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Test for IonsTest for the positive ions Na+ K + Ca+ 

Sr+ Ba+ Cu2+

Apparatus Take nichrome wire and and dip it with

concentrated HCl acid and bring it to the roaring

fame. Keep doing it until no colour is produced.

 This is done to clean the nichrome wire and to

make sure that no other chemical Is present. Next

we will do ame test take the acid with nichrome

wire arain and dip with the unknown solid. Place the

nichrome wire in the roaring fame. !emember to

clean nichrome wire beore beore each experimentb" concentrated HCl acid#.

 The resulting fame will produce di$erent colour

Na%  K %  Ca%  &r%  'a%  Cu(%

Nichrome

!oari

'unse)nknown

Flame

test is

applicable

for

Group

1 an

!roup

2

metal

s

inclu

in!

coppe

r

ions"

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 *ellow+

orange

,ilac fame 'rick red

fame

!ed fame ,ight green

fame

'lue

fame

Test for Transaction metal ion-or transaction metal ion we can add &odium h"droxide to a unknown

transaction ion.

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Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe#+ $n2+

'lue prcipitate reen precipitate

but become red+

brown upon

standing because

Iron II# h"droxide

gets oxidi/ed.

!ed+brown

precipitate

0hite precipitate

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N1T2+ Copper ions can be tested in either fame test wa" or precipitation

test.

Test for Ammonium ions3mmonium ions is dipped in sodium h"droxide.

It reacts with h"droxide to orm ammonia and water

3mmonia can be tested b" putting holding damp red litmus paper which

turns blue.

1rdip a glass rod into the concentrated

HCi 4essel and dip it into the solution

and this will produce 3mmonium

chloride with white smoke that

con5rms 3mmonia is present.

Test for ne!ative ions

Carbonate ions C%#2&

 Test6 To either the solid7 or an a8ueous solution o the solid7 under test add

dilute h"drochloric acid.

It is best to use dilute nitric acid. &ome acid+carbonate combinations can

produce an insoluble salt that coats the solid carbonate and stops the

reaction7 but this doesn9t happen i "ou use nitric acid because all nitrates

are soluble.

!esult6 This will or bubbles o gas carbon dioxide#. This gas will turn

limewater milk". Carbonate % acid  salt % water % carbon dioxide

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Sulphate ions S%'2&

 Test6 To an a8ueous solution o the solid under test7 add dilute h"drochloric

acid ollowed b" a ew drops o barium chloride solution.

!esult6 This will orm a white precipitate o barium sulphate#.