Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

It is important to understand the foundations of life on Earth.

Let’s Zoom InLet’s Zoom In

Wrong building… this is Wrong building… this is the one we want.the one we want.

Mr. Farmer’s HandMr. Farmer’s Hand

Continuing our zoom-in.

Ok… so maybe this isn’t his actual hand… but it could be

Remember microns (also known as micrometers) = 1 x 10-6m

Nanometers = 1 x 10-9 m

Are we still looking at a Are we still looking at a hand?hand?

Finally at the end.Finally at the end.

Identifying Organic Identifying Organic CompoundsCompounds

What are organic compounds?

At a minimum, they are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

They may also contain elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

There are 4 primary categories of organic compounds that are found in living organisms

CarbohydratCarbohydrateses

elementselements•CARBONCARBON•HYDROHYDROGEN GEN

•OXYGENOXYGEN

The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always

2 to 1.

Carbohydrates cont.Carbohydrates cont.

FunctionFunction•energy storage (short energy storage (short term)term)

•energy transportenergy transport•cell structurescell structures

Carbohydrates cont.Carbohydrates cont.

examplesexamples•glucose glucose CC66HH1212OO66

•cellulosecellulose•starchstarch•sucrosesucrose

Carbohydrates cont.Carbohydrates cont.

Building BlockBuilding Block•Glucose“C6H12O6”

•Monosaccharides

Proteinselements

•CARBONCARBON•HYDROGENHYDROGEN•OXYGENOXYGEN•NITROGENNITROGEN

Proteins contProteins cont..FunctionFunction

•structure (hair, muscles, structure (hair, muscles, nails)nails)

•chemical reactions chemical reactions (enzymes)(enzymes)

•transport substancestransport substances•fight disease (antibodies)fight disease (antibodies)•Hormones/ReceptorsHormones/Receptors

Proteins cont.Proteins cont.ExamplesExamples

•CollagenCollagen - - forms skin, tendons, forms skin, tendons, bones, nails bones, nails

•ActinActin andand MyosinMyosin – – muscle muscle fibersfibers

•InsulinInsulin – – breaks down sugarbreaks down sugar

Proteins cont.Proteins cont.Building blockBuilding block

•Amino AcidsAmino Acids–there are 20 different AAthere are 20 different AA–All contain All contain

–NHNH2 2 ( Amino Group)( Amino Group)

–COOH (Carboxyl Group)COOH (Carboxyl Group)

Proteins Cont.Proteins Cont.Example of building Example of building blockblock

LipidsLipidsElementsElements

•CARBONCARBON•HYDROGEHYDROGENN

•OXYGENOXYGEN

• The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is

GREATER THAN 2 to 1.

Lipids cont.Lipids cont.

FunctionFunction•Energy storage ( long term)Energy storage ( long term)

•Structural support in cellsStructural support in cells

•Signaling molecules Signaling molecules

(steroids/hormones)(steroids/hormones)

Lipids cont.Lipids cont.ExamplesExamples

•Fats, Oils, WaxesFats, Oils, Waxes•CholesterolCholesterol•Vitamins A, D, E, and KVitamins A, D, E, and K•PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Lipids cont.Lipids cont.Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

•GlycerolGlycerol and and Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

•CARBONCARBON•HYDROGHYDROGENEN

•OXYGENOXYGEN

•PHOSPHORPHOSPHORUS (POUS (PO44))

•NITROGENNITROGEN

Elements

Nucleic Acids cont.Nucleic Acids cont.

functionfunction

•Hereditary informationHereditary information

•Direct cell activityDirect cell activity

•Cellular EnergyCellular Energy

Nucleic Acid cont.Nucleic Acid cont.

ExamplesExamples•DNA DNA - - Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic AcidAcid

•RNA RNA - - Ribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid

•ATP ATP - - Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate

Nucleic Acid cont.Nucleic Acid cont.

building blockbuilding block•nucleotidesnucleotides

PO4

Nitrogen base

Organic Organic Compound Compound

ActivityActivity

For the following For the following compoundscompounds

1. Identify them as 1. Identify them as organic or inorganic.organic or inorganic.

2. Determine if it is a 2. Determine if it is a

lipid, carbohydrate, lipid, carbohydrate,

protein, or nucleic acidprotein, or nucleic acid..

1. 1.

2.2.

C12H22

O11

3.3.

COCO22

4.4. H H OH H O

H---N---C---C---OHH---N---C---C---OH

H---C---HH---C---H

HH

5.5.

Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22

6.6. H H OH H O

H---N---C---C---OHH---N---C---C---OH

H C HH C H

CC

C CC C

C CC C

CC

7.7.

H H H OH H HH H H OH H H

H C C C C C C H C C C C C C O O

OH OH OH H OHOH OH OH H OH

9.9.

NaClNaCl

9.9.

10.10.

Name the Name the threethree

elements in every elements in every

organic compoundorganic compound..

Atom ReviewAtom ReviewAtomic Number, Atomic Number, Protons, and electrons Protons, and electrons are always the same are always the same

APE

All the mass of an atom is in the nucleus.

Mass # = P + N

The Nucleus

Model of an Model of an AtomAtom

Protonsneutrons

2 e--

8 e-

8 e-

How would you How would you describe the describe the shape of an atom?shape of an atom?

Draw the Sodium atom.

Atomic # =

Atomic Mass =

# of protons =

# of neutrons =

# of electrons =

11

23

11

12

11