C H R O N O L O G Y

O F

I M P O R T A N T E V E N T S

1 8 6 2 Bartolome Mitre becomes the first president ofunified Argentina.

T h e F r e n c h i n v a d e M e x i c o .

1 8 6 4 The First International is founded in London.

1 8 6 7 Emperor Maximihan is shot in Mexico.1 8 7 6 Porfirio Diaz begins his long rule of Mexico.1 8 8 9 Brazil becomes a republic.

The Second International is founded in Paris.

1 8 9 0 Union Civica (predecessor of the Radical Party)attempts a revolt in Argentina,

1 8 9 1 President Jose Manuel Bahnaceda is deposed inChile, and the Congress takes over: beginningof the Parliamentary Republic.

1 8 9 5 Cuba begins a second uprising against Spain.Jos6 Marti dies.Juan B. Justo founds the Socialist Party of Argen

t i n a .

1 8 9 8 The Spanish-American War erupts: Puerto Ricoand Cuba are occupied by American troops.

1 9 0 2 Cuba becomes a republic.1 9 0 3 Jose Batlle y Ordonez is elected president of Uru

guay: an era of reform begins.The Republic of Panama is created.

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1904 The Socialist Party of Uruguay is founded.1906 Second American intervention in Cuba begins.1908 Second American intervention in Cuba is termi

n a t e d .

Juan Vicente Comez seizes the presidency of Vene z u e l a ,

1910 The Mexican Revolution begins.1911 End of Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship of Mexico.1912 The Socialist Labor Party of Chile is founded.1914 World War 1 begins.1916 Hip61ito Irigoyen of the Radical Party is elected

president of Argentina.1917 Russian Revolution takes place.

The Mexican Constitution is promulgated.1918 Reform is instituted at the University of Cordoba,

Argentina.World War 1 ends.

1919 The Third International is founded in Moscow.1920 Arturo Alessandri is elected president of Chile.

C H R O N O L O G Y

I M P O R T A N T E V E N T S

The Peruvian Alianza Popular RevolucionariaAmericana (APRA) is founded in Mexico byHaya de la Torre.

T h e t e n e n t e s r e v o l t i n B r a z i l .

Army coup takes place in Chile; the Constitutionof 1925 is promulgated; the Parliamentary R®'public ends.

Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Communist Party.

Hipolito Irigoyen is elected president of Argentinafo r a second t ime .

C a r l o s I b a h e z b e c o m e s d i c t a t o r i n C h i l e .G e r a r d o M a c h a d o b e c o m e s d i c t a t o r i n C u b a .

Sixth Congress of the Third International meets inM o s c o w .

The National Revolutionary Party, later the PartidoRevolucionario Institucional (PRI), is foiTned inM e x i c o .

General Augusto Cesar Sandino fights in the mount a i n s o f N i c a r a g u a a g a i n s t A m e r i c a n i n t e r v e n -

The Congress of Latin American Communist Partiesmee ts i n Buenos A i r es .

The Congress of Latin American Labor Unions

1930 Getulio Vargas becomes ruler of Brazil. 'Army coup succeeds in Argentina: Irigoyen is de

posed.1931 Ibanez is overthrown: political tuiTnoil breaks out

i n C h i l e .

1932 The Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia be-gins.

Political anarch)^ follows proclamation of a Socialist Republic (duration—one week) in Chile.

1933 Good Neighbor Policy is inaugurated.Machado is overthrown, and the revolutionary gov

e r n m e n t o f R a m o n G r a u S a n M a r t i n c o m e s t o

power in Cuba; Fulgencio Batista is named headof the army.

Seventh Pan American Conference (Seventh International Conference of American States) is heldin Montevideo; principle of non-intervention isaccepted at Conference.

Arturo Alessandri is elected president of Chile:anarchy ends.

1934 Batista and the army depose Grau in Cuba.Abol i t ion of the Piat t Amendment.Alfonso Lopez, a Liberal, is elected president of

C o l o m b i a .

Lazaro Cardenas becomes president of Mexico.A semi-fascist constitution is proclaimed by Vargas

i n B r a z i l .

1935 The Chaco War ends : a period of social awakeningbegins in Bolivia.

Juan Vicente Gomez, dictator of Venezuela sinceiqo8, dies.

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C H R O N O L O G Y

M P O R T A N T E V E N T S

The Spanish Civil War begins.The Popular Front wins in elections in Chile.Falange Nacional (later called the Christian Democratic Party) is organized in Chile.The Spanish Civil War ends; many Republicans

emigrate to Latin America.Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggres

sion treaty.World War II begins.A new constitution is promulgated in Cuba; Ful-

gencio Batista is elected president with the support of the Communists.

Ldzaro Cardenas is succeeded by Avila Camachoas president of Mexico.

Germany attacks the U.S.S.R.The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor: the United States

and many Latin American countries enter the

Acci6n Democrdtica is organized in Venezuela.Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR)

is founded i n Bo l i v i a .

Alfonso Lopez is elected president of Colombia forthe second t ime .

Army officers of the Grupo de Oficiales Unidos(GOU) depose the gove rnmen t i n A rgen t i na :

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Juan Domingo Peron is named secretary of labor.Gualberto Villarroel, supported by the MNR, takes

o v e r i n B o l i v i a .

1944 A revolution in Guatemala overthrows dictatorJorge Ubico.

Ramon Grau San Martin is elected president ofG u b a .

1945 Accion Democrat ica and other forces revolt inVenezuela: Romulo Betancourt becomes provisional president.

President Lopez resigns: political tension mountsi n C o l o m b i a .

Jos6 Luis Bustamante, with the support of theA l i a n z a P o p u l a r R e v o l u c i o n a r i a A m e r i c a n a(APRA), is elected president of Peru.

Peron emerges as the most important politicalfigure of Argentina.

Juan Jose Arevalo is elected president of Guatemala.World War I I ends.Getulio Vargas is forced to resign the presidency in

B r a z i l .

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C H R O N O L O G Y

O F

I M P O R T A N T E V E N T S

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1946 Juan Domingo Peron is elected president of Argentina.

Ospina Perez, a Conservative, becomes president ofColombia: tension mounts between Conservativesa n d L i b e r a l s .

The Chr is t ian Democrat ic Party (COPEI) isf o u n d e d i n Ve n e z u e l a .

The government of Villarroel falls in a reactionarycoup in Bolivia.

1947 The Truman Doc t r i ne o f con ta inmen t o f commun i s m i s a n n o u n c e d .

Romulo Gallegos is elected president of Venezuela.1948 The Liberal leader Jorge Eliecer Gaitan is assassi

nated in Bogota: violence erupts in Colombia.A military coup in Venezuela deposes Gallegos.General Manuel Odria comes to power by a military

coup in Peru.1949 The Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional (MEN)

of Jose Figueres leads a successful revolt inC o s t a R i c a .

1950 Jacobo Arbenz is elected president of Guatemala.Getiilio Vargas triumphs in elections in Brazil.

1951 Uruguay abolishes the office of president.1952 A military coup is mounted against the Autenticos

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government in Cuba: Fulgencio Batista seizesp o w e r .

A victorious revolution led by the Movimiento Na-cionalista Revolucionario (MNR) makes PazEstenssoro president of Bolivia.

E v a P e r 6 n d i e s .

1953 General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla takes control of thegovernment in Colombia.

]os6 Figueres is elected president of Costa Rica.A force led by Fidel Castro attacks the military

barracks in Santiago de Cuba.1954 The Inter-American Conference, meeting in Ca

racas, issues a Declaration against communism.The government of Arbenz is overthrown in Guate

m a l a .

Vargas commits suicide in Brazil.A military coup in Paraguay puts Alfredo Stroess-

ner in power.

1955 Perdn is deposed in a military revolt in Argentina.Juscelino Kubitschek is elected president of Brazil.General Odria's dictatorship ends in Peru.

1956 Manuel Prado is elected president of Peru.The Frente de Accion Popular (FRAP), a Commu

nist-Socialist coalition, is formed in Chile.Castro's forces land in Oriente Province, Cuba.

1957 Rojas Pinilla falls in Colombia: Liberals and Conservatives agree to form the Frente NacionalDemocrdtico (FND) and rule Colombia; LlerasCamargo is elected president.

1958 A civil-military revolt deposes Perez Jimdnez inVenezuela: Romulo Betancourt is elected presid e n t .

Arturo Frondizi is elected president of Argentina.B a t i s t a l i e e s C u b a .

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A C H R O N O L O G Y

r i m p o r t a n t e v e n t s

*

1959 Revolutionary government is installed in Cuba.1960 A split in Accion Democratica in Venezuela brings

the Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria(MIR) into being.

A military coup takes place in Guatemala.1961 Fidel Castro proclaims the Cuban Revolution as

s o c i a l i s t .The Bay of Pigs expedition ends in victory for

C a s t r o .Molina Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican

Republic for thirty-one years, is assassinated.Joao Coulart is inaugurated as president of Brazil

(September).1962 O.A.S. meets in Punta del Este: Cuba is expelled;

the Alliance for Progress is born.The 13th of November Movement, commanded by

Jon Sosa, initiates guerrilla warfaie in Guatemala.In a coup d'etat in Argentina, the government of

A r t u r o F r o n d i z i i s o v e r t h r o w n .A military junta seizes power in Peru.The Cuban missile crisis takes place.Juan Bosch wins the presidential elections in the

Dominican Republic.1963 Belaunde Terry, candidate of Accion Popular, is

elected president of Peru.

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Bosch is overthrown in a military coup in the *Dominican Republic.

A military coup takes place in Honduras.Elect ions are held in Venezuela; Raul Leoni , the

candidate of Accion Democratica, wins the presidency.

1964 Goulart is overthrown in a military coup in Brazil.Eduardo Frei, the Christian Democratic candidate,

is elected president of Chile.A military coup in Bolivia topples Paz Estenssoro's

government .Chile and the U.S.S.R. re-establish diplomatic rela

t i o n s .

1965 A revolt erupts in the Dominican Republic: U.S.fo rces l and on t he i s l and .

1966 The Tricontinental Conference is held in Havana;C a s t r o c r i t i c i z e s C h i n a .

Joaquin Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic.

A military coup takes place in Argentina.The MIR and the Communist Party clash openly

i n Ve n e z u e l a .

1967 Castro attacks the Venezuelan Communist Party.Mounting guerrilla warfare in Bolivia.Organization of Latin American Solidarity meets

i n H a v a n a .

Che Cuevara is killed in Bolivia in a skirmish withthe Bolivian Aimy.

1968 Castro names this year the year of "the heroicguerrilla fighter."

A n i b a l E s c a l a n t e a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s a r e s e n t e n c e dto fifteen years in prison in Cuba.

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C H R O N O L O G YO F

I M P O R T A N T E V E N T S

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1968 A military coup in Pern, headed by General JuanVelasco Alvarado, deposes President BelaundeTherry and proclaims a "revolutionary'' program.

Fidel Castro publicly supports Soviet invasion ofC z e c h o s l o v a k i a .

1969 The Brazilian armed forces kill urban guerrilla leaderCar los Mar ighe l la .

Navy training center and garrison are occupied byTupamaros in Uruguay.

Castro announces a "revolutionary" mobilization inCuba to produce ten million tons of sugar.

1970 Marxist Salvador Allende "is elected president inC h i l e .

The Uruguayan Communist party succeeds in organizing the Broad Front, a political coalition, tofight for the presidency of Umguay.

Castro admits the failure of the ten million tons ofsugar effort.

Leftist general Juan Jose Torres becomes presidento f B o l i v i a .

1971 Chile establishes diplomatic relations with China.General Juan Jose Torres is forced to abandon Bo

l i v i a .

Tupamaros release kidnapped Brazilian Ambassador Aloysio Dias Comide after receiving $250,000.

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Castro visits Chile. Five thousand women marciM the streets of Santiago protesting high priqpJ.f o o d .

Lcfist coalition (Broad Front) receives only 19 pe^cent of the votes in Uruguay.

Uruguayan army mounts a successful operationagainst the Tupamaros.

Juan Domingo Peron returns to Argentina afterseventeen years in exile, and announces his candidacy for president.

Chile expropriates all foreign-owned copper companies. Tmck owners strike. Allende names a newcabinet which includes three high-ranking military officers.

Peron is elected president of Argentina. The Communist party becomes legal.

Allende is killed during a successful military coup inC h i l e .

General Ernesto Geisel is elected president of Brazil.

Brezhnev visits Cuba and Castro endorses Sovietdetente policy. Many Latin American countriesre-establish diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Peron dies in Argentina. A wave of tenorism followsh i s d e a t h .

; Representatives of twenty-four Latin American andCaribbean Communist parties meet in Havana.

OAS lifts its sanction against Cuba.General Velasco Alvarado is deposed in Peru. The

new government announces a policv of modera-

C u b a n t r o o o s i n t e r v e n e i n A n g o l a .