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Prof. Fumio Tokotani, Osaka University,
Friday 28 July 2017
CHILD ABUSE,
CHILD PROTECTION
AND ADOPTION IN JAPAN
Current Situation of Child Abuse
in Japan
The problems of child abuse reflect the nowadays familylife, the parents and children relationship
Change of family form; nuclear family, stand-alone family, step family (legally or de facto)
Child abuse is not caused solely by poverty of family but by a complexity of factors such as fewer children, dissolution of the family tie, the loss of the educationalfunction in the communities, the sense of autonomy ofthe family, the existence of the right to discipline (Civil Code)
The total number of cases of children being abused hasincreased, e.g. the numbers of consultations concerning child abuse (The Child Guidance Centre)
2
3
【出典】厚生労働省「平成27年度児童虐待対応件数（速報値）」1頁に基づき作成 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/04-Houdouhappyou-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000132366.pdf
The numbers of consultations conductedconcerning child abuse, 208 child guidance centers
1,101
1,171
1,372
1,6111,961
2,7224,102
5,352 6,932
11,631
17,725
23,274
23,73826,569
33,408
34,47237,323 40,639
42,66444,211
56,384
59,919
66,701
73,802
88,931
103,260
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2015 : 103,260 cases
1990 : 1,101 cases
Categories of Child Abuse 4
【出典】厚生労働省 社会福祉行政業務報告「22児童相談所における児童虐待相談の対応件数，被虐待者の年齢×相談種別別」に基づき作成http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?lid=000001165626
Physical Abuse28,621
Sexual Abuse1,521Emotional
Abuse48,700
Neglect24,444
Abandoned Child/Deser
ted Child177
Type of
Child Abuse
2015
Total 103,463
5Age of the abused child
【出典】厚生労働省 社会福祉行政業務報告「22児童相談所における児童虐待相談の対応件数，被虐待者の年齢×相談種別別」に基づき作成http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?lid=000001165626
0-2 years20,324
3-5 years23,7356-12 years
35,860
13-15 years14,807
16-18 years 8,560
Age of
Abused Child
2015
Total 103,286
25
50
5661
78
67
49 51
58
51
36
44
8
30
65 6461
39
47
41 39
33
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
The report of child deaths (abuse and neglect)
Others Family Suicide
6
【出典】厚生労働省「子ども虐待による死亡事例等の検証結果等について(第12次報告)」1頁に基づき作成http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11900000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku/0000137017.pdf
1/7/2003-31/12/2003
1/1/2004-31/12/2004
1/1/2005-31/12/2005
1/1/2006-31/12/2006
1/1/2007-31/3/2008
1/4/2008-31/3/2009
1/4/2009-31/3/2010
1/4/2010-31/3/2011
1/4/2011-31/3/2012
1/4/2012-31/3/2013
1/4/2013-31/3/2014
1/4/2014-31/3/2015
Handling of the Child Abuse
The Child Welfare Act (1947, revised at last in
2017)
Act on the Prevention, etc. of Child Abuse
(2000, 2017)
Civil Code (1898, 1947, 2011)
Penal Code (1907, revised at last in 2017)
7
The Child Welfare Act
Originated from the old Child Abuse Prevention Act in 1947
Mainly administrative measures to prevent child abuse・Temporary protection (within 2 months, if necessary exceed
2 months with the approval of the family court,
new revised in 2017 )
・Guidance at home (children shall not be separated from their
parents as far as possible, CRC)
・Admission to the child welfare institutions or
・Entrusting to foster parents or family group home
(with consent of parent or with approval of the family court)
・Family court makes recommendation to the prefectural
governor
Petition for removal or suspension of parental authority
8
Act on the Prevention , etc.
of Child Abuse
On-site Investigations
Request for Appearance
Inspection and search (with approval of the family court)
A prefectural governor makes recommendation to parents,
guardian
Restriction on visitation and communication with the child
Restraining order
9
Civil Code
Legal measures against child abuse
Removal of the parental authority (in some cases)
Suspension of the parental authority within 2 years,
introduced by a revision of the civil code in 2011,
increasing e.g. in case of medical neglect
Termination of child-parent relationship by special
adoption (introduced in 1988)
10
Penal Code
Physical abuse=Assault, Injury, Homicide
Sexual abuse=Forcible indecency, rape, and such crimes
by custodian are especially prescribed (revised in 2017)
Negligence or refusal of care=Abandonment by a person
responsible for protection
Psychological or emotional abuse=Injury, confinement
11
Measures to treat child abuse and protect the child 12
【出典】厚生労働省：第5回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2-3「現行制度の体系」に基づき作成http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/shiryou5_2_3.pdf
In-home Parent-child separation
With
Pa
ren
tal
Co
ns
en
tW
itho
ut P
are
nta
l Co
ns
en
t
administrative
guidance【CWA §11①】
Guidance by a Child Welfare Officer【CWA §27①2】
temporary protect 【CWA §33①②】
（ with parental
consent ）
temporary protect 【CWA §33①②】（ without parental
consent ）
welfare institution / foster family【CWA §27①3】
（with parental consent）
foster family + family court ’ approval【CWA §28①】
（without parental consent）
the family court makes
recommendation to the
prefectural governor 【CWA §28⑤】
On-site
Investi
gations 【PCA
§9】
Request
for
Appeara
nce【PCA
§8-2】
Inspec-
tion;
Search 【PCA
§9-3】
Ch
ild W
elfa
re A
ct
Act o
n th
e P
reven
tion
,
etc
. of C
hild
Ab
use
Civ
il law
Suspensi
on of PA【CL §834-
2】
Loss of PA【CL
§834】
Special
Adoption【CL §817-2】
exceed 2 months
with family court's
approval
A prefectural governor makes
recommendation to guardian【PCA §11③】
Restriction on Visitation and
Communication with the child 【PCA §12】
Restraining order【PCA §12-4】
Family
Court
Child
Guidance
Center
13
【出典】最高裁判所事務総局家庭局「親権制限事件及び児童福祉法28条事件の概況―平成28年1月～12月―」4頁に基づき作成http://www.courts.go.jp/vcms_lf/20170420sinkenseigenjihuku28_h28.pdf
195
169 174192
183
244
188
211 209199
56
10587
11296
111123
135 136151
0
50
100
150
200
250
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Child Welfare Act
§28 cases（2007-2016）
CWA§28 ① CWA§28 ② (over 2 years)
※ 司法統計による。2016年の数値は速報値である。※ 終局区分のその他は、移送、当然終了等である。
14
【出典】最高裁判所事務総局家庭局「親権制限事件及び児童福祉法28条事件の概況―平成28年1月～12月―」4頁に基づき作成http://www.courts.go.jp/vcms_lf/20170420sinkenseigenjihuku28_h28.pdf
1725
32
2125
14
63
40
58
83
0 3 5 2 3
1520
1
16 14
32
92
80 82
111
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Restriction of PA cases（2007-2016）
Loss of PA
Suspension of PA
Loss of Right of Administration of Property
All case of Restriction of PA
Last resort: Special Adoption to
protect the abused children
If parents can not bring up their child appropriately with
help and guidance of the Child Guidance Center, the child
should be removed to institutions, foster family or family
group home without consent of parents, instead of it, with
the approval of the family court under arr.28 of the Child
Welfare Act.
The petition for the removal of parental authority by the
Child Guidance Center is still rare, 28 petitions in 2014
Promoting of the special adoption of abused child
15
Special Adoption with effort of the Child Guidance
Center (209) and other private agency (20)
・Number of Special Adoption
16
【出典】厚生労働省：第 14回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2-2「2. 特別養子縁組に関する調査結果について」2頁（全体45頁）に基づき作成 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000155264.pdf
2014 2015 total
A child guidance
center 304 306 610
Adoption agency 195 186 381
total 499 492 991
Number of Special Adoption 17
【出典】厚生労働省：第 14回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2-2「2. 特別養子縁組に関する調査結果について」2頁（全体45頁）に基づき作成 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000155264.pdf
Age
0
Age
1
Age
2
Age
3
Age
4
Age
5
Age
6
Age
7
Age
8
Age
9Total Average
Child
guidan
ce
center
124 172 94 66 44 45 33 22 10 0 6102 years
9 months
old
Adopti
on
agency
265 70 10 6 9 5 7 4 3 2 3811 years
4 months
old
Total389(39.
3%)
242(24.4
%)
104(10.
5%)
72(7.3
%)
53(5.3
%)
50(5.0
%)
40(4.0
%)
26(2.6
%)
13(1.3
%)
2(0.2
%)
991(100
%)
2 years
3 months
old
DISCUSSION
POINTS
18
1. Age of child to be adopted
2. Who can make an applicationof a special adoption
3. Parental Consent (who, when, how)and its effect
4. Right to know its origin
NowIn principle：under 6 years old, exception：under 8 years old,
when the child has been under care of adoptive parentfrom the time under 6 years old）
【Why】
・intimate relationship with adoptive parent, attachment
and early settlement of new parent-child relationship
and certainty of legal status
【Problem】
・ exceeds age limit, but in need of better care in a family-like
environment
1. Age of the child
19
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2「特別養子縁組の利用促進に関する個別論点に係る議論用資料」2頁に基づき作成
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153399.pdf
【Merit】
・intimate relationship with adoptive parent, attachment and early
settlement of new parent-child relationship and certainty of legal
status・legal permanency for the child of relatively higher age as it is
【Problem】・child who has not been under custody of the prospective
adoptive parents has no chance to be adopted even if the
adoption is the best measure to protect the child and the
biological parents consent
・consent of the child
・unstable status of the child, prospective adoptive parents and
biological parents
20
Proposal A: In principle child under 6, exceptionally under
15 years old is adoptable
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2「特別養子縁組の利用促進に関する個別論点に係る議論用資料」2頁に基づき作成http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153399.pdf
1. Age of the child
【Merit】・chance for legal permanency for high age child
【Problem】・unstable status of the child, prospective adoptive parents
and biological parents; to cut the relationship with the biological parents is the best interests of the child? Simple adoption (another type of adoption; normal adoption in Japan) is better for them?
・consent of the child attained at or over 12 is to be required: children shall not be separated from their parents against their will
21
Proposal B: Under 18 or under 15
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2「特別養子縁組の利用促進に関する個別論点に係る議論用資料」2頁に基づき作成http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153399.pdf
1. Age of the child
Now
Only the prospective adoptive parents apply the special
adoption,
【Problem】 Risk concerning adoption privacy
・We discussed: Separation of the procedure of adoption
・Adoption agency caseworker or lawyer are of the opinion
that the procedure of the adoption should be separated
into two stages, and
・The Head of the Child Guidance Center could be applicant
at the first stage, then adoptive parents at the second stage
after the matching with the child is result in success
2. Application of the adoption of the child
22
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2「特別養子縁組の利用促進に関する個別論点に係る議論用資料」2頁に基づき作成
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153399.pdf
【Merit】・Without withdrawal of the parental consent, stable relationship
between the adoptive parents and the child
・the adoptive parents must not have a fear of the biological
parents
2. Procedure of the special adoption
23
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2「特別養子縁組の利用促進に関する個別論点に係る議論用資料」3頁に基づき作成
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153399.pdf
First step: the consent of the parent is given or to be
decided it is not necessary (child in special need)Second step: adoptive parents apply (family court)
【Problem】・the biological parents have no chance to get back the child,
even if they are now in good condition to nurture the child,
it could be in conflict with the CRC: children have the right to
be cared by parents as far as possible
・unstable status of the child, possible separation from
the biological parents without a guarantee of the new
adoptive parents
2. Procedure of the special adoption
24
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料2「特別養子縁組の利用促進に関する個別論点に係る議論用資料」3頁に基づき作成
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153399.pdf
First step: the consent of the parent is given or to be
decided it is not necessary (child in special need)Second step: adoptive parents apply (family court)
【Proposal】・When parents consent to the adoption of the child,
they can not withdraw the consent after 3 months
・Parental consent should be authorized by a notary
・If the parents have no parental authority (removed of the
parental authority), they have no right to consent to
adoption of the child
25
3. Consent of the parents
【出典】厚生労働省：第 13 回 児童虐待対応における司法関与及び特別養子縁組制度の利用促進の在り方に関する検討会資料4「床谷構成員 提出資料」11頁に基づき作成
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000153401.pdf
Act on the regulation of the private adoption
agency(2016)
Not sufficient
Personal (family oriented) register system in Japan
should be revised
Many points to discuss
26
4. Right to know its origin
Promoting Adoption of the child
Child abuse
Baby box (only one facility in Japan ten years ago,
Kumamoto city)
Child in special need of protection (the ART including
surrogacy is not regulated in Japan )
After ca. 30 years we have at last a chance to revise
the adoption law in the Code Civil
I expect, two years later we have a revised, bland-new
adoption law in Japan, it would be not at all new one for
the people in western countries
27
![Child Abuse[1]](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/55847cc6d8b42a15768b50e9/child-abuse1.jpg)
