CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis

CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21ST CENTURY ARKANSAS

by

DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D.

Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis

University at Albany, SUNYEmail: [email protected]

Phone: (518) 442-4668

3rd Annual Ferritor Lecture in CommunityUniversity of Arkansas, Fayetteville

April 3, 2008

Acknowledgements:Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation

and Suzanne E. Macartney

● Children: The Leading Edge of the

New American Majority

● Family Strengths

● Major Challenges

● Family Strengths

● English Language Fluency

● Children and Schools

● Economic Consequences of Immigration

● New Child-Based Community Data

– OVERVIEW –Strengths, Challenges, and

Resources of Immigrant Children and Families

0

25

50

75

100

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Asian/Pacific Islander, Non-HispanicAmerican Indian, Non-HispanicBlack, Non-HispanicHispanicWhite, Non-Hispanic

Per

cent

Source: Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued January 13, 2000.

Slide 3. Projected Percent of U.S. Children in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups

61%50%

56%

84%72%70%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

2000 2030

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and over

Slide 4. Estimates and Projected Percent of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age,

2000 and 2030

Presented by Donald J. Hernandez. Data is from the Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued March 18, 2004.

Slide 5. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families:

1910, 1960, 1990 and 2000

28%

6%13%

20%

1910 1960 1990 2000

4/5 Citizen

s

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2000, public use microdata files.

Slide 6. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families by Region of Origin,

200087%

12%10%

2% 2%

62%

1%

22%

2% 1%

Europe North America Latin America Asia Africa Oceania

19102000


Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censuses 1990 and 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

276% increasefor Arkansas

Children in Immigrant Families

● 1st generation -- foreign-born

● 2nd generation -- U.S.-born, with at least one foreign-born parent

Children in Native-Born Families

● 3rd (and later) generations -- U.S.-born, with U.S.-born parents

Slide 8. Children in Immigrant and Native Families

● American Indian/Alaskan (many tribes)

● Asian (countries or origin)

● Black

● Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander (Pacific countries of origin)

● White

Slide 9. Race Categories from Census 2000

● Mexican

● Puerto Rican -- Mainland-origin -- (child and parents born on mainland) -- Island-origin -- (child or parent(s) born in Puerto Rico)

● Other specific countries of origin Hispanic

Slide 10. Hispanic Origin Categories from Census 2000

● Country of birth (detailed)

● For children…parent’s country of birth available, if parents are in household

● U.S. citizenship

● No information on legal/refuge status

Slide 11. Country of Origin and Immigrant Status from Census 2000

Native-Born Families:

● White, Non-Hispanic

● Black, Non-Hispanic

● Hispanic

● Native American, Non-Hispanic

Immigrant Families:

● Mexico/Central America

● Asia

● Europe/Canada/Australia, New Zealand

Slide 12. Children For Whom

Results Are Presented Here

Figure 13. Percent of Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families by Country of Origin and in Native-Born Families by

Race-Ethnicity, Census 2000

75.9%

20.6%

1.7% 1.5% 0.3%

56.7%

14.5% 8.7%20.1%

White, 3rd+ generation

Black, 3rd+ generation

Hispanic, 3rd+ generation

Native American

Other

Mexico/ Central Am

erica

Asia

Europe/ Can/ Aus/ New Z

Other Regions


Native-Born Families

Immigrant Families

1%

66%

79%

2%

White Black Hispanic Asian

Immigrantfamilies


Figure 14. Percent Who Live in Immigrant Families, among Arkansas

Children in Specific Race-Ethnic Groups, Census 2000

85% 86%76%

Mexico/ Central America Asia Europe, etc.

U.S.Citizens


Figure 15. Percent Who are U.S. Citizens among Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families,

Census 2000

39%

78%

20%

Mexico/ CentralAmerica

Asia Europe, etc.

U.S.-BornParent


Figure 16. Percent with a U.S.-Born Parent among Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families,

Census 2000

45%

58%

72%

85% 88% 89%81%

White, 3rd+generation

Black, 3rd+generation

Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican

Mexico/CentralAmerica

Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 17. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Two Parents,

Census 2000

Native-Born Families Immigrant Families

16%

13%11%

9% 9%

5%6%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 18. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with a Grandparent in the Home,

Census 2000


19%22%

13%

25%

7%

14%

9%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 19. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Four or More Siblings in the Home,

Census 2000


10% 11%

28%

15%9%

22%

10%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 20. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Another Adult Relative in the Home,

Census 2000


96%98%93%91%

94%83%

95%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 21. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Working Fathers,

Census 2000


77%68%

73%

56%68% 68%

75%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 22. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Mothers Working,

Census 2000


13% 14%19%

24%

12%7%

12%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 23. Percent of Arkansas Children with Another Worker in the Home,

Census 2000


3%8%

66%

5%7%4%3%

16% 23%30%

23%19%

8%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.

0-8 Years of School Not a High School Graduate

74%


Figure 24. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father not a High School Graduate, or Father 0-8 Years of School,

Census 2000Native-Born Families Immigrant Families

40%34%

29%34%

18% 16%20%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 25. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father Not Working Full-time,

Census 2000


5%8%9%7%11%10%6%

31%

18%

49%

35%30%

25%32%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.

Less than 100% 100%-200%


Figure 26. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father Earning < 100% or at Least 100% but < 200% of Federal Minimum Wage,


41%32%

23%

37%

13%19%14%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 27. Percent of Arkansas Children Living in Official Poverty,

Census 2000



Figure 28. Percent of Arkansas Children Living in “Baseline” and

“Comprehensive” Basic Budget Poverty, Census

2000

19%13%40%

28%34%43%

15%

26%24%

65%

43%

56%64%

31%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.

Baseline Basic Budget PovertyComprehensive Basic Budget Poverty


Slide 29. Percent of Children Living in Poverty by Country, 2000

(Comparable to Baseline Basic Budget Poverty)

2%

3%

7%

8%

9%

10%

13%

13%

14%

15%

15%

15%

16%

22%

Denmark

Norway

Czech Republic

France

Hungary

Germany

Poland

Spain

Japan

Australia

Canada

United Kingdom

Italy

USA

Poverty

50% 100%

Source: UNICEF (2005) Child Poverty in Rich Countries, 2005. Innocenti Report Card No. 6. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

8%14%16%8%17%22%8%

15%

29%29%25%

32%

20%

39%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.

Severe ModerateSource: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

Figure 30. Percent of Arkansas Children in Families with Moderate or Severe Housing-Cost Burden,



Figure 31. Percent of Arkansas Children Who Live in Overcrowded Housing,

Census 2000

5% 4% 2%

31%

7% 11%1%

White, 3rdgeneration

Hispanic,3rd

generation


Europe, etc.

Over-crowdedHousing


42%49%

59%

46%

76% 80%73%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 32. Percent of Arkansas Children in Families with Homes Owned by Parents or Relatives,



Figure 33. Percent of Arkansas Children with One or Both Parents Limited English Proficient (LEP),

Census 2000

3%

58%

29%3%

8%

82%

48%

11%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.

Both Parents LEP One Parent LEP


1%5% 2%

43%

11%

3%1%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 34. Percent of Arkansas Children Who Are Limited English Proficient

(LEP), Census 2000


1%

10%

2%

45%40%

17%

1%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.


Figure 35. Percent of Arkansas Children Speaking English Very Well and Speaking Another Language at Home,

Census 2000


0% 2% 0%

47%

16%

2%0%



Hispanic,3rd+

generation

NativeAmerican


Asia Europe, etc.



Slide 36. Percent of Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families

in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000

Slide 37. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Holds Promise for Educating

Immigrants’ Children

• NCLB requires schools to improve performance of… LEP, black, Hispanic, and Asian students (Many children of immigrants are in these categories)

• NCLB requires schools to measure and improve English proficiency of students

Parents of LEP students and immigrant parents share with other parents the right…

• To be informed about their child’s progress, and their school’s progress

• To transfer their child to another school if the local school fails to make sufficient progress.

Slide 38. No Child Left Behind Act

Mandates for the First Time that…

• Performance of LEP students be disaggregated

• Schools be held accountable for … academic progress of LEP students … to the same extent as other students

NCLB requirements for parental involvement…

• Are an important incentive for schools to … reach out to recent immigrant communities

Slide 41. Number of LEP Students in Arkansas Counties, 2004-2005

Slide 42. Percent Change in LEP Enrollment Between 2000-2001 to 2004-2005

Slide 43. Socioeconomic and Cultural Barriers to Enrollment in Early Education Programs

FAMILISTIC CULTURAL BARRIERS

– Preference for child care by family members

SOCIOECONOMIC BARRIERS

– Cannot afford the cost of early education – To few early education openings locally – No program outreach in home languages – Programs not culturally competent – May not know how to access early education – May not be aware of value of early education

Slide 44. Percent Reduction in Enrollment Gap Compared to Native Whites Due to

Socioeconomic and Cultural Influences

Socioeconomic Cultural

Age 3 Age 4 Age 3 Age 4 NativeMexican.….... 66-100 52-72 0-10 0-3

ImmigrantMexico……... 70-80 53-79 0-9 0-14

Central Am… 89-100 76-100 0 0-39

Indochina….. 56-98 52-100 0-6 0-17

Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

Slide 45. Pre-k/Nursery School Enrollment for Children in Immigrant and Native Families in

the U.S. and Mexico at Age 4

Age 4

Native White in U.S. ….………... 71% (2004)

Native Mexican in Mexico …….. 81% (2005)

Immigrant Mexican in U.S. …… 55% (2004)

Source: Donald J. Hernandez, et al (forthcoming) and OECD (2006)

Slide 46. Demographic Overview for Children in Immigrant Families

immigrant resources:• Two-parent families with other adults in home • Strong work ethic• Bilingual skills for U.S. economy• Homeownership, commitment to community

immigrant challenges:• Low educational attainments• Much part-time, part-year work• High Poverty• Limited English proficiency• Low pre-k/nursery school enrollment

Slide 47. Short-Term Economic Consequences

of Immigration

• Competition from new immigrant workers lowers wages mainly for earlier immigrants

• Immigrants benefit by earning higher incomes than they would in their country of origin

• Complementary immigrant job skills lead to better wages for native workers

• Complementary immigrant job skills lead to net gains in economic output of $1-$10 billion per year

• Consumers benefit from lower cost goods and services produced by immigrants

Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Slide 48. Long-TermImpact of Current U.S. Immigrants on Government Taxes/Expenditures

For the average immigrant: • State/Local benefits exceed taxes by $25,000

• Federal taxes exceed benefits by $105,000

• All taxes exceed benefits by $80,000

Therefore,… the lifetime net contribution of the average immigrant to government treasuries is $80,000

Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Slide 49. Economic and Job Impacts of Immigrant Spending in Arkansas,

1990-2010*

Economic Spin-off Impact new jobs• 1990 ….. $ 453 million … 3,600

• 2000 ….. $ 2.025 billion … 16,000

• 2004 ….. $ 2.913 billion … 23,100

Projected:

• 2010 ..... $ 5.200 billion … 87,000* Economic and job impacts on Arkansas economy are the result of immigrant purchases, that is, direct consumer spending, measured as income after taxes and not counting remittances to the country of origin, savings, or interest payments.

Source: John D. Karsarda, James H. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Appold, and Derrek L. Croney, “ A Profile of Immigrants in Arkansas, volume 2: Impacts on the Arkansas Economy, Winthrop Rockefeller foundation, April 2007.

Slide 50. Annual Tax Contributions and Costs of Current Arkansas Immigrants for

the State of Arkansas, 2004

Tax Contributions in millions: • $111 …Direct sales tax• 82 … Personal income and property taxes• 47 … Indirect business taxes • 17 … Indirect personal taxes• $257 … TOTAL Tax costs in millions:• $186 … Education, K-12• 37 … Health• 15 … Corrections• $237 … TOTAL


Slide 51. Annual Net Tax Impact of Current Arkansas Immigrants

for the State of Arkansas, 2004

Contributions of immigrants exceed costs by:

• $19.5 million across all immigrants

• $158 per immigrant


Slide 52. New Child Indicators for Public Policy, Advocacy, and Philanthropy

supported by

-- Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation

-- The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation

-- Annie E. Casey Foundation

-- Foundation for Child Development

-- W. T. Grant Foundation

-- Center for Law and Social Policy

-- National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics

Slide 53. WE HAVE PRODUCED 200 CHILD INDICATORS

FOR LOCAL AREAS

Topics include

Immigrant Generation, Country of Origin,

Language Proficiency, Citizenship, Race-Ethnicity

and

Family, Economic, Educational,

Housing, and Neighborhood Situations

available at:

www.albany.edu/csda/children

Slide 54. Indicators are Available for Many Local Areas

• U.S. national data

• 50 States and District of Columbia

• Rural regions of 50 states (available soon)

• 200 Metropolitan areas

• California counties and Great Valley

• Texas-Mexican border region (Texas side)

• New York City and boroughs

Slide 55. UNICEF PROJECT: Internationally Comparable Indicators

Soon Available for 8 Countries

• Australia

• France

• Germany

• Italy

• Netherlands

• Switzerland

• United Kingdom

• U.S.A.

CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21ST CENTURY ARKANSAS

by

DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D.

Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis

University at Albany, SUNYEmail: [email protected]

Phone: (518) 442-4668

3rd Annual Ferritor Lecture in CommunityUniversity of Arkansas, Fayetteville

April 3, 2009

Acknowledgements:Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation

and Suzanne E. Macartney

Documents

CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis