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CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Theories
TODAY
We will come up with our own theories using the
scientific method
Freud’s psychosexual theory
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A 3 step way to get information that is accurate• Conceptualise the problem• Collect data• Draw conclusions• Revise research conclusions and theory
A hypothesis is a specific testable assumption or
prediction.
A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that
helps to explain a phenomena and makes predictions.
LETS USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Is Obama a good president?
Well, he has tried to reform healthcare, he has succeeded in
lowering gas prices and unemployment. He is for women’s
health.
He must be a good president
In a month I will find some more
Information and see if I need to revise my
theory.
FREUD’S THEORY
Personality has 3 structures• Id• Ego• Super ego
Freud believed problems were a result of early life experiences. His theory centers around unconscious thought.
FREUDIAN STAGES
Freud believed we go through 5 stages of psychosexual
development. Pleasure and sexual impulses shift throughout.
Oral- mouth (Birth-1.5-years).
Anal- anus (1.5-3-years).
Phallic- genitals (3-6-years)
Latency- represses sexual interest for social and intellectual skills
(6-puberty)
Genital- sexual reawakening where sexual pleasure becomes
someone out of the family (puberty onward).
ERIKSON’S THEORY
8 stages of development unfold as we go through
life.
Each stage consists of a unique developmental task
and a crisis to be resolved.
The crisis is not a catastrophe, but a turning point
where the person is increasingly vulnerable and also
has enhanced potential to grow.
ERIKSON’S FIRST 4 STAGES
TRUST V. MISTRUST (1st year)• Is the world a good place to live?
AUTONOMY V. SHAME AND DOUBT (1-3 years)• Am I independent and separate from others?
INITIATIVE V.GUILT (3-5 years preschool)• Am I responsible for my behavior, toys, pets, body?
INDUSTRY V. INFERIORITY (6-puberty)• Am I knowledgeable?
COGNITIVE THEORIES:P IAGET
Swiss Psychologist (1896-1980).
Observed his own children to develop
theories.Observed children’s mistakes made in
classrooms. Changed thinking about development of mind in childhood.
PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Children actively construct their
understanding of the world.
Children progress through four stages of
cognitive development.
Two processes underlie development:
assimilation and accommodation.
ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMMODATION
ASSIMILATION-incorporating new information into
existing knowledge.
ACCOMMODATION-adjusting existing knowledge
to new information.
PIAGET’S STAGES
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 yrs.)
Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs.)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs.)
Formal Operational Stage (11 and up)
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE0-2 YEARS
Infants construct an understanding of the world by
coordinating sensory experiences with physical,
motor actions.
At the beginning, newborns are limited to reflexive
patterns.
By the end, 2-year-olds are beginning to operate
with primitive symbols.
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE 2 -7 YEARS
Children begin to represent the world with words,
images and drawings.
Increased symbolic thinking going beyond sensory
information paired with physical action
Very egocentric in speech and thought
Child still lacks the ability to preform operations
DEFINITION OF OPERATIONS
Internalized mental actions
that allow children to do
mentally what they previously
did physically.
VYGOTSKY’S THEORIES
Russian developmentalist (1896-1934)
Shares Piaget’s view that children actively
construct their knowledge.
Emphasizes developmental analysis, the role of
language, and social relations.
Like Piaget, Vygotsky’s ideas were not introduced
in America until the 1960s.
LEV S. VYGOTSKY
Proposed a sociocultural theory that was not
published until he died because of controversy.• Cognitive development results from social
interactions between members of a group.
Language would not exist without society.
We create “tools” within our society that aid in
cognitive development
VYGOTSKY’S THEORIES
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)- Tasks too difficult for
children to master alone can be mastered with assistance from adults.
The gap between child’s independent performance and the child’s
assisted performance.
Scaffolding-Assistance provided by another.
Learning is a social activity.
Cognitive skills develop through social interaction (opposite Piaget)
Dramatic play is of most interest to Vygotsky
SCAFFOLDING
An example of scaffolding is a motherHelping her child complete a puzzle
The puzzle has to be hard enough to interest the child, but not too hard to deter the child from trying