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Child Poverty in the United States: Trends, Consequences, and Potential Solutions. Zakia Redd, Senior Research Scientist. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities: Seventh Annual Symposium. June 9, 2014. Presentation Overview. About Child Trends Child poverty by the numbers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Child Poverty in the United States:Trends, Consequences, and Potential
Solutions
Zakia Redd, Senior Research ScientistJune 9, 2014
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities: Seventh Annual Symposium
2Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Presentation Overview• About Child Trends• Child poverty by the numbers• How poverty harms children• Potential solutions• Discussion
3
About Child TrendsChild Trends is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research center that improves the lives and prospects of children and youth by conducting high-quality research and sharing the resulting knowledge with practitioners and policymakers.
childtrends.org
We . . .
1. take a whole child approach2. study children in the real world3. want children to flourish4. value objectivity and rigor5. pursue knowledge development and knowledge transfer
Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
4Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Research Areas
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FATHERHOOD AND PARENTING
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Poverty INDICATORS
EDUCATION (K-12)
DATA DEVELOPMENT
YOUTH DEVELOPMENTFERTILITY AND FAMILY
STRUCTURE
5Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
What We Do
• Develop and track data on children and youth• Help to design, implement, and evaluate youth-
serving programs• Analyze and synthesize data and literature• Provide training and technical assistance• Design, field, and analyze surveys• Design and conduct implementation and qualitative
studies
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Partners, Funders, Clients
Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
7Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
“What Works” Resources
LINKS Database
Lifecourse Interventions to Nurture Kids Successfully:
A continually updated database of What Works
LINKS synthesis
“What Works” fact sheets synthesize the lessons learned from
experimentally evaluatedprograms in the LINKS database
http://www.childtrends.org/links/
8Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
• Outcomes and Indicators• Survey and Assessment Tools
http://www.performwell.org
Performance Management Resources
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9Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Self-Sufficiency Research and Resources
• Growing online library with over 3000 research-based resources focusing on low-income self-sufficiency
• Designed for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers • Funded by the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation
(OPRE) in the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
https://www.opressrc.org
10Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
What are the demographic and family background
characteristics of poor children?
11Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Poverty Trends among Children (17 and under)
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 20130
10
20
30
40
50
27.3
14.0
22.319.5
22.7
16.2
22.021.8
Percentage of Children Living Below Poverty Thresholds, Selected Years, 1959-2012
Perc
ent
Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Income, poverty and health insurance in the United States: detailed tables. Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/incpovhlth/index.html. Data for 2002-2011: U.S. Census Bureau. CPS Table Creator (online tool), available at: http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html
Sources: Poverty level data for 1959-2001: U.S. Census Bureau. Historical poverty tables-People: Current Population Survey. Table 3. Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html. Other data 1975-1985: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2002). Trends in the well-being of America's children and youth 2001. Table ES 1.2.A. Author. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/01trends/ . Other data for 1990-2000: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual So-cial and Economic Supplement. Poverty in the United States: detailed tables. Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/in-cpovhlth/index.html. Data for 2001: U.S. Census
12Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Poverty among Infants and Toddlers
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
10
20
30
40
50
21.1 21.0 21.5 22.3 24.526.1
25.3
Percentage of Children, Ages Birth through 2, Living in Poverty, 2006-2012*
Perc
ent
*Year reflects the year that the question was asked. Question was asked regarding the previous 12 months.Source: CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement, CPS Table Creator, http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html. Data refer to children residing with and related to the householder.
13Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Poverty Trends, Children and Adults
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
21.8
13.7
9.1
Percent of People in Poverty, by Age, 1959-2012
Under 18 18-64 65 and older
Perc
ent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement , (CPS-ASEC), 2013
14Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Poverty by Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Asian 0
10
20
30
40
50
12.3
37.9
33.8
13.8
Percentage of Children who are Poor by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2012
Perc
ent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. CPS Table Creator (online tool), available at: http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html
Note: Estimates reflect the new OMB race definitions, and include only those who are identified with a single race. Hispanics may be of any race.
15Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Poverty among Children, by Family Structure and Race/Ethnicity
11.1
6.2
15.0
23.6
10.3
47.1
36.5
53.3 54.5
32.7
0
20
40
60
80
100
All races Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Asian
Perc
ent
Percentage of Children in Poverty, by Family Structure, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2012
Married-couple families Single-mother families
Figure 3
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. CPS Table Creator (online tool), available at: http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html.
Note: Estimates reflect the new OMB race definitions, and include only those who are identified with a single race. Hispanics may be of any race.
16Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Learning Disabilities among Children 3-17, by Poverty Status (2011/12)
National At/below poverty Above 100% FPL0
5
10
15
20
25
8
12.1
6.9
Percentage of Children Ages 3-17 with a Learning Disability, by Poverty Status, 2011/12
Source: Original calculations by Child Trends of National Survey of Children's Health data 2011/2012.
17Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Learning Disabilities among Adolescents, by Poverty Status (2011/12)
National At/below poverty Above 100% FPL0
5
10
15
20
25
10.2
16.3
8.7
Percentage of Children Ages 12-17 with a Learning Disability, by Poverty Status, 2011/12
Source: Original calculations by Child Trends of National Survey of Children's Health data 2011/2012.
18Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
ADHD/ADD among Children 3-17, by Poverty Status (2011/12)
National At/below poverty Above 100% FPL0
5
10
15
20
25
7.9
9.5
7.4
Percentage of Children Ages 3-17 with ADHD/ADD, by Poverty Status, 2012 (National Survey of Children's Health)
Source: Original calculations by Child Trends of National Survey of Children's Health data 2011/2012.
19Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
ADHD/ADD among Children 12-17, by Poverty Status (2011/12)
National At/below poverty Above 100% FPL0
5
10
15
20
25
10.7
13.1
10.1
Percentage of Children Ages 12-17 with ADHD/ADD, by Poverty Status, 2011/12 (National Survey of Children's Health)
Source: Original calculations by Child Trends of National Survey of Children's Health data 2011/2012.
20Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
What are the Consequences of Child Poverty?
21Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
5 ways poverty harms children1. Poverty harms the brain and other body
systems• Poverty can negatively affect how the body and
mind develop, and alter the fundamental architecture of the brain.
• Children who experience poverty have an increased likelihood, extending into adulthood, for numerous chronic illnesses, and for a shortened life expectancy.
22Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
5 ways poverty harms children2. Poverty leads to poor physical, emotional, and
behavioral health.• Growing up poor increases the likelihood that children will
have poor health, including poor emotional and behavioral health.
• Poor children are more likely to experience "food insecurity," as well as have diets that are deficient in important nutrients.
• Rates of several chronic health conditions, such as asthma, are higher among poor children.
• They are less likely to receive preventive medical and dental care.
23Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
5 ways poverty harms children3. Poor children are more likely to live in neighborhoods with
concentrated poverty, which is associated with numerous social ills. • Growing up in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty is
associated with negative academic outcomes, more social and behavioral problems, and poorer health and physical fitness outcomes.
• Poor children are more likely to live in neighborhoods where they are exposed to environmental toxins and crime and violence
• Poor children are also disproportionately likely to attend schools in districts with fewer resources, with facilities that are grossly inadequate, and with school leadership that is more transient.
24Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
5 ways poverty harms children4. Poverty can harm children through the negative
effects it has on their families and the home environment. • Poor parents report higher stress ,aggravation,
and depressive symptoms than do higher-income parents. • Parents with scarce economic resources face difficulty
planning, preparing, and providing for their families material needs.
• Children in poor families have fewer books and other educational resources at home, and they are less likely to experience family outings, activities, and programs that can enrich learning opportunities
25Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
5 ways poverty harms children5. Poverty creates and widens achievement
gaps.• Young children growing up in poverty, when
compared with higher income peers, fall behind early.
• Poor children lag behind their peers at entry to kindergarten, in reading ability at the end of third grade, and in school attendance in eighth grade.
• Poor children are more likely to drop out of school, or fail to attain post- secondary credentials.
26Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
• Effects are more negative and long-lasting for children who experience deep poverty, persistent poverty, or poverty during their early years.
• Intergenerational connection: children who grow up in persistent poverty are more likely to experience poverty as adults compared to children who do not.
Effects of poverty can be long-lasting
27Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
What are Potential Solutions?Prevent or Reduce Poverty
Buffer Negative Effects of Poverty
28Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Poverty prevention policy considerations
• Experimental evidence that welfare reform program that increased family income led to improvements in children’s social and academic outcomes
• Census analyses provide data on safety net and tax subsidy programs that help to lift families with children out of poverty (Supplemental Poverty Measure)o Earned Income Tax Credits helps to make work payo Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP or
Food Stamps) o Child care subsidies
29Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Family support policy considerations
• Voluntary, evidence-based home visiting for new and expectant mothers at risk for negative child outcomes.
• Two-generation approaches integrate services for parents and children. Models differ, but often include programs that provide education, employment or social service supports for parents and early child care services for children.
• Parenting education and parent-child interaction programs that are linguistically and culturally sensitive.
30Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Promising and evidence-based program approaches
• High-quality early childhood education has been proven to improve outcomes for disadvantaged children.
• Integrated student supports that target academic and non-academic supports in more than 3,000 schools are promising approaches for improving educational outcomes.
• Investments in effective teen pregnancy prevention programs may reduce poverty.
31Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Promising and evidence-based program approaches
• Well-implemented, high-quality programs targeting children and youth can be effective in improving learning outcomes:• Summer learning programs• Out-of-school time programs with individualized tutoring
and academic enrichment components • Volunteer mentoring programs with intensive case
management• School-based programs targeting social and emotional
learning outcomes
32Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Promising and evidence-based program approaches—best practices
• Program quality matterso youth engagement, peer interactions, materials and space,
structure and management, intentionality of programming, staff-youth interactions, etc.
• Participation matterso Regular participation for longer durations associated with
better outcomes• Stronger effects for more disadvantaged subgroups• Performance management and monitoring
33Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Recommendations
• With one in five children under age 18 and one in four children under 5 living in poverty, effective prevention strategies are needed.
• More research is needed to understand why learning disabilities are more prevalent among poor children.
• Programs, funders, policymakers should consider piloting, testing, and expanding effective and promising approaches for improving children’s educational outcomes.o When sample sizes permit, more studies should examine
outcomes for subgroups of children with learning disabilities and ADHD
34Child Poverty in the U.S.: Trends, Consequences and Potential SolutionsZakia Redd
Discussion and Questions Contact Information:
Zakia Redd, M.P.P. Senior Research Scientist, Youth Development
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