November, 2006November, 2006

Chilled Ammonia Scrubberfor CO2 Capture

Sean BlackEnvironmental Control Systems

Bringing you a World of Experience in Clean Air Solutions

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 2

Core CompetenciesTwo core businesses:

Power

Rail Transport

+ activities in Marine and Power Conversion

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 3

Power: Example of a coal-firedpower plant

Steam turbineand generator

Coal

Boiler

Dust collector

Combustionsystem

Desulphurisationsystem

Denitrificationsystem

4

Power: An extensive range of products, systems and services

Generators

Turbines (gas, steam, hydro)

Boilers Maintenance, spare parts

Environmental control systemsInstrumentation and monitoring

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 5

Paths to Carbon Free Power

Efficiency – Achieve >48% HHV– Ultrasupercritical PC – Emphasis on advanced materials

Co-firing of biomass– Partial replacement of fossil fuels in PC/CFB – proportional

reduction in CO2

Post Carbon Capture – Achieve >90% CO2 capture– Multiple options under development to achieve competitive COE

for Clean Coal Combustion and IGCC with CO2 capture

New Combustion Cycles

Maximize carbon reduction by efficiency Maximize carbon reduction by efficiency –– then capture for sequestrationthen capture for sequestration

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 6

Low Carbon CombustionAlternate Paths to CO2 Capture

Technology Status

CO2 Scrubbing options – ammonia based

Demonstration in 2006. Advantage of lower costs than Amines. Applicable for retrofit & new applications

Advanced Amine Scrubbing

Further Improvements in Solvents, Thermal Integration, and Application of Membranes Technologies Focused on Reducing Cost and Power Usage – Multiple suppliers driving innovations

CO2 Frosting Uses Refrigeration Principle to Capture CO2 from Flue Gas. Process Being Developed by Ecole de Mines de Paris, France, with ALSTOM Support

CO2 Wheel Use Regenerative Air-Heater-Like Device with Solid Absorbent Material to Capture ~ 60% CO2 from Flue Gas. Being Developed by Toshiba, with Support from ALSTOM

CO2 Adsorption with Solids

Being Developed by the University of Oslo & SINTEF Materials & Chemistry (Oslo, Norway), in Cooperation with ALSTOM

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 7

NH3-CO2-H2O Process

ExisitingFGD

ExistingStack

2 stageCooling

Chiller

CO2Absorber

Regenerator

HX

CO2

HPPump

Wash

Wash

Reboiler

Schematic of Ammonia-based CO2 Capture System

Flue Gas

Water

Rich Slurry

Lean Slurry

CO2

Flue Gas

Purge

Lean AC

Rich ABC

120F

35F

Cooling & Cleaning of FG CO2 Absorption CO2 Regeneration

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 8

Reactions in the NH3-CO2-H2O system

Ammonia reacts with CO2 and water and forms ammonia carbonate or bicarbonate– Absorption at low temperature prevents ammonia release

• 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O (NH4)2CO3

• NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4HCO3

• (NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4HCO3

Moderately raising the temperature reverses the above reactions – producing CO2– Regeneration at high pressure and low concentrations of

ammonia prevent gaseous ammonia release

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 9

Ammonia Process Innovations

Cooling the flue gas to 0-10oC– Condensing H2O and eliminating residual

contamination– Reducing flue gas volume and increasing CO2

concentrationOperating the absorber at 0-10oC for high CO2capture efficiency with low NH3 emissionRegeneration at >120oC and >20 bar to generate high pressure CO2 stream with low moisture and ammonia concentration

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 10

Advantages of Ammonia

High efficiency capture of CO2

Low heat of reactionHigh capacity for CO2 per unit of solutionEasy and low temperature regenerationLow cost reagentNo degradation during absorption-regenerationTolerance to oxygen and contaminations in gas

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 11

Basic Comparison with MEA

MEA NH3

Molecular weight 61 17

H2O/CO2 in regenerator gas outlet(mole ratio)

1-1.5 0.01-0.05

Makeup requirements, kg/ton CO2 2 0.2

Makeup cost, $/ton 1000-1500 200-300

Practical CO2 loading, Kg/Kg solution 0.05 0.1-0.2

Heat of reaction, Kcal/gmole 20-22 6-8

Absorption temperature, C 40-70 0-10

Regeneration temperature, C 110-130 110-130

Regeneration pressure, bara 1-1.5 20-40

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 12

Basic Comparison with MEA

Supercritical PC Without

CO2 Removal

SCPC With MEA CO2 Removal

Parsons Study

SCPC With NH3 CO2 Removal Current Study

Coal Feed rate, lb/hr 333,542 333,542 333,542

Coal heating value, Btu/lb (HHV) 11,666 11,666 11,666

Boiler heat input, MMBtu 3,891 3,891 3,891

LP Steam extraction, lb/hr for reboiler 0 1,215,641 179,500

Steam Turbine Power, kWe 498,319 408,089 484,995

Generator loss, kWe (7,211) (5,835) (7,018)

Gross plant, kWe 491,108 402,254 471,301

Plant Auxiliary Load (IDF, FGD, BFW pumps, Water pumps, Cooling Towers, CO2 unit, Chillers, CO2 compressor, BOP), kWe

(29,050) (72,730) (53,950)

Net Power Output 462,058 329,524 421,717

Net efficiency, % HHV 40.5 28.9 37.0

Avoided Cost, $/ton CO2 Base 51.1 19.7

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 13

Chilled Ammonia ScrubberDevelopment Plan

Testing phase of the absorber at SRI International

Complete with a regeneration phase

LARGE BENCH SCALE (0.25 MW)

PHASE 2PHASE 1

SMALLBENCH SCALE

Testing of the global technologyProcess work and calculations carried out

Testing phase on a small slip stream of a power plant flue gas; host site TBD

PILOT SCALE (5 MW)

Building a process to treat the equivalent of 30MW (slip stream of the power plant)Expect two sites, one on coal and one on gas (combined with GT development)

DEMO SCALE (30 MW)

PHASE 3 PHASE 4

CommercialRelease

PHASE 5

Extent of limited release TBD (number of projects, size)

Valid

ated

pa

ram

eter

s Greater than 90% removal with limited ammonia emissionsOptimize absorber design for Phase 3

First series of hypotheses on technical assumptions

Validate feasibility of the total process with real flue gasValidate heat of reaction and other key parametersValidate for coal and gas

Demonstrate system reliability and availabilityEstablish cost and performance for commercial systems

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 14

Small Bench Scale System

Cold water scrubber

Primary scrubber

Sorbent tank

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 15

10” D, 6ft H, Bubbler reactor

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 16

0.25 MW Bench Schematic

Bosster FanAir

CO2

ABS1 ABS2 WaterWash

Schematic of the 1.5ft Bench scale absorbption system

Chiller

AcidWash

Producttank

Reagent28% NH3

680acfm

120acfm

250gpm

pH, TpH, T

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 17

Phase 2 – Key Objectives0.25 MWe Bench Scale Test

Demonstrate 90% CO2 capture efficiency for 3.5, 8, 15% CO2 concentrationDemonstrate low ammonia emissionMeasure mass transferOptimization of absorber operating conditionsProviding data for pilot design

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 18

Photos of 0.25 MW Pilot

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 19

We Energies Pleasant Prairie Host Site Location for 5MW Pilot

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Proposed Pilot Location

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 21

Host Site Location

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 22

Illustration of the Pilot

MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 23

Roles of Project Team Members

Task Title EPRI ALSTOM WE Energies 1. Pilot Plant Design and Construction

1.01 Site Permitting S X1.02 Define base design data, X1.03 Mass balance calculation, P&ID X1.04 Prel equipment sizing & GA X1.1 Preliminary Design & Calculation, Phase I X1.2 Detailed Design, Phase II X1.3 Procurement X1.4 Fabrication X1.5 Process Safety review S X1.6 Construction X1.7 Commissioning & Start-up X S

2. Operation & Maintenance2.1 Consumable Supply X2.2 Waste Disposal X2.3 Operation Labor X S2.4 Maintenance Labor S X

3. Testing3.1 Test Plan X S S3.2 Baseline Tests X S S3.3 Parametric Tests X S S3.4 Long-Term Tests X S S3.5 Data Analysis X S S

4. Performance and Economic Evaluation X S S 5. Management and Reporting

5.1 Project Management, PM & PE S X S5.2 Reporting S X S5.3 Accounting/Invoicing S X S

6. Pilot Plant Decommissioning X

X - Lead PartyS - Support

CO2 PILOT - 5MWRoles of Project Team Members

www.alstom.com