1

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Name-Nischal Rastogi

Class-11-B

Roll No.-29

Personal Number-17055

Session-2021-22

Topic- Green Chemistry:Bio-

Diesel and Bio-Petrol

2

INDEX

Content Page Numbers

1)Acknowledgement 3

2)Introduction to the topic-Green

Chemistry

4-5

3)Importance of Green Chemistry 6

4)Bio-Diesel-

production,properties,benefits,applications

7-9

5)Pictures 10

6)Bio-diesel in India 10-11

7)Bio-petrol-

production,properties,advantages

12-13

8)Pictures 14

8)Advantages of biofuels in our society 15

9)Why Green Chemistry is the future of

the world

16

10)Conclusion 17

11)Bibliography 18

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.

Mayank Tiwari as well as our principal Mr. Carlyle McFarland who gave me

the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Green

Chemistry-Bio-Diesel and Bio-Petrol which also helped me in doing a lot of

Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to

them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a

lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

4

INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

What is Green Chemistry?

Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with developing

processes and products to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances. One of the

goals of green chemistry is to prevent pollution at its source, as opposed to

dealing with pollution after it has occurred.

Principles of Green Chemistry-

1) The “better to prevent than to cure” principle

It is beneficial to a priori prevent the generation of waste instead of later on

treating and cleaning up waste

2) The “atom economy” principle

Synthetic production routes have to be planned in a way maximizing the

incorporation of all the compounds used in the synthesis into the desired

product

3) The “less precarious chemical syntheses” principle

Wherever feasible, such synthetic methods have to be aspired, which resort to

and generate compounds of no or only insignificant noxiousness to the

environment and human health

4) The “designing safer chemicals” principle

Chemicals should be developed in a way affecting their desired functionality,

while, at the same time, considerably reducing their toxicity

5) The “safer solvents and safer auxiliaries” principle

Expenditure of auxiliary substances, such as solvents, separation agents, and

others, should be avoided wherever possible; if not possible, harmless

auxiliaries should be used

6) The “design for energy efficiency” principle

The environmental and economic impact of energy demands for chemical

processes should be analyzed in terms of followed by optimizing the required

energy input. Wherever practicable, chemical synthesis should be carried out

under mild process conditions, hence, at ambient temperature and pressure.

7) The “renewable feedstocks” principle

Whenever feasible in technological and economic terms, synthetic processes

should resort to such raw materials and feedstocks, which are renewable rather

than limited

8) The “derivative reduction” principle

5

Redundant derivatization, e.g., protection/deprotection, the use of blocking

groups, or temporary modification of physical/chemical processes, requires

additional reagents and often contributes to additional waste generation.

Therefore, wherever possible, they should be avoided or reduced to a minimum

9) The “catalysis” principle

Generally, catalytic reagents are intrinsically superior to stoichiometric reagents;

these catalysts should be as selective as possible

10) The “degradation” principle

Chemical products have to be designed in such a way that, at the end of their

life span, they do not resist in the biosphere, but disintegrate into nontoxic

degradation products

11) The “real-time analysis for pollution prevention” principle

Advanced analytical methods have to be developed, which permit the real-time,

in-line process monitoring and control well before hazardous substances are

generated

12)The “accident prevention by inherently safer chemistry” principle

Compounds and the compound’s formula applied in a chemical process should

be chosen in a way minimizing the risk of chemical accidents, encompassing

the release of chemicals, detonations, or fire formation.

6

Importance of Green Chemistry-

In India in the late 20th century the excessive usage of fertilizers and pesticides

have resulted in the deterioration of soil, water and air. The solution of this

problem does not lie in stopping the process of development that has been set in

but to discover methods which would help in the reduction of deterioration of

the environment.

Green chemistry is the way of thinking and is about utilizing the existing

knowledge and principles of chemistry and other scientists to reduce the adverse

impact on environment. Green chemistry is a production process that would

bring about minimum pollution deterioration to the environment. The by-

product generated during a process, if not used gainfully, add to the

environmental pollution .Such processes are not only environmental unfriendly

but also cost-ineffective. The waste generation and its disposal both are

economically unsound. Utilisation of existing knowledge base for reducing the

chemical hazards along with the developmental activities is the foundation of

green chemistry.

7

BIO-DIESEL

What is biodiesel?

Bio-diesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting

of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids

such as animal fat (tallow, soybean oil) or some other vegetable oil with an

alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester by the process of

transesterification.

Unlike the vegetable and waste oils used for fuel converted diesel engines,

biodiesel is a drop-in biofuel, meaning it is compatible with existing diesel

engines and distribution infrastructure. However, it is usually blended with

petro-diesel (typically to less than 10%) since most engines cannot run on pure

Bio-diesel without modification. Bio-diesel blends can also be used as heating

oil.

Production of bio-diesel

Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, used cooking oils, or

animal fats. The fuel is produced by transesterification—a process that converts

fats and oils into biodiesel and glycerin (a coproduct). Approximately 100

pounds of oil or fat are reacted with 10 pounds of a short-chain alcohol (usually

methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or

potassium hydroxide [KOH]) to form 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of

glycerin (or glycerol). Glycerin, a co-product, is a sugar commonly used in the

manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Raw or refined plant oil, or recycled greases that have not been processed into

biodiesel, are not biodiesel and should not be used as vehicle fuel. Fats and oils

(triglycerides) are much more viscous than biodiesel, and low-level vegetable

oil blends can cause long-term engine deposits, ring sticking, lube-oil gelling,

and other maintenance problems that can reduce engine life.

Research is being conducted on developing algae as a potential biodiesel

feedstock. It is expected to produce high yields from a smaller area of land than

vegetable oils.

Properties of bio-diesel

Bio-diesel has promising lubricating properties and cetane ratings compared to

low sulfur diesel fuels. Fuels with higher lubricity may increase the usable life

of high-pressure fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel for its

8

lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might include high pressure injection

pumps, pump injectors (also called unit injectors) and fuel injectors.

The calorific value of bio-diesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. This is 9% lower than

regular Number 2 petrodiesel. Variations in biodiesel energy density is more

dependent on the feedstock used than the production process. Still, these

variations are less than for petrodiesel. It has been claimed biodiesel gives better

lubricity and more complete combustion thus increasing the engine energy

output and partially compensating for the higher energy density of petrodiesel.

The colour of bio-diesel ranges from golden to dark brown, depending on the

production method. It is slightly miscible with water, has a high boiling point

and low vapor pressure. The flash point of biodiesel exceeds 130 °C (266 °F),

significantly higher than that of petroleum diesel which may be as low as 52 °C

(126 °F). Bio-diesel has a density of ~0.88 g/cm³, higher than petrodiesel (~0.85

g/cm³).

Bio-diesel contains virtually no sulphur and it is often used as an additive to

ultra-low-sulphur diesel (ULSD) fuel to aid with lubrication, as the sulphur

compounds in petrodiesel provide much of the lubricity.

Benefits of biodiesel

Bio-diesel has many environmentally beneficial properties. The main benefit of

bio-diesel is that it can be described as ‘carbon neutral’. This means that the fuel

produces no net output of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). This

effect occurs because when the oil crop grows it absorbs the same amount of

CO2 as is released when the fuel is combusted. In fact this is not completely

accurate as CO2 is released during the production of the fertilizer required to

fertilize the fields in which the oil crops are grown.

9

Bio-diesel is rapidly biodegradable and completely non-toxic, meaning

spillages represent far less of a risk than fossil diesel spillages. Bio-diesel has a

higher flash point than fossil diesel and so is safer in the event of a crash.

Applications of bio-diesel

Bio-diesel blended in various proportions with petroleum-based diesel is used

mostly as a transportation fuel to power different vehicle engines. Other

applications for renewable biodiesel fuel include:

1) Fuel filters

2) Heating oils

3) Oil spill cleanups

4) Biodiesel electricity generators

5) Adhesive and auto wax remover

6) A lubricity additive for diesel fuel

7) For paint and resin cleanup

8) It recycles carbon dioxide

10

BIO-DIESEL IN INDIA

MOP&NG announced a Biodiesel Purchase Policy which became effective 1st

January 2006. On 10.08.2015, Government allowed direct sale of Biodiesel

(B100) for blending with diesel to Bulk Consumers such as Railways, State Road

Transport Corporations. On 29.06.2017 Government allowed sale of biodiesel to

all consumers for blending with diesel.

11

Government has notified Guidelines for sale of biodiesel for blending with High

Speed Diesel for transportation purposes on 30.4.2019. Through this Notification

Government has granted permission exclusively for sale of biodiesel (B-100)

only and not for any mixture thereof of whatever percentage.

The Biodiesel procurement by OMCs increased from 1.1 crore litres during 2015-

16 to 10.56 crore litres during 2019-20.

Presently, bio-diesel is being produced in the country primarily from imported

palm stearin oil. In order to phase-out palm stearin, and as a measure towards

import substitution, it has been decided to promote domestically available used

cooking oil (UCO) as the feedstock.

UCO has been identified as a potential raw material for biodiesel production in

National Policy on Biofuels-2018. UCO can be collected from Bulk Consumers

such as hotels, restaurants, canteens, etc. for conversion.

Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) are periodically floating Expression of

Interest (EOI) for procurement of Biodiesel produced from UCO.

12

-BIO-PETROL

What is Bio-Petrol?

Bio-petrol (or Biogasoline) is a type of gasoline produced from biomass such as

algae. Like traditionally produced gasoline, it is made up of hydrocarbons with

6 (hexane) to 12 (dodecane) carbon atoms per molecule and can be used in

internal-combustion engines. Bio-petrol is chemically different from biobutanol

and bioethanol, as these are alcohols, not hydrocarbons.

Companies are developing approaches to take triglyceride inputs and through a

process of deoxygenation and reforming (cracking, isomerising, aromatising,

and production of cyclic molecules) producing bio-petrol. This bio-petrol is

intended to match the chemical, kinetic, and combustion characteristics of its

petroleum counterpart, but with much higher octane levels. Others are pursuing

similar approaches based on hydrotreating. Still others are focusing on using

woody biomass and enzymatic processes.

Production of bio-petrol

Bio-gasoline or bio-petrol is created by turning sugar directly into gasoline. In

late March 2010, the world’s first bio-petrol demonstration plant was started in

Madison, WI by Virent Energy Systems, Inc. Virent discovered and developed a

technique called Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) in 2001. APR includes many

processes including reforming to generate hydrogen, dehydrogenation of

alcohols/hydrogenation of carbonyls, deoxygenation reactions, hydrogenolysis

and cyclization. The input for APR is a carbohydrate solution created from plant

material, and the product is a mixture of chemicals and oxygenated

hydrocarbons. From there, the materials go through further conventional

chemical processing to yield the final result: a mixture of non-oxygenated

hydrocarbons that they claimed was cost-effective. These hydrocarbons are the

exact hydrocarbons found in petroleum fuels which is why today’s cars do not

need to be altered to run on bio-petrol. The only difference is in origin.

Petroleum based fuels are made from oil, and bio-petrol is made from plants

such as beets and sugarcane or cellulosic biomass which would normally be

plant waste.

13

Diesel fuel is made up of linear hydrocarbons. These are long straight carbon

atom chains. They differ from the shorter, branched hydrocarbons that make up

gasoline. In 2014 Researchers used a feedstock of levulinic acid to create

biogasoline. Levulinic acid is derived from cellulose material, such as corn

stalks, straw or other plant waste. That waste does not have to be fermented.

The fuel-making process is reportedly inexpensive and offers yields of over 60

percent.

Structure and Properties

BG100, or 100% bio-petrol, is formulated so that it can immediately be used as

a drop-in substitute for petroleum-derived gasoline in any conventional gasoline

engine, and can be distributed in the same fuelling infrastructure, as the

properties match traditional gasoline from petroleum. Dodecane requires a small

percentage of octane booster to match gasoline. Ethanol fuel requires

specialised fuel systems and has lower combustion energy and corresponding

fuel economy.

Bio-gasoline's chemical similarities allow it to be fully miscible with regular

gasoline. Bio-gasoline is also formulated to not require fuel system

modifications, unlike ethanol.

Advantages of Bio-Petrol

1). Efficient Fuel-Bio-petrol is made from renewable resources and relatively

less-flammable compared to fossil diesel. It has significantly better lubricating

properties.

It causes less harmful carbon emission compared to standard diesel. Biofuels

can be manufactured from a wide range of materials. The overall cost-benefit of

using them is much higher.

2). Renewable source-Most of the fossil fuels will expire and end up in smoke

one day. Since the sources like algae and biomass are renewable and are not

likely to run out any time soon,it makes the use of bio-petrol efficient in

nature.Also these crops can be replanted again and again.

3) Reduce Greenhouse Gases-Studies suggest that biofuels(bio-petrol as well as

bio-diesel)reduce greenhouse gases up to 65%.

14

.

15

Advantages of Biofuels (Bio-diesel and Bio-petrol) in our society

Biofuels are eco-friendly and can reduce vehicle emission. It is produced from

renewable sources and can be prepared easily with dependence on imports. Bio

fuels increases the performance of the engines as they contain higher energy

boosters as compared to petrol and diesel. Besides, they offer good lubricity to

the vehicle. Since they are from bio component, they are very safe for storage

and transport along with the nontoxic. Furthermore, it helps in reduction of

greenhouse gases at least by 3.3 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of biodiesel. For

example, bio-diesel is an alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic

renewable resources from vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil) and animal

fats. These natural oils and fats are primarily made up of triglycerides which

react while mixing with lower alcohols in presence of a catalyst produces fatty

acid esters. These esters are very much similar to petroleum derived diesel and

are called "Biodiesel". As India is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may be

a material of choice for producing biodiesel. Examples are Jatropha curcas,

Pongamia, Karanja, etc. Since biofuels can be made from renewable resources,

they cause less pollution to the planet. However, that is not the only reason why

the use of biofuels is being encouraged.They release lower levels of carbon

dioxide and other emissions when burnt compared to standard diesel. Its use

also results in a significant reduction of PM emissions.Although the production

of biofuels creates carbon dioxide as a byproduct, it is frequently used to grow

the plants that will be converted into fuel. This allows it to become something

close to a self-sustaining system.Besides, biofuels are biodegradable that

reduces the possibility of soil contamination and contamination of underground

water during transportation, storage or use.

16

Why Green Chemistry is the future of the world?

1)Results in healthier living conditions- Pollution is one of our major enemies

today. Land, water, air – mankind has disrupted the natural eco-system with the

irresponsible use and disposal of chemical laden waste, making the environment

perilous. Green Chemistry enforces the substitution of dangerous chemical

ingredients used in industrial manufacturing, with green materials.

Decrease in the amount of chemicals released into the air and water leads to

lesser toxic environment for workers and healthier conditions for people to

thrive in. Additionally, end products also become less harmful and more

organic.

2)Is economical and profitable- Believe it or not, if companies start applying the

concepts of Green Chemistry, it will help them slash costs immediately and

increase profits. Reduced usage of unnecessary chemicals, fewer synthetic

steps, lesser amount of waste and end of the pipe treatment, allow for higher

yields, faster manufacturing and increased capacity, resulting in lower costs and

higher profits.

3)Is healthy for the environment- More often than not, chemicals end up

affecting plants, animals, the ozone layer, and basically the planet at large.

Chemical processes that indulge in the principles of Green Chemistry can in fact

change all of this. It propagates the use of green chemicals that either degrade

naturally or can be used further as an ingredient for another chemical process.

4)Encourages creativity in the world of chemistry- Green Chemistry encourages

experts in the field to think out of the box and ideate ways to replace materials

that have been used in a particular chemical process for decades. These

breakthroughs pave the way to creativity and resourcefulness in chemistry.

17

Conclusion

The practicing of green chemistry in India is a necessity rather than an option,

as this is now a high time to protect our caring environment from further

damage. The future of green India is in the hands of young researchers and

students, as the practice of green chemistry is a moral responsibility for them.

Government agencies should enforce the laws strictly to practice green

chemistry.

Industries should also understand their moral responsibility toward the fragile

environment.

Not only for India but also for the welfare and well-being of the whole world,

green chemistry, bio-petrol and bio-diesel are a must and its significance cannot

be ignored.In order to ensure an environment friendly world for the future

generations,we should take up the green chemistry.

18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

For making this project, I have taken help from the following sources-

1) www.wikipedia.com

2) www.sciencedirect.com

3) www.sgbiofuels.com

4) NCERT-11 Chemistry

5) ‘BIOFUELS AND BIOENERGY’-Wiley Blackwell

Image courtesy- Google Images

THANK YOU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------