Child Labour Final (2)

7/28/2019 Child Labour Final (2)

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Lautaro Musiani, Ramiro Escobar, Julián Domecq,Matias Ordoñez y Nicolás Gomez Luboz

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Child labour A project focused on child labourIn Argentina and in India



Child labour: a global view

INTRODUCTIONThis paper is going to be focused on child labour in our country, Argentina, and

in India, an American and an Asian country.

Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives

them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and

that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.

This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. In

developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child

labour is still prevalent. In 2010, Africa had the highest incidence rates of child

labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged5–14 working.

Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. The vast majority

of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children

are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and

lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR

Even though laws and regulations against child labour exist, this form of illegalemployment does not cease to exist.

Child labour existed hundreds of years ago; its causes have not changed!

The fact that poverty and unemployment levels are high means that poor

families need their children to work (no matter how low the pay is) in order to

cover their basic needs. They basically need more money; therefore their

children must to bring money to the household.

Many children are

not in school whenthey are supposed

to, this could be due

to no free education

or no schools at all

in their living area.

As they are

attending classes

they find a job, they

have nothing else to

do. Good qualityeducation may not be affordable so the family may wonder whether school is the



best option forward. Another point that should not be overlooked is the fact that

they may not see a future in education. Their families and social environment

may discourage them from studying.

From a cultural point of

view, many societies andcultures have beliefs that

encourage child labour In

many cultures, particular

where informal economy

and small household

businesses thrive, the

cultural tradition is that

children follow in their

parents' footsteps; child

labour then is a means to

learn and practice that

trade from a very early

age. Similarly, in many

cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to

need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing

domestic services.

Furthermore, the regulations such as laws and codes are generally not respected.

Big companies outsource their manufacturing process, this makes it difficult to

control if there is child labour or not. Moreover, there are few adequate ways of

enforcing these laws. And if they are enforced, in many cases corruption comesin to play and the smartness of the exploiters too. These people tend to set their

child labour areas far away, where control is almost nonexistent.

In countries such as Nepal, Kenya and Bangladesh, were child labour is at an all

time high, their laws contain exemptions.

Here are two examples:

KenyaProhibits children under 16 from industrial work...but excludes agriculture.

BangladeshSpecifies a minimum age for work…but sets no regulations on domestic work or

agricultural work.



ORGANISATIONS STRIVING TO FIGHT CHILD LABOUR

International Labour Organization (www.ilo.org)

The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

The International Labour Organization (ILO) has started with this

programme in 1992 (IPEC) with the aim of elimination of child labour

worldwide, with the priority of its worst forms (E.G.: Prostitution). Since its

beginings it has been doing different works to achieve this: programmes which

promote policy refor, building institutional capacity and through awareness and

mobilization with the intention of changing social attitudes and promote an

effective implementation of ILO child labour Conventions. These work has

resulted in thousands of children rescued from work and prevented from

entering the workforce. To complement this action there has been indepth

statistical and qualitative research, policy and legal analysis, evaluation and

monitoring of the programme. All this have permitted the acomulation of

knowledge base of good practices, guidelines and training materials.

Save The Children (http://www.savethechildren.org/)

Launch Advocacy Campaigns

To help protect children during this time, and raise community awareness

of the dangers, Save the Children in Mozambique has launched an advocacy

campaign called "Open Your Eyes" with radio and television programs,

interviews, posters and postcards that will reach 250,000 people. The former

national football team captain, Tico-Tico, even volunteered his own time to

appear in several advertisements to highlight the problem of child trafficking.

Save the Children hopes that this advocacy will help protect vulnerable children.

Support Public Policy and Training

One of the reasons that trafficking and exploitation of children flourish is

because often there are not strong enough policies against it. Save the Children

in El Salvador targeted Mejicanos, one of the most frequent areas for trafficking

of children, and supported the municipal council in drafting the first ever

ordinance to prevent trafficking and monitor its implementation. Awareness

trainings are conducted in schools so children can learn how to keep safe and

where to report if they see or know of suspicious activity.

http://c/Users/Maria/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/ZB8GPPH7/www.ilo.org


http://www.savethechildren.org/

http://www.savethechildren.org/




Use Research in Creative Ways to Protect Children

Positive Deviance is an approach to change behaviors of families and

communities that is well documented in improving health and nutrition of

children. Save the Children used this approach in two child protection programs

— one to prevent trafficking in girls for commercial sex work in Indonesia, and

the other to reintegrate girls who were abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army

(LRA) and girl mothers into their communities in Uganda.

Free a Girl (www.freeagirl.org)

Rescue campaigns

They support a number of rescue organizations who liberate children

from Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.

All the organizations work together with the police and the judiciary, so that

offenders can be prosecuted.

Relief for the victims

All the childen who have been traumatized are given the time and

attention they need to regain their strength. Some childen stay a few months and

then they are able to go bacj with their families while others stay for years. This

includes medical and psychilogical assistance, education, etc.

Street children

The children living in poverty run the risk of ending up in the sex

industry and being exploited. Children who are living and working on the streetsare at extremely high risk. Free a Girl therefore supports them in resuming their

education and learning new skills. They also offer a package which includes the

support of paretns and families.

Vocational training and microcredit

After being rescued the girls Free a Girl ensures that they can go back to a

"normal" existence and they receive training and they are able to start the own

business of clothes or hairdessing.

http://c/Users/Maria/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/ZB8GPPH7/www.freeagirl.org





Construction of relief homes

By extending and building relief homes, more and more children can be taken

care of in a better way.

THE STATE OF CHILD LABOUR IN ARGENTINA AND INDIA

Child labour in India

Over the last fewyears, there has been an increase in child labour in India

but thankfully the government has developed laws that help avoid child labour in

India.

The Factories Act of 1948: The Act prohibits the employment of children belowthe age of 14 years in any factory. The law also placed rules on whom, when and

how long can pre-adults aged 15–18 be employed in any factory.

The Mines Act of 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children below 18

years of age in a mine.

The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986: The Act

prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous

occupations identified in a list by the law. The list was expanded in 2006, and

again in 2008.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act of 2000: This lawmade it a crime, punishable with a prison term, for anyone to procure or employ

a child in any hazardous employment or in bondage.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009 : The

law mandates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.

Young Indian boy stacking plates



This graph shows the increase on child labour in India in percentage. There is a

notable increase between 2005 and 2006. Poverty and lack of security are the main

causes of child labour. In 2000 the ILO (International Labour Organization)

estimated that 5.5 million of children have been forced to child labour in India.

India is world ranked positioned 52nd with a 15.3 % in child labour aged from 7 to

14.



Child labour in Argentina

The laws prohibit Child labour but in the urban areas of

Argentina, it is still present. A study of the UCA (Universidad Catolica Argentina)

showed that there are 17% of working children and youth aged five to 17 years

in the cities of Argentina.

Since May 2010 the minimum age to enter into a contract of

employment was fixed by law at 16 years (previously 14). According to the

economic and social situation (3 of 10 residents live below the poverty line).

Working deprives children and adolescents not only of their childhood and

youth, but also hinders their personal development and education.

Young boy working, aged below 14 years.

Argentina is world ranked positioned 58th with a 12.9 % in child labour aged 7 to

14.



CONCLUSIONS

I had the responsibility to research about child labour in a global basis but

especially on its causes. The different types of causes there are amazed me but

what shocked me the most was that most of them could be avoided by providing

schooling for the children. Education and healthy economic and social

development go hand in hand.

Documents

Child Labour Final (2)