Chemistry Review

SNC1D

Mixture

• a substance made of different pure substances

Pure Substance

• a substance made of only one kind of particle

Mechanical Mixture

• a mixture that can be separated by mechanical means

Heterogenous

• A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform

Homogenous

• A homogenous mixture has uniform composition and properties

Element

• a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound

• A pure substance made of more than one type of atom that have been chemically bonded together

Particle Theory of Matter

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.2. Different pure substances are made up of

different types of particles.3. Particles are always in constant random

motion.4. The particles in a substance attract each

other.5. The particles of a substance move faster

when heated.

Chemical Change

• A change in which new substances are producedEx: iron rusting

Physical change

• a change in which no new substances are producedEx: ice melting

Physical Property

• Description of the nature of a substanceEx: gold is a relatively soft metal

Chemical Property

• Description of how a substance reacts with other substancesEx: iron rusts

GUSS: Density

A sample of metal has a mass of 15 g and a volume of 2.0 cm3. Calculate the density of the sample.

V

mDS

DU

cmV

gmG

:

?:

0.2

15:3

35.7

0.2

15:

3

cm

gD

cm

gDS

Atomic Symbols

• Ca calcium• Cl chlorine• Mg magnesium• Na sodium

Chemical Formulae

Cl2 2 chlorine

H2O 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

Ca(OH)2 1 calcium, 2 oxygen, 2 hydrogen

3O2 6 oxygen

Metals

• Shiny• Malleable• Good conductors• Found on the left side of the Periodic Table

Chemical families

IA alkali metals

IIA alkaline earth metals

VIIA halogens

VIIIA noble gases

Word Equations

sulphur + oxygen → sulphur dioxide

reactants product

Word Equations

sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a great deal of heat, but leaving only sodium chloride and water

sodium + hydrochloric → sodium + waterhydroxide acid chloride

Word Equations

calcium chloride reacts with silver nitrate to produce silver chloride and calcium nitrate

calcium + silver → silver + calciumchloride nitrate chloride nitrate

Atomic Number

• the number of protons in the nucleus

Atomic Mass

• the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic Numbers

Using the Periodic table explain how you would determine each of the following for a given atom of an element:

i) # of protons: equal to the atomic number ii) # of electrons: equal to the number of protons

iii) # of neutrons: equal to the atomic mass minus the number of protons

Atomic Numbers

Bohr Diagram

Fluorine:

Valence Shell

• An atom wants 8 electrons in its outer (valence) shell to be stable.

Valence Shell

How many electrons do elements in the following families gain or lose to become stable?

i) IA lose 1ii) IIA lose 2iii) VIIA gain 1iv) VIIIA neither lose nor gain

Valence Shell

How many electrons do the following elements gain or lose to become stable?

i) Na lose 1ii)Mg lose 2iii)Cl gain 1iv)Ne neither lose nor gain

Ionic Compound

• In an ionic compound, a positive metal ion is attracted to a negative non-metal ion.

Ionic Bonding

• This attraction is an ionic bond.(weak)

Sodium Chloride

Molecular Compound

• In a molecular compound, non-metals share electrons.

Covalent Bonding

• This sharing is a covalent bond.(strong)

Water

Diatomic Molecule

• a molecular compound formed from 2 atoms of the same element

Polymer

• a large molecule made up of repeated smaller molecules bonded together

Substances

Determine whether each of the following is a mixture, element or metal:

a) a substance made up of identical atomselement

b) an element found on the left side of the Periodic Table metal

c) a substance made up of parts that can be separated by physical means mixture