PowerPoint Notes Macromolecules

Chemistry NotesAtomsThe nucleus of an atom includes: protons and neutrons.Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels.

ElementsThe number of protons never changes this equals the atomic number. (If the number of protons changes, it is a different element.)The number of electrons generally equals the number of protons. (We wont worry about exceptions in this class.)Atomic NumberAtomic Mass

Chemical Bonds3 main types of chemical bonds:Covalent - atoms share electrons equallyIonic one atom hogs the electrons from another (Think of it like a 5-year-old taking a 3-year-olds toy and hogging it.)

MacromoleculesOrganic VS InorganicOrganic compounds contain carbon and are found in living thingsExceptions: hydrogencarbonates (bicarbonate HCO3-, carbonates (CO32)and oxides of carbon (CO or CO2)MonomerMono = oneMere = part

Sub units that are strung together to create larger moleculesPolymerPoly =manyLarge molecule made up of multiple monomers

Think Pair ShareCreate an analogy to explain the relationship between monomers and polymers.Dehydration SynthesisHydro = waterA reaction that links together monomersRemoves a H from one monomer and a OH from the other monomerThose come together to form a water molecule H2ORequires energy to build moleculesExample: Your liver links glucoses together to form a stable storage molecule called glycogen (aka animal starch)Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose

HydrolysisHydro = waterLysis = breakBreaks down polymersBreaks a bond between monomersUses water to add an H to one monomer and an OH to the otherReleases energyExample salivary amylase breaks starch into disaccharide sugar in your mouth while you chewHydrolysis of Sucrose

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/SucroseThink Pair ShareDraw a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis.CarbohydratesElements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratioGenerally in the shape of a hexagon or pentagonMonomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugars - glucose)Polymers: Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides (complex sugars - sucrose)Polysaccharide many monosaccharides (starch, cellulose)Names end in oseOse= sugarSacchar = sugar

MonosaccharidesUse: quick energy

Foods: fruits (Fructose), candy (glucose), milk (Galactose)

Produced: process of photosynthesis in the organelle chloroplastYour brain runs on glucose!Simple sugar foods

DisaccharidesUse: quick energyFoods: Table sugar (sucrose) Malt sugar (maltose - forms from breakdown of starches including grains) Milk sugar (lactose think lactose intolerant)Produced by plants storing products of photosynthesis process carried out in the organelle the chloroplast think maple syrup Complex sugar foods

PolysaccharidesUses: quick energy, (but more stable to store than glucose) and structure (cell walls of plants made of cellulose)

Foods: Potatoes , bread, pasta (starch), Bran Fiber (cellulose indigestible for humans)

Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and made by plants into cell walls from glucose made during photosynthesis by the chloroplast

Starchy foods

Construct a CarbohydrateWith a partner use marshmallows and toothpicks to construct the following molecules:MonosaccharideDisaccharidePolysaccharide (4 glucoses long)You must have me check each molecule before moving on.

Lipids (Oils, Fats, Waxes)Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio

Generally in the shape of a glycerol with one or 2 tails.

Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains

Polymers: Triglycerides made from1 glycerol plus 3 fatty acid chainsConstructing a Triglyceride

LipidsUses: Long term energy storage, cell membranes (cholesterol and phospholipids),

Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard, beeswax

Produced by process of dehydration synthesis in the organelle smooth ERYour body uses it for chemical messengers (steroids), insulation and padding your organsOils VS FatsOils are liquid and fats are solid at room temperature

Oils are stored in seeds of plants

Fats are stored under skin or around organs of animalsThink Pair ShareWhat types of foods would you eat to avoid a high fat diet?Fatty foods

Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats

Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbons so they do not have all the possible hydrogensConstructing a LipidWith a partner use orange slices, licorice and toothpicks to construct a triglyceride moleculeYou must show me your molecule before you move on.ProteinsElements: C, H, O, N, S, P

Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different)

Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded into proteinsAmino Acid Structure

20 different amino acids

ProteinsUses: Structure of body tissues - muscles, bones, blood, hair, skin - most of your body

Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans

Produced by process of protein synthesis in the organelle ribosome (made from recipe in DNA)Folding a Protein

A amino acid sequence -1st level

B/C amino acids are twisted or folded 2nd level

D the twisted chain is folded 3rd level

E multiple chains are arranged together 4th level (hemoglobin)Think Pair ShareWhat is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?High Protein Foods

Construct a ProteinWith a partner use Fruit Loops and string to construct a polypeptide chain 20 amino acids long.

Then fold up your chain to create a protein.Nucleic AcidsElements: C,H,O,N,PMonomers: NucleotidesNucleotides are made of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose DNA or ribose RNA) and a Nitrogen BaseNucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, (uracil)Polymers: DNA, RNANucleotide Structure

Nucleic AcidsUses: DNA carries genetic information and directions to make proteinsRNA makes proteins and is the structure of the ribosome

Produced by the process of DNA replication in the nucleus from existing DNAx

DNA to Protein