk BuD;rSL;usif;yay;wJh vlBuD;awG upNyD;

    cGJcGJjcm;jcm;odwwfzdkY? vkyfwwfzdkY vdktyfae

    wmuawmh trSefyg/'Dae&mrSm tr&yl&NrdKU?r[m*EmHkq

    &mawmfBuD;&JU cH,lcsufeJ Yvrf;Tefcsufudk

    oabmusw,f/ q&mawmfBuD;&JU tem*wf

    omoema&;pmtkyfrSm Ak'bmom omoem

    awmftwGuf axmufjya&;om;xm;wmudk

    vlrsm;rsm; zwfMunfhapcsifw,f/ zwfH k

    oufoufwifru q&mawmfBuD;ajymovdk

    vdkufem aqmif&GufMuapcsifw,f/q&mawmfBuD;u vlawGtwGufwif

    wpfzufowfvrf;Tefjyaewm r[kwfbJ

    bkef;awmfBuD;awG twGufvnf; aoaocsm

    csm a&;om;xm;cJhwmyg/

    tckacwf ZmwfyGJoGif;ovdk w&m;wpfyGJ

    b,favmuftvSLcH&wJhaiGeJY b,favmuf

    &mEIef;qdkwJh "ruxduw&m;a[mq&mawmf

    awG&JU pD;yGm;a&;qefqef vkyf&yfawGudkom

    r[m*EmHkq&mawmfBuD; jrif&if b,favmuf

    aMuuGJvdkufavrvJ/

    (5)

    aemufwpfcsuf axmufjycsifwmu

    ]]ukodkvf}} eJY ]]tukodkvf}} udp/ trsm;pkutJ'DESpfckudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rodMubl;/

    trsm;pku ]]ukodkvf}}qdk&if vSLw,f 'gef;

    w,f? ay;w,furf;w,f? OykofoDv apmifh

    w,f? ]]tukodkvf}}qdk&if olwpfyg;touf

    owfw,f? vdrfnmajymw,f? olrsm;ypnf;

    cd k ;w,f? olrsm;om;r,m;zsufqD;w,f?

    ao&nfao&ufaomufpm;w,f? 'DavmufyJrSwfxm;Muw,f/ rD;qdkwm ylwwfw,f?

    rD;udkrylatmif udkifwG,f&r,fqdkwm odrS

    jzpfovdk? ]ukodkvf}b,fvdkjzpfovJ? ]tuk

    odkvf}b,fvdkjzpfovJ qdkwmudkodrS ]ukokdvf}

    jzpfatmifb,fvdkvkyfrvJ? ]tukodkvf} r

    jzpfatmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJqdkwm odrSmyg/

    trSefu ]ukodkvf} eJY ]tukodkvf} [m

    trsm;u tE&m,fuif;w,f/ &GwfMuqdkMu[JhvdkY odaeMuwJh? y|mef;ypnf;&JU yxrqHk;

    ypnf;jzpfwJh a[wkypa,muae pwma[wkypa,muae pwma[wkypa,muae pwma[wkypa,muae pwma[wkypa,muae pwm

    avmufawmh odxm;oifhygw,avmufawmh odxm;oifhygw,avmufawmh odxm;oifhygw,avmufawmh odxm;oifhygw,avmufawmh odxm;oifhygw,f/ ]a[wk}

    qdkwJh ][dwf}6 yg;rSm avmb? a'go? arm[

    qdkwJh ]tukodkvf}[dwf oHk;yg;eJY? tavmb?29

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    31/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    ta'go? tarm[qdkwJh ]ukodkvf}[dwf oHk;

    yg;ygw,f/

    ]ukodkvf}eJY ]tukodkvf} jzpfzdkY rsufaph?

    em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? cEmudk,fpwJh 0ifayguf

    awGu0ifvmwJh jriforQ? Mum;orQ? eHorQ?

    t&omrSeforQ? xdawGUorQ? tmHkawGudk

    udk,fwdkifu bmpdwfeJYcH,lovJqdkwJh tay:

    rlwnfNyD; ]ukodkvf}eJY ]tukodkvf}jzpfygw,f/

    jrifwm? Mum;wm? eHwm? xdawGUwmursufaph? em;? vQm? ESpfacgif;? cEm&dSwJholwdkif;

    twlwl&Muayr,fh cH,lwJh ]pdwf} uGmoGm;wm

    eJY ]ukodkvf}jzpfwm ]tukodkvf}jzpfwmawG wpf

    a,mufeJYwpfa,muf uGmoGm;awmhwmyg/

    trsm;jrifatmif OyrmvG,fvG,fav;

    wpfckay;&&if? vlESpfa,muf twlwlxdkifae

    Muw,f/ ESpfa,mufpvHk; em;tMum;tmHkaumif;Muw,f/ tJ'DrSm tdrfxJuwpfa,muf

    a,mufu uufqufeJY oDcsif;wpfyk'fudk

    us,fus,favmifavmif zGifhvdkufw,f/ ESpf

    a,mufpvHk; twlwlMum;Muw,f/

    wpfa,mufu ]]em;NiD;vdkufwmuGm ..}}

    qdkwJhpdwfeJY cH,lw,f/ wpfjcm;wpfa,mufu

    ]]oDcsif;av;uaumif;vdkufwm}} qdkwJhpdwfeJY

    cH,lw,f/ yxrwpfa,mufu ]]a'gopdwf}}eJY cH,lwmrdkY ]]tukodkvf}}pdwfjzpfoGm;NyD;?

    'kwd,wpfa,mufuawmh ]]ta'gopdwf}}

    eJYcH,lwmrdkY ]]ukodkvf}}pdwfjzpfoGm;ygw,f/

    (wu,fu om,mwmudk avmbpdwftEk

    pm;av;eJY cHpm;aeao;wmrdkY ukodkvfpdwf

    tppfawmh r[kwfao;bl;? 'gayr,fh a'go

    pdwfvdk jyif;xefwJh]uH} rajrmufEdkifao;bl;vdkY

    yJajym&rSmyg/) aemufqufwGJu bmawGjzpf

    vmEdkifrvJ/

    yxrwpfa,mufu a'goeJY ]]a[h wdk;wdk;

    zGifhprf;}}vdkYvSrf;atmfr,f/ tukodkvf ]]0pDuH}}

    ajrmufoGm;NyD/ txJur&yfbJ qufzGifh&if

    a'goeJY tdrfxJ0ifoGm;NyD; uufqufudk ajc

    axmufeJYuefcsifuefr,f? zGifhwJholudk qGJ&rf;csif&rf;r,f/ tukodkvf ]um,uH}awG quf

    wdkufjzpfukefEdkifwmayhg/ tJ'DvdkeJY ]tukodkvf}

    uHajrmufoGm;ygNyD/

    'gaMumifh cH,lwJhpdwfu t"du ]ukodkvf}

    eJY ]tukodkvf}udk jzpfapw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

    'gudkem;vnfrS ]tukodkvf}rjzpfatmif b,f

    vdkpdwfxm;&r,f?]ukodkvf}jzpfatmif b,fvdkpdwfxm;&r,fqdkwmudk odMurSmr[kwfvm;/

    tvm;wlygyJ? cEmig;yg;eJYxdawGU jrifodo

    rQawGudk b,fvdkpdwfxm;NyD;cH,l&if bmjzpf

    r,fqdkwmodoGm;&if? vl[m tvdkvdk udk,fhudk

    udk,f qifjcifpdwfuav;awG xm;wwfoGm;NyD;

    tNrJ ]ukodkvf}pdwfuav;eJY,SOfNyD; aewwf

    xdkifwwfoGm;awmhwmyg/ vSL&if;wef;&if;?

    pm;&if;aomuf&if;? ae&if;xdkif&if; ukodkvfrjzpfbJ? tukodkvfjzpfaewJholawG[m 'Dt

    ajccHoabmw&m;av;awGudk rodem;rvnf

    vdkYyg? b,fvdkpdwfeJY cH,l&r,fqdkwm rodMu

    vdkYyg/

    ajymomajym&wmyg tJ'Dpdwfuav;awG30

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    32/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    31

    tNrJjzpfaeatmif xm;zdkYqdkwm odyfvG,fvS

    wmawmhr[kwfbl;/ 0dyemw&m; tm;

    xkwfzl;NyD; pdwfaumif;av;awG pdyfpdyfu

    av;jzpfaeatmif avhusifhxm;rS &wwfwm

    rsdK;yg/ tJ'Dvkd pdwfrsdK;av;awG xm;wwfoGm;

    NyDqdk&ifawmh vl[mtvdkvdk ]ukodkvf}jzpfae

    awmhw,f/

    'gaMumifh 0dyemw&m;udk q&maumif;orm;aumif;eJY (udk,feJYtyfpyf&m enf;vrf;&Sm

    NyD;) avhusifhoifhw,fvdkY 'Daqmif;yg;rSm wdkuf

    wGef;tm;ay;&if; tqHk;owfyg&ap/ /

    a'gufwmci farmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmci farmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)a'gufwmci farmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)

    q&mBuD; OD;av;NrdKif\ Mo0g'q&mBuD; OD;av;NrdKif\ Mo0g'q&mBuD; OD;av;NrdKif\ Mo0g'q&mBuD; OD;av;NrdKif\ Mo0g'q&mBuD; OD;av;NrdKif\ Mo0g'

    (28-3-2013 aeYwGif qvdkif;a&Tvif; oGm;

    a&mufuefawmh&m atmufygtwdki f; Mo0g'rsm;

    ay;ygonf/)

    q&morm;rsm;u tqHk;tr ay;cJhMuw,f

    r[kwfvm;/ vkyfoifhwm? vkyfcsifwm? vkyfEdkif

    wm tJovdktrsdK;rsdK;&dSwJhteuf vkyfoihfwm

    awGxJu vkyfEdkifwmudk OD;pm;ay;&vdrfhr,fwJh?tJ'gav;u vdkufemzdkYaumif;w,f/

    tzGJUtpnf;eJY vkyfwJhtcgusawmh bmyJ

    ajymajym pdwf&Snf&vdrfhr,f? onf;cH&vdrfhr,f?

    tovdk pdwf&Snfonf;cHawmh olwdkYawGyg aysmh

    ajymif;vmwwfw,f/

    rmCa'0vuFmopfxJrSmvnf; uRJ\o

    abmqdkwmygw,f/ uRJrsm;[m olrsm;udk &efvkyfcsifw,f? NidrfoufrIr&dSbl;? vltcsdKU[mvJ

    'DvdkyJ NidrfoufrIr&dSbl;? rjynfhwJhtdk; abmif

    bifcwfqdkwmrsdK;? [dk[mqdkvnf; olodol

    wwf? xxajymcsifw,f? [kwfvJr[kwfbJeJY?

    jrefpmjyefYvkyfcJhwkef;u tJovdk udkY,dkYum;,m;

    orm;awGvnf; ygwmyJ/

    p vkyfwkef;uawmh vlwpfpkavmufyJ

    wdkifyifvkyfMuwm/ vGwfvyfa&;udpvnf;Munfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY vlwpfpkyJwdkif

    yifvkyfMuwm/ tJ'Duae us,fjyefYvmawmh

    vlxkuygvmNyD; vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtxd jzpf

    vmw,f/ 'DjyifvlawGvnf; vkyfMuwmyJ?

    okdYaomf rlrSefwJholeJY rrSefwJhol tJovdkuGJ

    pmrsufESm(30)rS

    olwdkYajymMum; "rpum;

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    33/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    oGm;ao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh vlenf;ayr,fh tm;i,fp&mrvdkbl;? o&P*HkwnfzdkY ta&;BuD;

    w,f/

    oDv? orm"d? ynmuawmh t"duygyJ?

    wdkif;jynfudk OD;aqmifr,fhyk*dKvfawGudkvnf;

    Munfh/ qdkygpdkY .. [dk-acgif;aqmifu ewfawG?

    bkd;awmfawG udk;uG,fw,f? 0if;OD;wdkY Munf

    MunfaX;wdkY olwdkYawG ouf&dSxif&Sm;&dSwkef;

    uawmif olwdkYudk 0if;OD;ewf? MunfMunfaX;ewfqdkNyD; vkyfvmcJholudk q&mwifw,f/

    tjcm;acgif;aqmifu rpdk;&drfwdkufopfq

    &mawmf? csrf;ajrhq&mawmf? a&Tawmifukef;

    q&mawmf? 'Dq&mawmfawGudk udk;uG,fqnf;

    uyfw,f/ b,facgif;aqmifu wdkif;jynfudk

    odum&dS&dSeJY OD;aqmifEdkifrvJqdkwm rSef;vdkY&

    w,faemf/omoemu tvGefaysmfp&maumif;yg

    w,f/ &nf&G,fcsuf rSef&ifayghav/ todwpfOD;

    bkef;BuD;0wfoGm;NyD; wdkYqDudk

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    34/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    33

    1/ tvSLSif(a'gwfwmmMunfpdk;)+AdkvfBuD;a':

    pkpk(Nidrf;)rdom;pkESifhcsif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUwdkY

    ylaygif; csif;jynfe,fawmifydkif;Sd Ak'bmom

    0ifbdk;bGm;rsm;tm; &efukefodkY bk&m;zl;ukodkvf

    awmf ydkYaqmifay;cJhygonf/yg;rnf;xdk;xmaom csif;dk;&m0wfcsif;tbGm;

    rsm;ESifh ukodkvfrSwfwrf;"gwfykH-38yHkudk "gwfyHk

    q&mwpfOD;u MunfvifajymifajrmufpGm dkuful;

    (www. burmese classic.com &Sd Myanm ar Photo

    Newsu@ 2012ck?edk0ifbmvrSp (&efukef

    a&muf csif;Ak'bmombdk;bGm;rsm;\ trSwfw

    &yHk&dyfrsm;)trnfjzifh vTifhwifcJhonfrSm ,aeYxd

    jzpfygonf/ dk;&m,Ofaus; rIxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh

    omoemya&;udprsm; yg0ifcJhMuaom xdk"gwf

    yHkq&mESifh xdk0ufbfqdkufwdkYtm; csif;Ak'omo

    eygvutzGJYu om"kac:rSwfwrf;wifygaMumif;

    2/ csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUtaMumif; od

    aumif;p&mpmwrf;udk www. shwe room.com\

    vSL'gef;zG,f&mtjzmjzmu@ 2012-ckedk0ifbmvrSp ,aeYxdvTifhwifay;cJhojzifh csif;Ak'om

    oeygvutzGJUu txl;yifom"kac:rSwfwrf;wif

    ygaMumif;/

    om"kac: rSwfwrf;wifygaMumif;

    3/ 2012013aeYwGif puFmyledkifiH? "ryef;

    ci f ;pm Munf hw d ku f ( Peninsular plaza 05-56)

    puFmyla&muf"rrdwfaqGrsm;u yxrtBudrf

    tjzpf csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGUJodkY tvSLaiGay;

    tyfyGJ usif;ycJh&m- puFmyla':vm474 (usyfaiGoHk;odef;oHk;aomif;)&&SdcJhygonf? xdkyGJjzpfajrmuf

    a&;twGuf tulnDay;cJhMuaom q&mawmf

    t&SifEmp&d,ESifh "ryef;cif;pmMunfhwdkuf t

    rIaqmifrsm;tm; csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUu

    om"kac:rSwfwrf;wifygaMumif;/

    -

    4/ (412013) jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJU\ Mo0g'gp&d,q&m

    awmfwpfyg;jzpfol OD;awaZmom&? NrdKUromoem

    ypmoifwdkuf? jynfawmfom&yfuGuf? [m;cg;

    rdUtm; edkifiHawmfu "ruxdu A[kZe[dw"&

    bGJUqyfuyfaMumif; od&ojzifh csif;Ak'omoeyg

    vutzGJUu om"kac:rSwfwrf;wifygaMumif;/

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    35/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)\a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)\a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)\a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)\a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)\

    awmfawmfcGuswJhvl&JU b0udk ta&mifqdk;MuawmfawmfcGuswJhvl&JU b0udk ta&mifqdk;MuawmfawmfcGuswJhvl&JU b0udk ta&mifqdk;MuawmfawmfcGuswJhvl&JU b0udk ta&mifqdk;MuawmfawmfcGuswJhvl&JU b0udk ta&mifqdk;Mu

    olrsm;pmtkyf 2013-ckE Sp f azazmf0g&DxkwfrSolrsm;pmtkyf 2013-ckE Sp f azazmf0g&DxkwfrSolrsm;pmtkyf 2013-ckE Sp f azazmf0g&DxkwfrSolrsm;pmtkyf 2013-ckE Sp f azazmf0g&DxkwfrSolrsm;pmtkyf 2013-ckE Sp f azazmf0g&DxkwfrS

    aumufEIwfcsufrsm;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;

    tcsuf 3-csuf ydkuJaevdkYtcsuf 3-csuf ydkuJaevdkYtcsuf 3-csuf ydkuJaevdkYtcsuf 3-csuf ydkuJaevdkYtcsuf 3-csuf ydkuJaevdkY

    vlwpfa,muf&JU b0wpfckudk ta&mif

    qdk;NyD;? wpfqpfcsdK;ajymif;atmif vkyfay;Edkif

    pGrf;&dSwJholawG&JU apwem? arwmeJY tm;xkwf

    vkyfaqmifrIawG[m omrefvlawG dSdk;dSpOf

    xuf ydkvGefjrifhrm; aerSmjzpfw,f/ rdbawG[molwdkY&JU om;orD;awGtwGuf bmrqdkvdkav

    ao;r&dS vkyfudkifauR;arG; ay;urf;aewmawG

    [m olrsm;om;orD;awGtay:rSmxuf udk,fh

    om;orD;tay:rSm tJ'Dtcsuf 3-csuf ydkuJae

    vdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ aoG;rawmf om;rpyfHkwifr

    u vlrsdK;yguGJvGJaeayr,fh udk,fh&ifu om;

    orD;vdkoabmxm;NyD; tppoifMum;jyo jyK

    pkysdK;axmifay;cJhwJholu *syefygarmuq7mwm'gdSqmwdk(Tadashi Sato) yg/

    aumif;wJhtusifhaumif;wJhtusifhaumif;wJhtusifhaumif;wJhtusifhaumif;wJhtusifh

    uRefawmhfrSm aumif;wJhtusifhwpfck &dSyg

    w,f/ tJ'gu c&D;xGufwdkif; rtdyfrcsif;

    a&TjrefrmajymMum; "rpum;

    orKa'*gxmawmfudk tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm &Gwf

    zwf o&Zsm,fwwfwmyg? aumif;wJhtusifhrdkY

    xdef;xm;ygw,f/ tckxdqdkygawmh? tckawmh

    y&dwfBuD;(11)okwfxJu y&dwfawmf(9)okwfudk

    wpf&ufjcm;? t|mearwH pwJh*gxmawmfrsm;udk wpf&ufjcm;&GufzwfyGm;rsm;ygw,f/ NyD;&if

    arwmydkYygw,f/ aeYpOf 0wfrysufcJhbl;/

    um;u oHk;ywfavmufvnfNyD; vrf;ay:jyef

    uswJhtcsdefav;[m puefYydkif;avmufyJ Mum

    vdrfhr,fxifygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm igawmhum;

    arSmufNyD;ao&awmhr,f/ um;aemufcef;xJu

    "mwfqDyHk;awGvnf; aygufNyD;rD;avmifEdkifw,f/'grSr[kwf um;[mvrf;ab;rSm abmif;vefae

    wJh rdk;a&awGxJusNyD; a&epfaoEdkifw,f/ b,f

    vdkjzpfjzpf ao&awmhr,f/ aocgeD; b0ul;

    aumif;zdkY pdwfxm;wwf&r,fvdkY pmawGxJrSm

    zwfzl;w,f/ 'Dawmh ]]rdef;reJY uav;awGudk

    oHa,mZOfrwG,feJY/ bk&m;udktmHkjyK}}qdkNyD;

    awG;vdkufw,f/

    uRefawmfwdkY q&mwynfhESpfa,mufvnf;bmrSrjzpfcJhMubl;/ awmfygao;&JU orKa'*g

    xm&JUwefcdk;awmf? bk&m;udktmHkjyKaewJh pdwf

    wefcdk;awGaMumifh uRefawmfwdkYwawG aouHr

    a&muf? oufraysmufcJhMubl;vdkYvnf; ,HkMunf

    oGm;ygw,f/34

    a

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    36/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    odumqdkwmodumqdkwmodumqdkwmodumqdkwmodumqdkwm

    vlwpfa,muf&JUb0rSm odumqdkwm

    xdef;vdkuf zsufvdkufvkyfvdkY r&bl;/ wpfouf

    vHk;xdef;rS&wm? wpfcgemrnfysufzl;&if wpf

    oufvHk;oGm;a&m/ txl;ojzifh aiGudpeJY rdef;r

    ^a,mufsm;udp/

    Ak'0g'udkyJAk'0g'udkyJAk'0g'udkyJAk'0g'udkyJAk'0g'udkyJ

    b,fEdkifiHa&;0g'udkrS r,HkMunfawmh

    aMumif; Ak'0g'udkom ,HkMunfygawmhaMumif;. . . . /

    xrif;pm;EdkifwJhynmxrif;pm;EdkifwJhynmxrif;pm;EdkifwJhynmxrif;pm;EdkifwJhynmxrif;pm;EdkifwJhynm

    xrif;pm;EdkifwJhynmawG wwfxm;

    awmh cdk;p&mrvdkbl;/ vdrfnmp&mrvdkbl;/ t

    EdSrfcHp&mrvdkbl;? tvkyfjyKwfrSm ylp&mrvdkbl;/ S.k&Sefvdef; wifjyonf

    35

    rif;wdk Yudk,fwdkifvnf; pOf;pm;ayghrif;wdk Yudk,fwdkifvnf; pOf;pm;ayghrif;wdk Yudk,fwdkifvnf; pOf;pm;ayghrif;wdk Yudk,fwdkifvnf; pOf;pm;ayghrif;wdk Yudk,fwdkifvnf; pOf;pm;ayghrif;wdkYighudk cPcPvmNyD; ruefawmh

    MueJUuGm/ tm;vHk;owfrSwfNyD; wpfESpfwpfcg

    avmufuefawmh&if vHkavmufygNyD/ ighudkMunf

    ndKvdkY? ighynmudkav;pm;vdkYqdk&if wpfcgqdk&

    ygw,f/ cPcPuefawmhwmu rdk;om;

    bl;uG/ rif;wdkYusrf;awGNyD;oGm;&if tckvdkruef

    awmhEdkifMuawmhbl;qdkwm igodw,f/ rif;wdkY

    udk,fwdkifvnf; pOf;pm;yg/ Thesis udp&dSaevdkYrNyD;ao;vdkY? uefawmhaewmvm;/ q&mhaus;

    Zl;awG? q&mhynmawGudk av;pm;MunfndK

    vGef;vdk Yvm;q dkwm .. ./ /

    csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJY(tzGJUcG J)zGJUpnf;jcif;

    rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;?izJNrdKUe,f?yifOD;aus;&Gm 1375 ckESpf?e,kefvjynfh(23-62013)w

    e*FaEGaeYwGif csif;Ak'omoeygvu(tzGJYcGJ)udkzGJYpnf;MuaMumif; owif;&&dSonf/

    tqdkygtcrf;tem;udk yifOD;aus;&Gm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; usif;y&m ..csif;Ak'omoeyg

    vutzGJY(NrdKUe,f)rS Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfb'Eaomrmpm&(csif;q&mawmf)ESifh? izJNrdKU?uHopf

    ausmif;q&mawmfb'Eaombdw? tusKd;awmfaqmifOD;wifarmifxGef;? OD;at;oef;(ynma&;)

    OD;nDnDxGef;(b-u)wdkYwufa&mufcJhMuonf/ yifOD;aus;&Gm?csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcGJwGif Mo0g

    'gp&d,tjzpf yifOD;ausmif;q&mawmfOD;E0Ho? em,u(3)OD;? tvkyftrIaqmif(8)OD;wdkYjzifh

    OD;aqmifzGJYpnf;cJhMuygonf/

    tzGJY0ifOD;a&aygif;(150)jzpfNyD;? rdrdwdkYaus;&Gm (csif;Ak'bmom) omoema&;qdkif&mudprsm;

    twGuf qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;Ekdif&ef &nf&G,f zGJYpnf;MuaMumif; owif;&&Sdygonf/ /

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    37/74

    csif;a&mif Ncnf Ak' "r r* Zif;

    wpfaeYwGifpma&;ol\ "rrdwfaqG

    wpfOD;ESifhawGU csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJU\

    a&&Snf avQmufvSrf;&rnfh aumif;jrwfaom

    c&D;pOftaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;aeMuav\/...xdkrdwfaqGuodkYqdk\/ ]]'DtzGJUrSm

    csif;Ak'bmom0ifawGomru csif;vlrsdK;rsm;

    Ak'bmom wnfwHhxGef;um;a&;eJY ywfoufvdkY

    aiGtm;? vltm;? tBuHOmPftm;eJY yg0ifcsifol

    b,folYudkrqdk vufurf;BudKqdkw,f qdkwm

    tifrwef0rf;omp&myJ/ 'geJY pum;rpyfAsm -

    cifAsm;wdkY csif;vlrsdK; rdef;uav;wpfa,muftEkynme,fy,fwpfckrSm vQrf;vQrf;awmuf

    atmifjrifaew,fqdkyguvm;? olvnf; Ak'

    bmom0ifyJqdk/ olYudk csif;ygvutwGuf oGm;

    rpnf;Hk;Mubl;vm;? olvnf;yg0ifcsif&SmrSmaygh/

    olr tazuArm taruawmh csif;ppfppf

    r[kwfvm;/

    ]]olrtaMumif;rajymyg&apeJY}}

    ]]bmjzpfvdkY wHk;As}}]]ajymvdkY rxl;bl;xifyg&JU}}

    ]]b,f rxl;bl;&dSyghrvJ/ cifAsm;wdkYawG[m

    &nfrSef;csufBuD;&if tajrmftjrif&dS&rSmav/

    omrefvlrsm;pGmxuf olUvdk ausmfMum;atmif

    jrifolwpfa,mufu ydkNyD;xda&mufpGm pGrf;

    aqmifay;Edkifwmaygh/ uRefr[m csif;ygvu

    tzGJUBuD;ay:aygufvmwmudk 0rf;omygw,f/

    om"kac:ygw,fvdkY wpfcGef;yJajymay;tHk;/ aiG

    trsm;BuD;vSLwm tusdK;&dSovdk/ 'DvdkEIwftm;jzifhyg0ifay;wmvnf; tusdK;&dSwmyJ? [kwf

    w,fr[kwfvm;/

    ]][kwfygw,fAsm}}

    ]][kwfw,fqdk&if qufoG,fav/ udk,fh

    csif;Ak'bmom0ifawG&JU tiftm;udk cifAsm;wdkY

    pepfwus r&,lwwfao;bJ jzpfaewmudk;/

    nHhyghAsm?}}]]rdwfaqGu 'Davmufawmif pdwftm;

    xufoefaeawmhvnf; 'Dudpajym&awmhrSm

    aygh/ rdwfaqGawG;rdovdk/ uRefawmfwdkYvnf;

    awG;rdw,fAs/ olrqDudkvnf; b,frquf

    oG,fbJ &dSyghrvJ/ qufoG,fwmaygh/}}

    ]]olru jiif;y,fvdkufvdkYvm;}}

    tJ'Dvdkvnf; r[kwfygbl;? jyefNyD;awmhudk

    taMumif;rjyefyJ a&iHkEIwfydwf tquftoG,fjzwfovdkrsdK;BuD; jzpfaewmayhgaemf/

    'Dvd kAsm . .

    uRefawmfwdkY csif;ygvutzGJUBuD;udk (12-

    2-12) jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif a&Twd*Hkbk&m; t

    a&SUrkcfteD;u &SifomraP"rAdrmefrSm t

    aumif;pGm toHk;cszdkYowd&Edkifygapa o a & S m i f c s i f ;a o a & S m i f c s i f ;a o a & S m i f c s i f ;a o a & S m i f c s i f ;a o a & S m i f c s i f ;

    36

    ti

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    38/74

    csi f;a&mif Ncnf A k' "rr*Zif;

    wnfjyKzGJUpnf;cJhw,f/tJovdk rzGJUpnf;rD 4-ESpfavmufuwnf;

    u csif;&[ef;awmftcsdKUeJY csif;Ak'bmom

    0iftcsdKU[m 'DtzGJUrsdK; zGJUpnf;oifhaMumif; aqG;

    aEG;cJhMuw,f/ tzGJU&,fvdkY r&dSao;ayr,fh

    csif;,Ofaus;rIqdkif&mawGudk aqmif&Guf&if;

    omoema&;udpvnf; tqifajyovdk jyKEdkif

    cJhMuw,f/

    2008-ckESpf azazmf0g&D 20 csif;trsdK;om;aeYrSmxifyg&JU aygufacgif;NrdKUe,frSm&dSwJh tdI

    csif;&Gmaygif; 30-ausmfu tJ'Dcsif;trsdK;om;

    aeYudk usif;yzdkY pDpOfw,f/ &efyHkaiG vdkwmaygh

    Asm/ tJ'Dawmh csif;q&mawmfOD;u0dEeJY em,

    u OD;eErmvmwdkYudk jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD

    u avQmufxm;NyD; tultnDawmif;w,f/

    csif;q&mawmfawGu usKyfudkwm0efay;w,fcifAsm;ajymwJh tEkynm&Sifrav;udk quf

    oG,fzdkYaygh/ aygufacgif;NrdKUe,fu csif;trsm;pk

    uvnf;Ak'bmom? tEkynm&Sifrav;u

    vnf; Ak'bmomqdkawmh csif;trsdK;om;aeY

    twGuf csif;,Ofaus;rItwGuf tuGufqdkuf

    w,fvdkY ,lqwmaygh/ tEkynm&Sifrav;&JU

    "mwfyHkudk ydkpwmdkufNyD; jyefa&mif;? &efyHkaiG

    &SmMur,fqdkwJh tpDtpOfaygh/ topfdkufay;zdkYrvdkygbl;/ &dSNyD;om;xJu ta[mif;wpf

    ckckcGifhjyK&ifvnf;&ygw,f/}

    ]]'gudkawmif olru jiif;vTwfa&mvm;}}

    ]]pdwf&Snf&Snfom em;axmifygrdwfaqG/

    csif;q&mawmf 2-yg;u wm0efay;awmh

    vkyfcsifvSwmr[kwfbJ vkyf&awmhwmaygh}]bmaMumifh rvkyfcsif&wmwHk;}}

    ]]usKyfu pma&;q&myJ? atmufuscHNyD;

    tqifhqifhqufoG,fcsifyghrvm;/ usKyf&JUudk,f

    usdK;pD;yGm;vnf;r[kwfbJeJY/ 'gayr,fh q&m

    awmfawG&JU trdefYMo0g'udkvnf; tav;

    tjrwfjyK&ma&mufatmif trsdK;? bmom?

    omoema&;twGufvnf; jzpfatmifqdkNyD;

    qufoG,f&awmhwmyJ/ vdyfpmtrSef zkef;eHygwftrSef&zdk Yawmif rvG,fbl;AsdKU/ 3-cg

    avmufawmif BudK;pm;&w,f/ a&SUydkif;&

    wJh[mawGu ta[mif;awGwJhAs/ jzpfyHku}}

    ]]emrnfausmf tEkynm&SifyJ? 'Davmuf

    awmh &dSayraygh}}

    ]uJxm;ygAsm 'Dudp/ usKyfutaMumif;

    tusdK;jynfhjynfhpHkpHka&;NyD; q&mawmfawG&JUtpDtpOfeJY pmoGm;ydkYw,f/ udk,fwdkifoGm;

    wmaemf/ tEkynm&Sifrav;&JU wdkufcef;rSm

    rdef;uav;wpfa,mufu pmudk,lxm;w,f/

    pmxJrSm ydkpwmtwGuf oHk;NyD;om; &dSNyD;om;

    yHkwpfckckudk oHk;cGifhay;zdkY arwm&yfcHwmyg/

    b,frSm bmudptwGuf b,fvd k

    tpDtpOf&dSw,fqdkwmvJ aoaocsmcsm azmf

    jyxm;ygw,f/ pmay;cJhNyD; taMumif;jyefay;zdkY

    rSmcJh&wmyg/}}

    ]]aemufawmh taMumif;jyefa&mvm;}}

    ]]bmudkrS taMumif;rjyefyJaewm 15-

    &ufausmfavmufawmif MumoGm;w,fxifygh}}

    ]]cifAsm;ua&m zkef;qufrar;bl;vm;}}37

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    39/74

    csi f;a&mif Ncnf A k' "rr*Zif;

    ]]cP cP vSrf;ar;&wmaygh/ zkef;udkifoluvnf; tEkynm&Sifrav;r[kwfbl;/ nDr

    0rf;uGJvdkvdk? ta':vdkvdkawGyJ/ um,uH&Sif

    r&dSbl;aygh/ ajymay;xm;yghr,faygh/ 'geJYyJ

    NyD;NyD;oGma&m/ wpfcgrSmawmh tEkynm&Sifr

    av;&JUzcifeJY/ pum;ajymcGifh&w,f/ zcif

    udk,fwdkifuvnf; olYorD;rtm;vyfaMumif;

    taMumif;jyefay;zdkY ajymvdkufr,fh taMumif;eJY

    NyD;oGm;w,f/}}]]'guMum;vlawGeJ Yqdkawmh wdwdusus

    rod&bl;aerSmyg/ um,uH&Sifuawmh ulnD

    csif&SmrSmyg? ukodkvfa&;yJ/}}

    ]]usKyfuvnf; oJoJuGJuGJawmh odatmif

    vkyfrSjzpfr,fqdkNyD; wpfaeYawmh olYzcifeJY

    qufoG,fw,f/ csif;q&mawmf OD;u0dE

    udk,fwdkif tdrfudk

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    40/74

    csi f;a&mif Ncnf A k' "rr*Zif;

    aojyae&wmav/ om;orD;usifh0wf (5)yg;

    xJrSm rsdK;EG,f&JU aumif;jrwfaomtpOftvm

    rsm;udk apmifhxdef;jcif;qdkwmygw,f/ jrwfAk'u

    od*Fgavm0g'okwefod*Fgavm0g'okwefod*Fgavm0g'okwefod*Fgavm0g'okwefod*Fgavm0g'okwefxJrSm aoaocsmcsm xnfh

    a[mxm;ygw,f/ aumif;jrwfaomtpOft

    vmqdkwm rdbbdk;bGm;awGjyKcJhwmh aumif;rI

    ukodkvfawGudk qufNyD;vkyf&r,f/ trsdK;awG

    edrfhusqif;&Jae&if apmifha&SmufulnD&r,f/

    r*Fvokwf rSmvnf; ykw'g&o*Fa[mykw'g&o*Fa[mykw'g&o*Fa[mykw'g&o*Fa[mykw'g&o*Fa[mvdkYygw,fav/ tjypfuif;wJh pum;? pmay?

    ,Ofaus;rIawG ysdK;axmifxdef;odrf;&r,f/

    csif;q&mawmfawGuvnf; 'gudkodapcsifwm

    ygyJ/}}

    ]]2008-ckESpfavmufuudpudkxm;ygav/

    csif;ygvuzGJUNyD;aemufydkif;aum cifAsm;wdkY

    rqufoG,fbl;vm;/} ]usKyfuawmh b,fqufoG,fcsifyghrvJ}}

    ]]tJ'Dvdk yk*dKvfa&;tmCmwawG rxm;&

    bl;av/ omoemjyKcsifw,fqdk}}

    ]]ajympum;vJ qHk;atmifem;axmifygOD;

    q&morm;&,f/ csif;ygvuzGJUNyD;aemufydkif;rSm

    Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfrsm;eJY tzGJUOu|wdkYu

    csif;tEkynm&Sifrav;udk qufoG,fcdkif;Mu

    w,f/ 0gqdkouFef;uyfyGJwdk Y bmwdkYvnf;vlvTwfNyD; oGm;zdwfcdkif;ygw,f/ rvmygbl;/

    tzGJUOu|&JUtdrfeJY olrtdrfu ra0;vSbl;/

    NrdKUe,fuvnf; wpfckwnf;rSmyJav/

    wpfaeYawmh csif;a&mifjcnfrsufESmzHk;rSm

    csif;tEkynm&Sifrav;&JUyHk oHk;zdkY &vdkY&jim;

    awmif;MunfhMupdkY/ ay;wmray;wm olYwm0ef/omoemtwGuf awmif;zdkYu wdkYwm0efqdkNyD;

    jzpfMujyefa&m/ usKyfuvnf; trsm;qEudk

    taumiftxnfazmfay;&wmaygh/ udk,fwdkif

    awmh roGm;awmhygbl;/

    tusdK;taMumif;udk pmeJYa&;NyD; tzGJUOu|u

    vufrSwfxdk;w,f/ vlvTwfNyD; pmydkYcdkif;w,f/

    ]]taMumif; rjyefbl;r[kwfvm;/}

    ]rjyefygbl;/ rdwfaqGBuD;awmifrSef;wwfaeNyD/ cifAsm;ar;vGef;vdkYom 'gawGajymae&wm/

    olrsm;raumif;aMumif; ajymrdovdkrsm; jzpfae

    rvm;/}}

    ]]vkyf&yfawGwlayr,fh pdwf"mwfrwl&if t

    usdK;ay;vnf; rwlygbl;As/ vlYcEmudk,ft

    pdwftydkif;udk "m;eJYxdyg;wmcsif;wlaomfvnf;

    cGJpdwfq&m0ef&JU pdwf"mwfu vlYtoufu,fzdkYyJ/ "m;jy&JUpdwf"mwfu vlYtoufowfzdkYyJ/

    ckvnf; omoemawmf xGef;um;a&;udkom

    OD;wnf ajymMum;jcif;jzpfwJhtwGuf ukodkvf&

    rSmyg/ .. . usKyfwdk Y&JU &nf&G,fcsufuvnf;

    emrnfausmfyk*dKvfawG[m olwdkY&JUxifay:

    ausmfMum;rIjzifh omoemjyKapcsifwJh apwemyJ

    r[kwfvm;}}

    ]][kwfygw,f/ a&S;bkef;a&S;uH&dSrS omoemjyKEdkifwJhtaMumif; ygVdawmf&dSygw,f/

    omoeH ykn0E? ykn0Em0 vAa&/omoeH ykn0E? ykn0Em0 vAa&/omoeH ykn0E? ykn0Em0 vAa&/omoeH ykn0E? ykn0Em0 vAa&/omoeH ykn0E? ykn0Em0 vAa&/

    eyyknm u&[pd? y*PdSwk r0do,m/eyyknm u&[pd? y*PdSwk r0do,m/eyyknm u&[pd? y*PdSwk r0do,m/eyyknm u&[pd? y*PdSwk r0do,m/eyyknm u&[pd? y*PdSwk r0do,m/

    bkef;&SifuH&Sif bk&m;&Sif\ tHhzG,f&Spfjzm

    omoemonf a&S;bkef;a&S;uH&dScJholwdkYomvQif39

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    41/74

    csi f;a&mif Ncnf A k' "rr*Zif;

    yp, "r ESpf0vHkavmuf axmufyHhjcif;iSmaumif;pGm&Edkifyg\wJh/ bkef;uHqdkwm ykn=

    aumif;rIqdkwJhyk'fu qif;oufvmwm/ aiGaMu;

    Opmcsrf;omjcif;? tmPm&dSjcif;? xifay:ausmf

    Mum;jcif;qdkwJh a&S;bkef;a&S;uHaMumifh t"du

    jzpfvmwmyg/ (a&S;bkef;a&S;uH&dSaomfvnf;

    ypKyefuHu tm;rpdkufay;vQif atmifjrifoifh

    oavmuf ratmifjrifEdkifyg)/ 0domcgausmif;

    trBuD;taMumif; owd&vmw,fAsm/ olYa,mur(a,musfm;ol)u olYbmomolyJ

    xrif;pm;aewm/ tvSLcH&[ef;udk rvSLbl;wJh/

    0domcgu a,mur[m (tpma[mif;)udkyJ

    pm;aewmvdkY ajymvdkufowJh/ tpma[mif;

    qdkwm rpifvdkYvJ t"dym,f&w,f/ a,mur

    pdwfqdk;wmaygh/ 0domcgqdkvdkwmu b0a[mif;

    u ukodkvfaMumifh&tyfwJh tpma[mif;vdkYqdkvdkw,f/ ,ckb0rSm ukodkvf topftjzpf

    vSL'gef;jcif;rjyKbl;vdkY qdkvdkwm/

    tvm;wlygyJ Opm

  • 7/30/2019 Chin Young Chi Magazine 2013 August

    42/74

    csi f;a&mif Ncnf A k' "rr*Zif;

    41

    omarmbG,fh csif;wdk YXmae .. .

    taemufdk;r\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o awmifukef;

    awmifwef;BuD;rsm;onf txufaumif;uif,Hrdk;wdrfvdyfatmuf rdIif;jymjymZmyk0g vTrf;NcHK

    vsuf tdyfarmusaeoa,mifyif/

    rIefjym&DtoGifzefwD;onfh zefwD;&Sif

    onf tjcm;r[kwf? csif;wdkif;&i