Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Fats, and ProteinsFats, and Proteins

What does it mean What does it mean to be an organic to be an organic molecule?molecule? Contains at least Contains at least

carbon and carbon and hydrogen.hydrogen.

What is a Chemical What is a Chemical Formula?Formula?

List the elements and how many (Ex. List the elements and how many (Ex. HH22O). O). What is the chemical formula of

butane?C4H10

What is a Structural What is a Structural Formula?Formula?

Provides position Provides position and orientation.and orientation.

Glucose and fructose are isomers. Any guesses what an “isomer” is?Isomers – same chemical formula, different structural formula

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Which elements?Which elements?

Any particular Any particular ratio?ratio?

C, H, O2 H : 1 O

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are the building What are the building

blocks?blocks?“Monosaccharides” or “simple sugars”

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are the What are the

functions in a living functions in a living organism?organism?

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

ENERGY; STRUCTURE

Glucose, sucrose, starch (plant storage), glycogen (animal storage), cellulose (plant cell walls), chitin (insects)

LipidsLipids Which elements?Which elements?

Any particular Any particular ratio?ratio?

C, H, OLots H : very few O

LipidsLipids What are the building What are the building

blocks?blocks?1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

glycerol

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

Monounsaturated fat

C | C | C

LipidsLipids What are the What are the

functions in a living functions in a living organism?organism?

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

ENERGY RESERVES; CELL MEMBRANES; INSULATION

Fats, oils, waxes

ProteinsProteins Which elements?Which elements?

Any particular Any particular ratio?ratio?

C, H, O, N, S

No

ProteinsProteins What are the building What are the building

blocks?blocks?Amino Acids

ProteinsProteins What are the What are the

functions in a living functions in a living organism?organism?

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

Many different functions

Feathers, spider webs, wool, silk, fingernails, hair, enzymes, antibodies, muscle.

How are organic molecules added How are organic molecules added together?together?

Glucose – C H O 6 12 6

Fructose – +

C H O 6 12 6

C H O 12 22 11

? What’s missing?

Sucrose –

What is a condensation What is a condensation reaction? reaction?

Combining organic molecules Combining organic molecules requires the loss of water.requires the loss of water.

What is hydrolysis?What is hydrolysis? Separating organic molecules Separating organic molecules

requires adding water back.requires adding water back.

When two sugars are added When two sugars are added together, what is produced?together, what is produced?

A disaccharideA disaccharide

When three or more sugars are When three or more sugars are added together, what is added together, what is

produced?produced?

PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates - SaccharidesSaccharides

Uses:Uses:

Glucose = quick energyGlucose = quick energy

Glycogen = animal Glycogen = animal starch; stored energystarch; stored energy

Plant starch = stored Plant starch = stored energy for plantsenergy for plants