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CHILD LABOUR
BY RAHESH SUTARIYAB.K.M.I.B.A.-H.L.B.B.A.
INTRODUCTION
Defining Child labourChild labour means a child under a specified age by law – carrying out some labour-work – by willingness or by force
Obligatory for all countries to set a minimum age for employment
Legal stand by Indian Jurisdiction
Part time jobs are not child labour
Details on Child Labour in India
Number of children working as child labour is increasing
Majority of them working as unpaid workers
Most of the workers are illiterate
Most of them are boys
Children are made to work in hazardous conditions
Work conditions are unhygienic too
Details on Child Labour in India
Historical Aspect In Ancient India it was the duty of king to educate every girl and boy
Child labour existed in form of child slaves
Children helped their parents in household and handicrafts
An enormous growth in European industry
Historical Aspect
Why use Children? Less demanding
More obedient
Less likely to Resist or Object
Requires lower pay
Not protected by law or representatives
Where do children work?
weaving carpet bangle making
Making chai
Looking after siblings
Cutting gems
Begging
Rag picking
Family cultivation
match box coolies
Number of working children less than 15 years
Area Total (million) Unpaid family workers(million)
Percentage of total
World 52.0 41.0 80
South-East Asia
29.0 23.0 80
East Asia 9.1 6.4 70
Africa 9.7 9.2 95
Latin America 3.1 2.0 65
Europe 0.7 0.4 50
USSR - - -
North America 0.3 - 10
Oceania 0.1 0.1 85
Source: ILO Bureau of statistics and special studies
Child’s Psychology
In 3 aspects:
1) Nature2) Nurture3) Role Model
FACTORS LEADING TO
CHILD LABOUR
Monetary constraints
Limited means and more mouths to feed
Common in most Asian and African countries
Poverty
Don’t understand the need of their children
Don’t realize importance of education
Illiteracy
Lack of decent education
Working as a better option
Lack of Government funds towards education system
Access to Quality Education
MNCs prefer child workers
Less pay and more work
No union problems with them
Industrial Revolution
Not enforced in agriculture or domestic work
Labour department and labour inspections offices are often under funded and under staffed
Laws And Enforcement
Parental ignorance regarding the bad effects of child labour
The infectivity of child labour laws in terms of implementation
Boring and unpractical school curriculum
Other Factors
facts
tea stalls sweet shops dhabas0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
22 2315
49
82
119
26
51
73
2331
46
number of estab-lishmenttotal emplyeesAdultschildren
Owners Of Establishment
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
self through relation
oter sources
05
101520253035404550
28
44
28
no. of children
Mode of Employment
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
below 150
150-250 250-350 above 350
05
101520253035404550
35
44
19
2
NO.of Children
Wages Earned
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
10 2
80
8
RajputBrahminOBCMuslim
Caste of Child Workers
In percentage
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
up to 9 years
9 to 12 12 to 140
10
20
30
40
50
60
20
48
32
no. of children
Age Composition
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
Education Profile
Not Ed-ucated
0 to 5th 5th to 8th
Above 8th
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
40
50
10
0
No of children
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
Working Hours
0 to 8 8 to 12 12 to 15 Above 150
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
15
60
25No of Children
Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge
Different norms in different
industries
Any such agreement is void & penalties would be imposed for violation of the Act
The penalty would be Rs.200 on employer & Rs.50 on guardians
The Children (Pledging of labour) Act, 1933
Any child who has not completed his 14th year will NOT be allowed to work
Family units and Training schools of Government
Certificate
Violation of this Act
The Employment Of Children Act, 1938
Persons between the age of 14 years to obtain a certificate of fitness
Every factory is supposed to maintain registers giving all details of child workers
The Factories Act,1948
A person below 15 years
Minimum wages
It also has provisions regarding hours of work
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
Working in Mines
Working in Beedi
industry
The plantation Labour Act,1951
The Motor Transport Workers’ Act, 1961
Atomic Energy Act, 1962
The Beedi and Cigar Workers’ Act 1966
Some Other Norms
Some Other NormsRadiation Protection Rules,1971
Apprentices Act, 1961
The Mines Act, 1952
Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
CASE STUDY
CENSUS REPORT 200104/08/2023
CAPITAL OF CHILD LABOUR (HYDERABAD)
INSIGHT IN THE REAL WORLD
Total children
40,000 children are employed
Many workers are from Nalgonda, Kurnool, Mehboobnagar
Everyday around 40-50 children under 14 are rescued
CASE STUDY
Presence of middlemen
Unsound legislation
Low income
ReasonsTo make state child labour free by 2015 Make strict law
Provide Education, Food, etc
Vision
CASE STUDY-2 Story mentioned in the pamphlets of UNICEF
A teacher Inderjeet khurana
Started with the railway school
Today 12 platforms schools reach around 400 children in Orissa's station
Non governmental organization
Action Aid India
CARE India
CINI ASHA
Concerned for Working Children(CWC)
CREDA (Centre for Rural Education and Development Action)
NGOs
Global March Against Child Labour
Prayas
Salaam Baalak Trust
Save the Children (UK) in India
World Vision India
NGOs
Butterflies Main aim is to empower street and working children
In contact with more than 1500 under privileged children
They also work with 6000 Tsunami affected children
CRYStarted in 1979 by Mr Rippan Kapur
Through other 500 NGOs over15,00,000 children across India
Their funds are mainly from two sources1) Donation from individual and
organization2) From Sales of their products
Samvedana Founder Janki Vasant
Founded in 2002
Working with 300 under privileged children
Government measures
First committee for the problem
Founded in 1979
Act was enacted in 1986 based on the recommendations of this committee
Gurupadaswamy Committee
Founded in 14, august-1987
The policy consists of three main aspects:
1) Legal action plan2) Focusing of general development
programmes 3) Project based plan of action
National Child Labour Policy
Founded in 1988
Facilities1) Non formal and formal education2) Skilled and craft training3) Supplementary nutrition 4)Stipend health care facilities
National Child Labour Project
Increases school to 10,000
Expanded to 150 districts in 10th plan
Sarva siksha abhiyan
Convergence with1)Education2)Rural development3)Health and women and child
development
Tenth Five Year Plan
Major programs launched on 15th August,1994
Function of NAECL1) To lay down policies and programs2) Act as monitor3)To coordinate the implementation
National Authority For Elimination Of Child
Labour (NAECL)
Set up in accordance with the provisions of section 5 of the child labour act,1986
To advice the central government
Technical Advisory Committee
An estimated 80,000 children Components :
1) Withdrawing children in the age group 8-14
2)Making provision for systematic vocational education
3) Providing viable income
INDO-US Child Labour Project (INDUS)
Measures to eradicate
child labour
Rural co-operatives should provide loans, and financial aid to the rural poor
Rehabilitation programmes aims at improving the working environment of the child
Minimum Wages Acts should be strictly followed
Measures
Child labour should not be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Labour
Top priority should be given to universalization and elementary education for children
The programmes like “Earn-while you learn” should be introduced
Measures
Government should implement the Poverty Elevation Programmes
Educating the child is not enough without educating the parents
More budget allotment
Campaigning
Measures
Trade unions plays a very important and effective role
The rate of fertility should be controlled
Measures
OUR VISIT TO GANATAR(NGO)
GANATARGanatar was registered as the trust as well as society under respective legislation in 1992
Their work areas are1)Kutch2)Patan 3)Ahmedabad4)Nal Sarovar
The 2 programs they working on are1) Education to prisoner’s children2) Evacuation of children from Tea stalls,
Hotels, Hawkers, Way sides
Mainly the children of migrant workers are the victims of push-outs from the school
GANATAR
From their observation 25% of the child labour is reason of push-out and not drop-out
Ganatar has opened up seasonal hostel
Ganatar has given the education to almost 2000 children in Rann of Kutch
GANATAR
GLIMPSES OF CHILD LABOUR AROUND US
Panjrapole crossing
These kids roam around the Nehrunagar circle
They live in Gulbai tekra
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Social needs
Self-esteemneeds
Self-Actualization
Child’s Psychology
Conscious mind
Sub-conscious mind
Un-conscious mind
Suppressed needs
Repression of needs
Stress
Child’s Psychology
Misbehaviour
Disrupt personality
Child’s Psychology
Poor v/s Rich
Poor v/s Rich
Poor v/s Rich
Poor v/s Rich
Poor v/s Rich
BibliographyChild Labour: A global Challenge, Tapan Kumar Shandilya,Deep and Deep publications,2006Child Labour in India, Mishra, Lakshmidhar,Oxford University press, New DelhiUNICEF Pamphlet issued for child LabourSamvedana PamphletGanatar Pamphlet
Child psychologist Ms. BhairaviGanatar head Sukhdev Patel Informal talks with street Children and parents
Interviews
Sources of Information www.cry.orgwww.akanksha.orgwww.childlabor.in www.geocities.comwww.indianembassy.orgwww.indianchildren.comwww.oneworld.netwww.unicef.org
Special thank to:B.K.M.I.B.A.-H.L.B.B.A.
REQUEST to all powerful people: PLEASE stop exploiting children
THANK-YOU
