Chilled Beams 022409

8/12/2019 Chilled Beams 022409

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ChilledChilled BeamsBeamsThe Energy Efficient Solution For SchoolsThe Energy Efficient Solution For Schools

Clint Schwartz, PE

[email protected]


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a re e eamsa re e eams


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Airflow PatternAirflow Pattern


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Air Distribution Pattern w/ UFADAir Distribution Pattern w/ UFAD


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Typical Installation Above CeilingTypical Installation Above Ceiling


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Typical InstallationTypical Installation Fidelity InvestmentsFidelity Investments


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How They WorkHow They Work

PrimarySlab or soffitair supply

Sus ended Ceilin


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TwoTwo--WayWay Distribution PatternDistribution Pattern


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Typical InstallationTypical Installation


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DesignDesignons era onsons era ons


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Thermal Output TestThermal Output Test StandardsStandards


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WaterWater SupplySupply vs. Roomvs. Room DewpointDewpoint TemperatureTemperature

Extract FromExtract FromIndependent Independent EnergieEnergie

Passive

+ 0.5 C ( + 0.9 F )

Active

- 1.5C ( - 2.7F)

e a ve o room a r ew po n


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OAOA DewpointDewpoint vs. Roomvs. Room DewpointDewpoint 200 BTU/hr/person200 BTU/hr/personpace ewpo nt vs. ent at on r

80.00

70.00

F) Supply DP

60.00

SpaceDewpoint(

45 DP

50 DP

55 DP

60 DP

Max DP

50.00

40.00

5 10 15 20 25 30Ventilation Air (cfm/person)


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Primary/Secondary Chilled Water LoopsPrimary/Secondary Chilled Water Loops

Primary ChilledWater Supply

HEAT

EXCHANGER

Primary ChilledWater Return

Supply

TemperatureController

3-wayModulating

ValveT

eWaterPump

Return Water BypassSecondary(Tempered)

Chilled WaterSupply to

2-way Chilled WaterValves one er

eamsSecondaryChilled Water

Return

To Chilled Beam

Zones

zone)


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Dedicated ChillerDedicated Chiller

3-way

Dedicated

Chiller

TSupply

TemperatureController

ChilledWater

ModulatingValve

Return Water B ass

StorageVessel

Pump

Chilled WaterSupply to Beams

Chilled

WaterReturn

To Chilled Beam

Zones


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Thermal ZoningThermal Zoning

Chilledwatersupply

Chilledwaterreturn

Isolationvalve

Isolation

valve

2 waycontrolvalve

T Zonethermostat

e eams w n a s ng e ermazone


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Water Piping Condensation SensorWater Piping Condensation Sensor


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Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort -- DiffuserDiffuser

What does a diffuser do? Delivers fast cold (or hot) air to the space

It directs the discharge

What does a diffuser do? Delivers fast cold (or hot) air to the space

It directs the discharge

The primary air

Provides fresh air requirement

a es use o e oan e ec

Reduced velocity by mixing

Changes temperature by mixing

a es use o e oan e ec

Reduced velocity by mixing

Changes temperature by mixing

on ro s empera ure

Controls humidity


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Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort -- Chilled BeamChilled Beam

Beam vs. diffuser

Increases volume, Example: assume 60% water 40% air

Beam vs. diffuser

Increases volume, Example: assume 60% water 40% air

100 cfm by diffuser, 40 cfm @ beam but withinduction ratio of say 5:1, = total air discharged is 40 x5 = 200 cfm

100 cfm by diffuser, 40 cfm @ beam but withinduction ratio of say 5:1, = total air discharged is 40 x5 = 200 cfm

100 cfm = 6 ac/hr, 200 cfm = 12 ac/hr (room air movement)

The increased discharge temperature helps but the highervolume throws further

100 cfm = 6 ac/hr, 200 cfm = 12 ac/hr (room air movement)

The increased discharge temperature helps but the highervolume throws further


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Where Does The EnergyWhere Does The Energyav ngs ome romav ngs ome rom


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Water vs. AirWater vs. Air

Water weighs 800 times more than water 1 lb. of CHW (6T) transports 25% more

cooling energy than 1 lb. of air (20T)

On a volumetric basis: 1 FT of CHW (6T) transfers 1000 times

more cooling energy vs. 1 FT of air (20T)


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Water vs. AirWater vs. Air

1 : 327

w

18 x 18

Ai r Duct

1 diameter

Water Pipe


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Chilled BeamsChilled Beams

Airflow requirementreduced by 60 to 70%Airflow requirementreduced by 60 to 70%

removed by chil led water


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DOE ReportDOE Report Energy Savings PotentialEnergy Savings Potential


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DOE ReportDOE Report 15 Technologies Investigated15 Technologies Investigated


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DOE ReportDOE Report Simple PaybackSimple Payback


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LEED AnalysisLEED Analysis Constitution Center, Washington DCConstitution Center, Washington DC

22.4%

Baseline Building Constitution Center

Savings

Energy Usage nergy sage


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No motor to cool Reduced airflow

of cooling by air requires7 to 10 times more

water.

Elevated CHWS

g er c er Longer free cooling

(water-cooled chiller)


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Compressor EfficiencyCompressor Efficiency -- ChillersChillers


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Lower Humidity, Raise TemperatureLower Humidity, Raise Temperature

Save energy by havinghigher db, lower rh

at 78/45% vs. 75/50%

Less temp difference

3 To 5% energy costreduction for each F


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Reduced Outdoor Air vs. VAVReduced Outdoor Air vs. VAV

Multiple space equation in ASHRAE 62.1 canadd up to 70%7 to required outdoor air in VAVvs.Project: Reynolds and Reynolds- 4th Floor

Zone Box Max. Cfm Min Pos Min. Cfm OA Reg. % OA Room Nos. Zone Type

1 7045 30% 2114 620 29% n/a Exterior Office Space ,

3 220 100% 220 0 0% 402,404 Restrooms4 455 30% 137 100 73% n/a Round Stairwell Y = X /(1+X-Z)5 1765 30% 530 275 52% 406,420 Copy/Coffee/Corr X = OA rate for all branches on system / Total supply airflow6 1455 30% 437 325 74% 408 Break Rm/Stairwell Z = OA rate for critical space / Total supply air in critical space7 350 100% 350 0 0% 414,416 Electrical/SER Y = Corrected fraction of OA / Total suppy airflow

8 285 50% 143 120 84% 422,424 Huddle Rooms9 935 70% 655 520 79% 426 Staff Team Room X = 0.63

515 80% 412 340 83% 428 on erence Z = 0.87

11 650 50% 325 260 80% 432,434,436,438 Huddle Rooms Zone No. 1212 415 100% 415 360 87% 480 Conference Y = 0.8313 505 50% 253 205 81% 460,464,468,470 Huddle/Storage14 895 40% 358 260 73% 472 Diagnostics Lab Corrected Fraction of Outdoor air = Y (Total supply airflow)15 485 100% 485 420 87% 474 Conference16 445 100% 445 380 85% 482 War Room OA = 13125 c fm17 2680 30% 804 600 75% 484 Break/Coffee Rm18 1100 30% 330 180 55% 486,488 Mail/Corr/Copy/Stairwell19 350 100% 350 0 0% 490,492 SER/Electrical20 255 100% 255 0 0% 496,498 SW Rest21 845 60% 507 400 79% 476, 478 Video Conf/AV

Totals 42890 15894 9985


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er reas o av ngser reas o av ngs


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Structural Height SavingsStructural Height Savings

600mm26

126 11

96 96

f.f.l.8

6


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Structural Height SavingsStructural Height Savings -- Constitution CenterConstitution Center

-0

-0

22

84


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Maintenance SavingsMaintenance Savings

No Moving Parts

No Fans

No Power Requirements

No Filter No CondensatePump/Drain

Vacuum

Simple Controls


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AstraZenecaAstraZeneca Waltham, MassachusettsWaltham, MassachusettsOur first Waltham building using chilled beams was opened in

. en we en arge our ac y n , we aga n wen wchilled beams. Our new buildings under construction will also be

using chilled beam technology.

The beams at our facility have not required any maintenance or cleaning. The facilitydoes not have rugs, and the chilled beams are supplied by the same air handlers thatserve laboratories.

The three principal advantages that I see for chilled beams over a VAV system are (i)the level of quiet operations, (ii) the energy efficiency, and (iii) the virtual freedom frommaintenance.

Bruce MacGregorSystem Specialist


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pec a y e eamspec a y e eams


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--

Available in 2 x 2 and2 x 4 sizes

Primarily forpartitioned office

a lications


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TroxTrox QLCIQLCI

Induction Nozzles Primary air delivered at 50 to 55F

Mixing within terminal elevates supplyair to appropriate temperature

Room air induced through coil

Supplements space cooling

Eliminates se arate heatin s stem


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How Does it Work?How Does it Work?

Return @ 80Return @ 80--8585ooFF

Convective Heat SourceConvective Heat Source


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Ventilation EffectivenessVentilation Effectiveness

VEFF =CRETURN - CSUPPLY

CROOM - CSUPPLY 1VEFF =

CRETURN - CSUPPLYCROOM - CSUPPLY

1

CROOM

CRETURN

CFLOOR CROOM CCEILING

Elevation

Occupied

T50Occupied

ZoneElevation

one

22


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COCO22 Comparison with Unit VentComparison with Unit Vent

1600

Identical classrooms

Tests conducted over two

Minnesota Elementary School

io

n(PPM)

1200

1400 Mixed Air System (UV) wee per o

CO2 concentration at six foot

Concentra

600

800

Mixed system: 1100 PPM

DV System: 400 PPM

20% reduction in CO levels

C

O

400

Displacement System

produced 15% improvementin student performance

Time Source: Technical University of Denmark(Indoor Air 2005)


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Displacement ConditioningDisplacement Conditioning Cooling OperationCooling Operation

Return Air450 CFM

(82 to 85F)

100% Exhausted450 CFM

Primary Airflow

450 CFM

(50 to 55F)

Room Air

900 CFM

(75 to 78F)

Chilled Water

Supply Airflow

1350 CFM

(62 to 68F)


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Displacement ConditioningDisplacement Conditioning Heating OperationHeating Operation

Return Air

450 CFM

100% Exhausted

450 CFM

Optional HeatRecovery

Primary Airflow

450 CFMRoom Air

900 CFM

Hot Water

Supply Airflow

(70 to 72F)

1350 CFM

(82 to 85F)


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Displacement ConditioningDisplacement Conditioning Staggered OperationStaggered Operation


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Installation ExampleInstallation Example Ocean City Community College, NJOcean City Community College, NJ


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--


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--Customized DesignCustomized Design

eam os s

Cooling &

Heating 40%

Other services 10%

Lighting 30% Aesthetics 20 %Aesthetics 20 %

~ + 25% of aesthetics = + 5% of total price


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--Royal Bank of ScotlandRoyal Bank of Scotland


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--Airbus, UK: Pearce, CarillionAirbus, UK: Pearce, Carillion


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--Bow Call CenterBow Call Center


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--Chamber of Commerce, LuxembourgChamber of Commerce, Luxembourg


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--Indirect LightingIndirect Lighting


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--Innovative LightingInnovative Lighting


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--Capital CostCapital Cost-

delivered to the job ready to installas one unit. $ Cost Neutral

All connections are quick coupletype.

Pre-assemble units average up to12 ft in length.

Cost data courtesy

of


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--Accelerated Construction ScheduleAccelerated Construction Schedule MSCB vs. FCUMSCB vs. FCU


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ayou p onsayou p ons


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TraditionalTraditional -- DX Cooling w/ Hot Gas ReheatDX Cooling w/ Hot Gas Reheat

Reduced efficiency

Requires multiplecompressor stages Compressor cycling issues

require capacity modulationat part load

,

but preferably six

Requires modulating hot-gas reheat to maintainspace comfort Limited at part load as

reheat requirements can


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Cooling w/ ReheatCooling w/ Reheat PsychrometricsPsychrometrics

123

1

3


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Energy RecoveryEnergy Recovery Heatpipe (Plate HX Alternative)Heatpipe (Plate HX Alternative)

Sensible only energytransfer More beneficial in

heating

Need frost prevention

Preheat frost control

Face and b ass


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HeatpipeHeatpipe PsychrometricsPsychrometrics -- CoolingCooling

135

6

1

2

4

3

2 4


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Passive WheelPassive Wheel PsychrometricsPsychrometrics -- CoolingCooling

6

5 3 1

1

4

4

2

2

3


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WringerWringer

nergy recovery w t

no exhaust air Provides free re-cool

and reheat based onthe temperature

difference betweenou oor a r an a rleaving the cooling coil


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Wringer PsychrometricsWringer Psychrometrics

4

5

3

2112


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Active Desiccant Wheel (Condenser Heat Regeneration)Active Desiccant Wheel (Condenser Heat Regeneration)

Reduced mechanical

cooling requirement

to sensible energy

Slow rotational s eed As low as 1/10 RPM

Increased COP


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How It WorksHow It Works

Moisture transfer based on difference in RH

Moisture transfers from high RH to low The greater the difference in RH, the greater the

mechanism for moisture transfer

Conversion of latent heat to sensible Evaporative cooling in regeneration airstream and

oppos e n supp y process a rs ream

Heat increase is heat of vaporization of water


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Active Wheel PsychrometricsActive Wheel Psychrometrics

A

B


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Which System Uses LeastWhich System Uses Least DehumidificationDehumidification Energy?Energy?

SingleHXEnergyUseComparison

Wringer

Heatpipe

EnthalpyWheel

$0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000

BruteForce

Dehumidification Heatin FrostControl FanPenalt


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Hybrid SystemHybrid System -- TwoTwo HeatpipesHeatpipes or Platesor Plates

Increases recoveredenergy while utilizing

heat exchangers

Need to have frost

Preheat coil in OA orEA positions


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TwoTwo HeatpipeHeatpipe PsychrometricsPsychrometrics

7

1

24

6

3

24

6

7


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Hybrid SystemHybrid System Passive Wheel andPassive Wheel and HeatpipeHeatpipe or Plateor Plate

Increases energyrecovered

Provides freereheat

Need to have frostprevention strategy Preheat coil in OA

or EA


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Passive Wheel andPassive Wheel and HeatpipeHeatpipe

7

24

6

1

24

3

7


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Passive Wheel and Wringer CyclePassive Wheel and Wringer Cycle

Combines energy recovery withdehumidification

Need frost prevention strategy Prefer modulating wheel with vfd


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Passive Wheel and Wringer CyclePassive Wheel and Wringer Cycle

24 57

14

2

35

7


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Passive Wheel and Active WheelPassive Wheel and Active Wheel

om nes eat recovery

and dehumidification Exhaust air stream is theSide Re urn Air

condensing air stream No separate condensing

unit

re - oo

DX Coil Fan SupplyAfterheat

ED

B C

Bottom Deck

h

eel

Need frost prevention forenthalpy wheel Modulating enthalpy

G H I

Enthalpy Wheel

DHW

J

Control-Can

Compressors

w ee w eac oTop Deck A on o


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Passive Wheel and Active WheelPassive Wheel and Active Wheel

AG

F

BC

D


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Energy Usage ComparisonEnergy Usage Comparison

DrycoolERV

DOAUOperationalCostComparison

TwoSensHXEnthalpyWheel/SensHXEnthalpyWheel/Wringer

Heatpipe

Wringer

HCU

n a py ee

$0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000

BruteForce

Dehumidification Heatin FrostControl FanPenalt


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an s or s en ngan s or s en ng

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Chilled Beams 022409