Chemistry in Every Day Life_Chemistry

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SUBJECT – CHEMISTRY

TOPIC – CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE

COURSE CODE – AISM-09/C/CDEF

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Contents :- Chemistry in every day life

Chemicals in medicine and healthcare…………………………………………………………3

Dyes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Classification of dyes…………………………………………………………………………………..13

Cosmetics……………………………………………………………………………………………………18

New high performance materials………………………………………………………………..21

Ceramics……………………………………………………………………………………………………..24

Chemicals in food…………………………………………………….…………….……………………24

Detergents…………………………………………………………………………………………………..27

Insect sex attractants…………………………………………………………………………………..32

Solved problems………………………………………………………………………………….……….35

Objective questions……………………………………………………………………………………..41

Assignment problems…………………………………………………………………………………..46

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CHEMICALS IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE

Chemotherapy

Chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin which are used for curing

diseases and reducing suffering from pain are called medicines or drugs. The

branch of science which deals with the treatment of diseases using suitable

chemicals is known as chemotherapy.

DRUGS AND MEDICINES

A medicine is a chemical substance which cure the disease is safe to use has

negligible toxicity and does not cause addiction. In contrast, a drug is a

chemical substance which also cures the diseases but habit forming causes

addiction and serious side effects.

Classification of medicines

Medicines are generally classified according to the purpose for which they

are used. The different terms thus used along with examples are given

below:

Analgesics: Medicines used for getting relief from pain are called

analgesics.

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These are of two types:

(i) Narcotics and

(ii) Non–narcotics

(i) Narcotics: Drugs which produce sleep and unconsciousness are called

narcotics. e.g. Morphine, codeine, marijuana etc.

(ii) Non-narcotics: Aspirin (2 acetoxybenzoic acid) is the most commonly

used analgesic with antipyretic (temperature lowering) properties.

Now a days because of its antiblood clotting action, aspirin is widely

used to prevent heart attacks. Other examples are Ibuprofen,

Naproxen etc.

OCOCH 3

COOH

2-Acetoxybenzoic acid (acetoxybenzoic acid) or acetylasalicylic acid (asprin)

CH3

CH

CH3

COOH

naproxen

CH2 CHCHCH3

CH3 CH3

COOH

Ibuprofen

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Tranquillizers or Hypnotics

The drugs which act on the central nervous systems (CNS) and help in

reducing stress and fatigue by inducing a sense of well being are called

tranquillizers.

The most commonly used tranquillizers are barbituric acid and its 5, 5 –

disubstituted derivatives such as veronal, luminal, seconal amytal and

membutal.

Cleordiazepoxide and meprobante are relatively mild tranquillizers and hence

are used for reliveing tension. Equanil is used for reducing depression and

hypertension.

Reserpine isolated from the Indian plant Rauwolfia serpentine is also a

powerful tranquillizer. It also slows down the pulse rate and lowers the blood

pressure.

Antiseptics and Disinfectants

(A) Antiseptics

Antiseptics are the chemicals substances which prevent the growth of

micro–organisms and may even kill them.

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(B) Disinfectants

Disinfectants are chemical substances which kill micro – organisms but

are not safe to be applied to the living tissues. They are generally used

to kill the micro – organisms present in drains, toilets, floors etc.

A few examples of disinfectants and antiseptics used in every day life are

given below:

(a) Chlorine: A low concentration of chlorine i.e. 0.2 to 0.4 parts per

million (ppm) is used for sterilization of water to make it fit for

drinking purposes.

(b) Dettol: Antiseptic is a mixture of chloroxylenol and Tripineol or in a

suitable solvent.

(c) Bithional: Bithional is added to good quality soaps to reduce the

odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the

skin.

(d) Iodine: Iodine is a powerful antiseptic, it is used as tincture of iodine

(which is 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol and water).

(e) Iodoform (CHI3): Which produces iodine on coming in contact with

skin is used as antiseptic powder for wounds.

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(f) Dyes: Some organic dyes are effective antiseptics and are used for

treatment of infectious disease. For example two well known antiseptic

dyes are gention violet and methlyene blue.

Boric acid

Boric acid in the form of dilute aqueous solution is a mild antiseptic and used

for eye wash. It also forms part of antiseptic baby powders.

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is also used as an antiseptic under the name perhydrol

for washing wounds, teeth and ears.

Salol (Phenyl salicylate)

Salol is used as an intestinal antiseptic for throat ailments.

Mercurochrome solution (2 – 5%)

Mercurochrome solution is used as an antiseptic for skin, mucous surfaces

and wounds.

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Cresols (Lysol)

A solution of cresols (i.e. m and p – methyl phenols) in soapy water in called

lysol and is used as disinfectant.

Antimicrobials

Drugs used to cure diseases caused by microbes or micro organism such as

bacteria, viruses, fungi etc are called antimicrobials. These include

antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents.

Control of microbial diseases

All the microbial diseases are controlled by the following three methods:

(a) By using the bactericidal drug, i.e. a drug which kill the organisms in

the body.

(b) By using the bacteriostatic drugs i.e. a drug which inhibits or arrests

the growth of the organism.

(c) By increasing the immunity and resistance of the body of infection.

Some important antimicrobial drugs are:

(i) Antibiotics

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(ii) sulpha drugs

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are now defined as chemical substances (produced wholly or

partially by chemical synthesis), which in low concentration, either kill or

inhibit the growth of micro organisms by intervening in their metabolic

processes.

For example:

(i) firetantibiotic, penicillin

(ii) Chrysogenum

Types of antibiotics

The antibiotics can be either bacterial or bacteriostatic.

Bactericidal Bacteriostatic

Penicillin Erythromycin

Aminoglycosiders Tetracydine

Ofloxacin Chlroamphenicol

Broad spectrum antibiotics

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The full range of micro organisms attacked by an antibiotic is called its

spectrum. Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against several different

types of harmful bacteria.

For example:

Tetracyline, Vancomycin and ofloxacin and a mixture of potent

antibiotics chloramphenicol.

Sulpha Drugs

A group of drugs which are derivatives of sulphanilamide are called sulpha

drugs.

H2N SO2NH2

(Sulphanilamide)

(p-amino benzene sulphonamide)

Sulphadiazine

SO2NH2 NH

N

N

Sulphadiazine

Sulphapyridine

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SO2NH2 NH

N

Sulphapyridine

Sulphaguanidine

Sulphaguanidine

SO2NH2 NH C

NH

NH2

These have great antibacterial powers and have been widely used against

diseases (such as diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis etc) caused by CoCCi

infections, streptococci, gonococci and pneumo-cocci.

Example:

(i) Sulphanilamide

(ii) Sulphadiazine

(iii) Sulphapyridine

(iv) Sulphaguanidine

Antihistamines

These drugs are also anti allergic drugs since they are used to treat allergy

i.e. skin rashes, inflammation of tissues, asthma (Breathing difficulties) and

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itching of hives. Science allergy is caused due to release of histamine in the

body, therefore these drugs are also called antihistamines.

Example:

Diphenythydramine, cetrizine, chlorpheniramine, promethanzine

etc.

Antacids

Substance which neutralize the acid and raise the pH to an appropriate level

in stomach are called antacids.

The most commonly used antacids are: magnesium hydroxide, magnesium

carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide gel, sodium

bicarbonate and aluminium phosphate.

DYES

A dye is a coloured substance, which can be applied in solution or dispersion

to a substance such as textile fibres (cotton, wool, silk, polyester, nylon)

paper, leather, hairs fur, plastic materials, wax, a cosmetic base, giving it a

coloured appearance.

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1. Conditions which a dye must satisfy

A substance can be used as dye for the textiles only if it satisfies the

following conditions:

(i) It must have a suitable colour.

(ii) It must be able to fix itself or capable of being fixed to the fabric

from the solution.

(iii) When fixed, it must be fast to light resistant to the action of

water, soap detergents etc. During washing or to the organic

solvents during dry cleaning etc.

2. Classification of dyes

Dyes are classified either according to their constitution or method of

application. The classification can be done as:

(a) Classification based on constitution

This classification is based on the distinguishing structural units

present in the dye.

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(b) Classification based on application

Depending upon the process of application the dyes are classified

as:

(i) Acid dyes

(ii) Basic dye

(iii) direct dyes

(iv) disperse dyes

(v) Fibre reactive dyes

(vi) Insoluble azo dyes

(vii) Vat dyes

(viii) Mordant dyes

(i) Acid dyes

The sodium salts of azo dyes containing sulphonic acid ( SO3H) and

carboxylic acid ( CO2H) groups are called acid dyes.

These do not have affinity for cotton and hence can not be used to dye

cotton. Typical examples of acid dyes are orange – I, Orange – II,

methyl organe, methyl red and congo red.

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(ii) Basic dyes

These dyes are the salt of the coloured bases containing amino groups

( NH2 or NR2) as auxochromes. These include azo and triphenyl

methane dyes. Some common examples of this class are aniline

yellow, butter yellow, chysodine G and malachite green.

(iii) Direct dyes

These are water soluble dyes. As the name suggests, these are those

dyes which can be directly applied to the fabric from an aqueous

solution. These are most suitable for fabric which can form hydrogen

bonds with the dyes.

Thus these are usually used for dying cotton, wool, silk, rayon and

nylon.

Example:

congored and martius yellow.

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(iv) Disperse dyes

These are water insoluble dyes and are applied to the fabric in form of

a dispersion of the finely divided dye in a soap solution in the presence

of some stabilizing agent such as phenol, cresol or benzoic acid.

Example:

(i) Celliton fast pink B and

(ii) Celliton fast blue B.

(v) Fibre reactive dyes

These are those dyes which contain a reactive group. Which combines

directly with the hydroxyl or the amino group of the fibre, because of

the formation of permanent chemical bonds between the fibre and the

dye, the colour of the dyed fabric is fast and has a long life. Dyes

which are derivatives of 2, 4 – dichloro-1, 3, 5 – triazine are important

examples of fibre reactive dyes.

(vi) Ingrain dyes or Insoluble azodyes

These are obtained by coupling of phenols, naphthols arylamines,

amio-phenols adsorbed on the surface of a fabric with a diazonium

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salt. As there is only surface absorption of the dye on the fabric, the

colour is not fast. Example: para red, nitroaniline red.

(vii) Vat dyes

Vat dyes are insoluble in water and hence can not be used directly for

dying. Therefore, they are first reduced to a soluble colourless in large

vats with a reducing from (leucoform) agent. Such as an alkaline

solution of sodium hydrosulphite. Under these alkaline conditions, the

leucoform develops affinity for cellulose fibres. Therefore, these dyes

are mainly used to dye cotton fibres.

Examples:

Indigosol O.

(viii) Moradant dyes

These dyes are primarily used for dying of wool in the presence of

metal ions. The metal ion binds to the febric and the febric and the

dye acting as ligand coordinates to the metal ions. The same dyes in

the presence of different metal ions impart different colours to the

fabrics. Alizarin imparts rose red, blue, brownish red, violet and red

colour to the fabric in the presence of Al3+, Ba2+, Cr3+, Mg2+ and Sr2+

ions respectively.

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COSMETICS

The word cosmetics is derived from Greek word kosmetikos. It means

decorating or beautifying or improving complexion of skin. Some of the

cosmetics which find use in daily life are discussed below

1. Creams

Creams are used for facial make – up. These are often classified as:

Clearing creams, cold creams, vanishing cream, sunburn creams and

bleach creams.

(a) Cleansing creams: Remove facial make up, surface grime,

lipstick and oil.

(b) Cold creams: Lubricate the skin and prevent roughness and

chaffing.

(c) Vanishing creams: Keep the skin cool and oily.

(d) Sun burn creams: Save the skin form sun burn in summer.

(e) Bleach creams: Exert a bleaching effect on dark skin.

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2. Perfumes

Perfumes are the materials used to provide fragrance. Several

requirements have to be fulfilled to make a good perfume and any

material, which just gives good smell, may not be a perfume.

A perfume invariably consists of three ingredients: a vehicle, fixative

and odour producing substance.

(a) Vehicle or solvent: The role of the solvent is to keep the odour

producing substances in solution. Ethanol and water mixture is

the most common vehicle used in perfumery.

(b) Fixative: The function of the fixative is to equalize the rate of

evapouration of various odouriferous components of the perfume

by suitably adjusting their volatility. Sandal wood oil finds use as

fixative. Other substances used as fixative are benzoin, glyceryl

diacetate and esters of cinnamyl alcohol.

Odoriferous substance

Both natural and synethetic substances are used to impart odour to a

perfume. For example: terpenoids like linalool which occur in essential oils

are natural odour producing compounds while anisaldelhyde (p – methoxy

benzal dehyde) is a synthetic odour producing compound.

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3. Talcum powder

Talcum powder is used to reduce irritation of the skin. Talcum powder

like face powders contain talk (Mg3(OH)2Si4O10). Chalk, zinc oxide, zinc

sterate and suitable perfume act as the other main constituents of

talcum powder. Often specific ingredients like antiseptic and cooling

agents are added. The role of the talk is to act as a powder base and

to make skin smooth. Chalk absorbs secretion (perspiration) without

showing any evidence of such absorption. Zinc oxide masks enlarged

pores and mirror blemishes, whereas zinc makes powder adhere to

skin. Baby talcum powder contain considerable amounts of zinc sterate

for adhesiveness and boric acid, for antiseptic purposes. Talcum

powders need to be dusted with care to prevent inhalation of the fine

particles which irritate the lungs.

4. Deodorants

As the name suggests, deodorants are applied primary to mask the

body odour. The body odour results from the bacterial action following

perspiration. A deodorant must therefore, possess antibacterial

properties. Aluminium salts have been found to possess excellent

antibacterial properties. In addition to aluminium salts, ZnO and

(C17H35COO)2Zn also find use in deodorants preparation because they

are astrinagents as well as antiseptics.

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NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIALS

Carbon fibres

Carbon fibres are a new breed of high performance materials. Which have

attracted world wide attention and hold great promise for the future? This is

because of the fact that these fibres are stronger than steel, stiffer than

titanium and lighter than aluminium. These qualities have placed carbon

fibres on top of the list of many moved materials available today. Carbon

fibres are produced in number of ways and form a variety of starting

materials or precurors such as viscose rayon, polyacrylonitrile, pitch, resins,

gases such as (methane, and benzene). Their characteristics are strongly

influenced by the manufacturing techniques employed.

Carbon fibres reinforced in a right weight matrix, generally on expoxy resin,

polyester resin or polyamide are called carbon fibre reinforced plastics

(CFRP). When the carbon fibre are reinforced in a carbon matrix, they are

known as carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC), commonly known as

carbon – carbon composites.

On the basis of their reinforced of carbon fibres carbon fibre reinforced

plastics (CFRP) and carbon fibre reinforced carbons (CFRC). Their

applications can be broadly classified in to three categories:

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1. High technology sector including aerospace, military and nuclear fields.

2. General engineering sector including sports transportation and

chemical fields.

3. Biomedical sector: In the aerospace sector, the composites are used

for air craft using, tail parts, helicopter rolor blades and using spoilers.

The floor decking of air ships is also made from carbon fibre-reinforced

composites. Interest in applications involving helicopters continues and

it is believed that the first all composite aircraft to fly will be

helicopter. Helicopter rolor blades made form CFRP not only give

better performance but are less expensive than the metal blades.

Carbon fibre in the form of carbon fibre reinforced carbon commonly

known as carbon composites brakes perform three to five times better

than their steel counter parts.

The high thermal conductivity of carbon fibres enhances the heat

dissipation in components such as well materials of nuclear fission

reactor, gears brakes pads, bearing, fan blades, automobile parts and

other friction related products. Further the low coefficient of thermal

expansion makes it possible to design structures with zero or very low

planar thermal expansion.

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Carbon fibres in the form of CFRP find mainly used in the area of

sports goods. Very superior specific strength and stiffness, coupled

with good fatigue, resistance, make them versatile materials for

fishing rods, sky poles, tennis and badminton rockets, racing cycle

frames and racing car bodies.

In the biomedical field, carbon fibres have exciting applications, such

as components of bone plates hip joint prostheses, ligaments and

hydraulic motors for artificial heart implants. Activated carbon fibres

are finding increasing applications in appliances for water treatment,

gas masks, air filters, catalyst carriers for platinum and so on.

Activated carbon fibres in textile form are used in extremely hostile

environments. The main advantages of using carbon fibres are that

they can be woven in any form and a surface area of as high as

3000m2/g can be obtainssed.

Carbon fibres in India are mainly used in defence sector as nose tips

and head shields of missiles (like ‘agni’) by DRDO, Hyderabad, and in

the aerospace sector by ISRO and other aerospace organization for

producing components parts, nozzles of rocket/missiles.

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CERAMICS

Ceramics are inorganic non-metallic, covalent network solids that can be

made into a paste and shaped at normal temperature which when fired at

high temperature gain strength e.g. clays, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride,

silicon carbide and crystalline and amorphous silicon dioxide. Ceramics are

lighter, stiffer and much more resistant to corrosion, most ceramics are

electrical insulators. Ceramics tend to have thermal expansion but low

thermal conductivity as a result sudden local temperature charge causes

cracking. Sialon, a ceramic alloy is almost as hand as diamond, as strong as

steels and as light as aluminum such alloys can be used at temperature of

up to 1300oC and require no lubrication

CHEMICALS IN FOOD

Artificial sweeteners

The artificial sweeteners are another type of food additives. The first popular

artificial sweetener was saccharin. It was marketed as its water soluble

sodium or calcium salt. Saccharin is approximately 300 times sweeter than

cane sugar. It has proved to be a lifesaver for countless diabetics and is so

great value to people who need to control intake of calories.

Besides saccharin, the other commonly marketed artificial sweeteners are

described here.

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Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperatures, limiting its use as sugar

substitute to cold foods and soft drinks. Alitame is more stable than

aspartame during cooking. Sucralose is predicted to become a great

commercial successes.

Preservatives

Platability and wholesomeness of many foods reach a peak at harvest time.

Often food is most appetizing when it comes form the production lime in the

food processin plant. However, during storage and distribution

Undesirable changes occur in flavour, colour, texture and appetite appeal.

The food producers use various preservative to delay these changes. The

preservative prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth. The most

common preservative used is sodium benzoate, C6H5COONa. It is

metabolized by conversion to hippuric acid, C6H5CONHCH2COOH which

ultimately is excreted in the urine. Salt of propionic acid and sorbic acid are

also used as preservatives. Potassium metal bisulphite is used for this

preservation of colourless food material such as fruit juice, squashes etc.

Edible colours

Edible colours used for good food are essentially dyes. The use of dyes is

extremely wide spread. They are used to colour everything from meat to

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fruit. For example dyes are used to dye orange peels so that oranges retain

their colours. Colours is one of the ingredients in fruits juices. Tetrazine a

very widely used dye. Natural dyes like carotene are safe food edible

colours.

Antioxidants are added to the food to retard the action of oxygen on the

food. e.g. butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT).

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a widely used antioxidants used to

preserve oil, fats, butter etc. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant.

Antioxidants are added to the food to retard the action of oxygen on the

food. In order to prevent rancidity antioxidants are added to oils and fats.

Butyrate hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a widely used antioxidants used to

preserve edible oils, fats, better etc. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidants

another antioxidants which is commonly used is butylated hydroxytotunce

(BHI)

Potassium metals sulphite or sodium metasisulphite is used for the

preservation of colourless food materials such as fruits juices, so washes,

apples, lichies.

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DETERGENTS

Detergents are substances which remove dirt and have cleansing action in

water

These are two types of detergents

1. Soapy detergents or soaps

2. Non-soapy detergents or soapless soaps

1. Soap

A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of some long chain carboxylic

acids (fatty acids). Sodium salts of fatty acids are known as hard

soaps and potassium salts of fatty acids are known as soft soaps. Hard

soaps are used for washing purpose and soft soaps are used as toilet

soaps, shaving creams and shampoos. Some examples of soap are

sodium stearate, 17 35C H COO Na , sodium palmitate, 15 31C H COO Na and

sodium oleate. 17 33C H COO Na .

Soap is prepared by heating oil or fat of vegetable or animal origin

with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

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H2C O C C15H35

O

HC O C C15H35

O

H2C O C C15H35

O

H2C OH

HC OH

H2C OH

3C15H31COONa

Soap

(Sodium palmilate)

Glycerol(Tripalmitin)

fat or oil

3NaOH

2. Non-soapy detergent or synthetic detergents

This is the sodium salt of a long chair benzene sulphuric acid or the

sodium salt of a long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate, synthetic

detergents are prepared by reacting hydrocarbons from petroleum

with concentration. Sulphuric acid and converting the product into its

sodium salts. e.g

Anionic detergents

SO3NaC12H25

Sodium p- dodecyl

benzene sulphonate

C12H25 O SO2 ONa

Sodium lauryl sulphate

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Cationic detergents

H3C(H2C)15 N

CH3

CH3

CH3 Cl

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride

Non – ionic detergent CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)n.CH2CH2OH

Advantages of synthetic detergents over soaps

(a) Synthetic detergents can be used even in hard water whereas some of

the soap gets wasted if water is hard.

(b) Synthetic detergents have a strong cleansing action than soaps

ROCKET PROPELLANTS

The fuels used for launching rockets are called rocket propellants. In

general, a rocket propellant consists of a fuel and an oxidiser. Depending

upon the physical state of the propellant, these are classified into the

following categories:

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1. Solid propellants

Solid propellants use a solid fuel and a solid oxidiser. These are further

divided into the following two classes.

(i) Composite propellants

These propellants use polymeric binder such as polyurethane or

piolybutadiene as a fuel and ammonium perchlorate as the

oxidiser. Some additives such as finely divided magnesium or

aluminium metal along with the fuel.

(ii) Double base propellants

These propellants use nitroglycerine (liquid) and nitro cellulose

(solid) constituting a gel.

2. Liquid propellants

Liquid propellants are usually classified as either storable or cryogenic.

The cryogenic systems generally show high performance.

However, on the basis of number of liquid used in the fuel. The liquid

propellants are usually classified into the following two types

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(i) Monopropellants

Liquid propellants in which a single chemical substance acts both

as a fuel as well as an oxidizer are called monopropellant. These

propellants on ignition or decomposition produce a very large

volume of gases. Some examples of monopropellants are:

Methyl nitrate (CH3ONH2), nitromethane (CH3NO2) and hydrogen

peroxide (H2O2).

(ii) Biliquid propellants

These consist of two liquids one of which acts as a fuel while the

other acts as the oxidiser. Most commonly used liquid fuels are

kerosene, alcohol, hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine (MMH),

unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) or liquid hydrogen

while the most commonly used oxidizers are liquid oxygen,

liquid nitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) or nitric acid.

3. Hybrid propellants

Hybrid propellants consist of a solid fuel and a liquid oxidizer e.g. a

mixture of acrylic rubber and liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide.

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Advantages

Bi-liquid propellants have two advantages over the solid propellants. They

are:

(i) Bi-liquid propellants give higher thrust than solid propellants.

(ii) Their thrust can be controlled by regulating the flow of

propellants.

(iii) Hybrid propellants: It consist of a solid fuel and a liquid oxidizer

e.g. a mixture of acrylic rubber and liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide.

INSECT SEX ATTRACTANTS (PHEROMONES)

Pheromones are compounds produced by organism for the propose of

communicating with the other members of the same species.

To attract members of the opposite sex

To spread an alarm

To marks the trail to food

To send the message to congregate

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e.g. (i) the pheromones muscular in the sex pheromones of common

housefly

(ii)

C C

H3C(H2C)7

H H

(CH2)12CH3

Musculur

(iii) Bomloykol is the sex hormone of natural silk worm

C C

H

H3C(H2C)2 C

H

H

C

(CH2)8CH2OH

H

Bomloykol

(iv) Heptan-2-one is a component of alane pheromones of bees.

O

Heptan- 2-one

(v) Cockroach undercave as an aggregation pheromones

3 2 39Undercave

CH CH CH

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Many sex attractants have been synthesized and are used to attract

the insects into traps. As a means of insect control.

Insect repellants

Dimethylphthalate is a good mosquito repellant, N, N-diethyl-meta-

toluamide (dect) is active against flies, mosquitoes and many other insects,

N,N-diethylbenzamide in the active component of many mosquito repellants

creams.

COOCH 3

COOCH 3

N

C2H5

C2H5

O

C N

O

CH3

C2H5

C2H5

Dimethylphthalate N,N- diethylbenzamide N,N- diethyl-meta-toluamide

(dect)

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

Subjective:

Problem 1:

What are chromophore & chromogen? What is necessary for column

chromophores or column bearing substance?

Solution:

The presence of chromophore is not sufficient for colour. To make a

substance coloured, the chromophore has to be conjugated with an

extensive system of alternate single and double bonds as exists in

aromatic compounds. A coloured compound having a chromphrore is

known as chromogen.

Problem 2:

What are auxochromes?

Solution:

Certain groups, while not producing colour themselves, when present

alongwith a chromophore in an organic substance intensify the colour.

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Such colour assisting groups are called auxochromes. The

auxochromes are acidic or basic functional groups. Example

Acidic OH (Hydroxy), SO3H (Sulphonic), COOH (Carboxylic)

Basic NH2 (Amino), NHR (alkyl acid), NR2 (dialkyl amine)

Problem 3:

Which groups are responsible for colour?

Solution:

The colour of the organic compound is due to the presence of certain

multiple bonded groups called chromophores.

N N

(azo)

N

O

(nitro)

O N N

O

C O

(azoxy)

(carbonyl)

C S

(Thiocarboxyl)

C C

O O

(di carbonyl)

C C C C

(Quinonoid)(Conjugated group)

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Problem 4:

What are hard soaps and soft soaps? Give examples of soaps

Solution:

Sodium salts of long chain fatty acids are known as hard soaps. They

are prepared form cheep oils and fats and sodium hydroxide. They

contain free alkali and are used for washing purpose. Potassium salts

of long chain fatty acids are known soft soaps. Soft soaps are prepared

from good oils and potassium hydroxide. They do not contain free

alkali, produce more lather and are used as toilet soaps, shaving

creams and shampoos.

Example: 17 35C H COO Na sodium stearate

15 31C H COO Na sodium palmitate

Problem 5:

What are the advantages of liquid propellants over solid propellants?

Solution:

The main advantage of liquid propellants are

(a) They give a better thrust than solid propellants

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(b) Their thrust can be controlled by regulating the flow of

propellants.

Problem 6:

Describe broad spectrum antibiotics.

Solution:

Antibiotics which are affective against several different types of

harmful micro-organism and thus, capable of curing several infections

are called broad spectrum antibiotics.

Example: Tetracyclines, chloromycetine

Problem 7:

Describe the distinguishing features of acid and basic dyes.

Sol.

Acid dye Basic dye

1. They contain sodium salt

of organic acid, such as

sulphonic acid, carboxylic

acid and phenols

1. They contain the salts of

organic basis i.e. NH2 group,

NR2 group.

2. They are used for dying

natural silk, wool and nylon

but can not dye cotton.

2. They are used to dye nylon

wool, leather, paper, polyester

as well as cotton.

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3. The acidic groups serve

as reactive points for fixing

the dye to the fibre.

3. In acidic solution the cations

of NH2 or NR2 groups are

the reactive site and are used to attach to the fabric.

Problem 8:

Give one important use of each of the following

(i) Bithional

(ii) Chloroamphenicol

(iii) Streptomycin

(iv) Paracetamol

Solution:

(i) Biothional (antiseptic) is used in the soap to reduce the odours

produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic matter on

skin.

(ii) Chloroamphenicol (antiseptic) is used to cure typhoid, dysentery

and urinary infections.

(iii) Streptomycin (antiseptic) is used for curing tuberculosis.

(iv) Paracetamol (antipyretic) is used to bring down the body

temperature.

Problem 9:

What is AZT?

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Solution:

AZT (3’ – azido – 3’ deoxythymidine)

It is used as antiviral agent agains HIV – I infection i.e. AIDS.

AZT does not kill AIDS virus but rather interacts with its ability to

reproduce. Thus AZT bites an AIDS infection but does not kill it.

Problem 10:

How the energy of a propellants is measured?

Solution:

Specific impulse (Is) is the measure of the energy of the propellant

which is related to the flame temperature (Tp) of propellant and the

average molecular mass (Ma) of the product gases, by the following

relation.

s p aI T /M

Hence, higher value of Tp and lower value of Ma makes the propellant

better.

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Objective:

Problem 1:

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is

(A) sweetening agent (B) synthetic fibre

(C) psychedelic drug (D) antibiotic

Solution:

(A)

Problem 2:

Which one of the following is a chromophoric group?

(A) N = N (B) OH

(C) SO3H (D) NH2

Solution:

(A)

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Problem 3:

With which of the following cations, alizarin will impart a rose red

colour on the fibric

(A) Fe3+ (B) Cr3+

(C) Ba+2 (D) Al+3

Solution:

(D)

Problem 4:

2-acetoxy benzoic acid is called

(A) antiseptic (B) aspirin

(C) antibiotic (D) mordant dye

Solution:

(B)

Problem 5:

Dettol consist of

(A) cresol + ethanol (B) xylenol + terpinol

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(C) chloroxylenol + terpeneol (D) none of these

Solution:

(C)

Problem 6:

Which of the following is used in anesthesia?

(A) N2 (B) N2O

(C) CH4 (D) CO2

Solution:

(B)

Problem 7:

Phenol is used as

(A) an antiseptic (B) an insecticide

(C) a disinfectant (D) styptic

Solution:

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(A) & (C)

Problem 8:

Diazo coupling is useful to prepare some

(A) vitamin (B) proteins

(C) dyes (D) pesticides

Solution:

(C)

Problem 9:

The number of chromophores in picric acid is

(A) 1 (B) 2

(C) 3 (D) 4

Solution:

(C)

Problem 10:

Which one is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

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(A) procaine (B) plasmoquin

(C) aspirin (D) chloramphenicol

Solution:

(D)

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ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

Subjective:

Level - O

1. What are the common ingredients of a perfume?

2. Why is colour imparted by azo dyes to fabrics not fast?

3. What is the role of bithional in toilet soaps?

4. Why does 70% sugar syrup act as preservative?

5. What is the function of pH adjusters in cosmetics?

6. Give two example of each:

(i) Broad spectrum antibiotic

(ii) Narrow spectrum antibiotic

(iii) Transquillizer

(iv) Antipyretic

(v) Antiseptic

(vi) Disinfectant

(vii) Analgesics

(viii) Sulpha drugs

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7. Why is borax added to cold creams?

8. What are active ingredients of a deodrant?

9. What is the difference between a preservative and an antioxidant?

10. Name a substance which can be used both as an antiseptic as well as a

disinfectant.

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Level – I

1. How are antiseptics distinguished from disinfectants? Give two

examples of each of the substances.

2. What are antacids? List some of the compounds, which are used as

antacids?

3. Describe the following with suitable examples:

(i) tranquilizers

(ii) antifertility

(iii) antihistanmines

4. Given an examples of

(i) tripnenyl methane dye

(ii) azo dye

(iii) anthraquinone dye

5. What do you mean by mordant dye? Write the name of two substances

which are used as mordant with mordant dye.

6. Give one example each of an azo dye which can be used as an acidic,

basic, direct and ingrain dye.

7. Describe the following with one example in each case.

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(i) Preservatives

(ii) Artificial sweeteners

(iii) Antioxidants

(iv) Edible colours

8. Describe the following with one example in each case.

(i) Double base propellant

(ii) Biliquid propellant

(iii) Monoliquid propelltant

(iv) Hybrid propellant

9. What is the role of an antihistamine?

10. How aniline yellow and methyl orange are prepared.

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Level – II

1. Bring out the essential point of difference between acidic dyes and

basic dyes.

2. What are the essential components of a talcum powder? What is the

role of boric acid in talcum powder?

3. What are deodrants and what is their specific role in cosmetics?

4. What are carbon fibres? How are they designed? Write two important

uses of carbon fibres.

5. What are super conducting ceramics? Write some uses of

superconductor ceramics.

6. Write a brief note on micro alloys.

7. What are biodegradable and nonbiodegradable detergents? What are

the consequences of using latter class of detergents?

8. What is propellant? How are various rocket propellants classified?

9. What propellants have been used PSLV-C4 rocket?

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10. Describe the following with examples.

(i) double base propellant

(ii) biliquid propellant

(iii) monliquid propellant

(iv) hybrid propellant

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Objective:

Level – I

1. Streptomycin is specific against

(A) Typhoid (B) Tuberculosis

(C) Malaria (D) Whooping cough

2. Which of the following is insecticide?

(A) DDT (B) TNT

(C) TNB (D) Aspirin

3. The correct structure of drug paracetamol is

(A)

CONH 2

OH

(B)

NHCOCH 3

OH

(C)

NHCOCH 3

Cl

(D)

CONH 2

Cl

4. The compound OCOCH 3

COOH

is used as

(A) Antiseptic (B) Antibiotic

(C) Analgesic (D) Pesticide

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5. Which of the following represents a biliquid propellant?

(A) Nitroglycerious + Nitrocellulose

(B) N2O4 + acrylic rubber

(C) N2O4 + unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine

(D) Poly butadiene + ammonium perchlorate

6. Which of the following is an example of basic dye?

(A) Alizarin (B) Malachite

(C) Indigo (D) Orange-1

7. Which of the following groups would you introduce into a dye to make

it water soluble?

(A) 2NO (B) Cl

(C) 3SO H (D) OH

8. A substance which can act both as an antiseptic and disinfectant is

(A) Aspirin (B) Phenol

(C) Analgin (D) Sodium pentothal

9. Which one of the following is a mordant?

(A) Tannic acid (B) Metallic hydroxide

(C) Salts of Al, Cr, Fe, Sn (D) All of these

10. Heroin is derivative of

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(A) Morphine (B) Nicotine

(C) Cocaine (D) Caffeine

11. Proserpine is

(A) Tranquillizer (B) Antibiotic

(C) Vitamin (D) Hormone

12. Ampicillin is

(A) An analgesic (B) An antibiotic

(C) An antimalarial (D) An antipyretic

13. A large number of antibiotics have been isolated from

(A) Bacteria actiuromycetes

(B) Bacteria staphylococcus

(C) Bacteria rhizobium

(D) Acids

14. Gammexane is

(A) Chlorobenzene (B) DDT

(C) Benzene hexo chloride (D) None of these

15. Which of the following is used as insect repellants?

(A) Bomloykol (B) Undecane

(C) Both (A) and (C) (D) Dimethylphthalate

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16. Sialon, a ceramic alloy, has one of the following properties

(A) It is almost as soft as graphite

(B) It is as light as hydrogen

(C) It can be used at temperature of 1300oC

(D) None of the above

17. In talcum powder, magnesium carbonate is used for

(A) Slipping (B) Opacity

(C) Absorbency (D) None

18. Which of the following statement is correct for a good varnishing

cream?

(A) It should be stable under varying climate condition

(B) It should not have any adverse effect on the stein of the user

(C) Both (A) and (B)

(D) None

19. Which of the following is used for the preservation of colourless food

materials such as fruit juices, squashes?

(A) Potassium metalbisulphite

(B) Sodium sulphate

(C) Sodium benzoate

(D) all of the above

20. Bebtylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is widely used as

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(A) Artificial sweetener (B) Antioxidants

(C) Edible colours (D) Preservatives

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Level-II

1. Which of the following is correct statement for a substance to act as

dye?

(A) Presence of chromophore is necessary

(B) Presence of auxochrome group as well as chromophore is

necessary

(C) Every coloured substance

(D) All the above

2. Which of these is a hypotonic?

(A) Metaldehyde (B) Acetaldehyde

(C) Paraldehyde (D) None of these

3. Tranquilizes are the substances used for the treatment of

(A) Cancer (B) Aids

(C) Mental diseases (D) Blood infection

4. Morphine is

(A) Antiseptic (B) Analgesic

(C) Antibiotic (D) Anesthetic

5. Sulpha drugs are use for

(A) Removing bacteria

(B) Precipitating bacteria

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(C) Stopping the growth of bacteria

(D) Decreasing the size of bacteria

6. To which class of dyes does phenolphthalein belong?

(A) Azo dyes

(B) Nitro dyes

(C) Triphenylmethane dyes

(D) Phthalein dyes

7. Which one is an example of vat dye?

(A) Congo red (B) alizarin

(C) Malachite (D) Indigo

8. Which of the following is used as monopropellant?

(A) CH3 N

O

O

(B) CH3 O N O

(C) Kerosene (D) Alcohol

9. Sulpha drugs are derivative of

(A) Para-aminobenzoic aicd

(B) Para-aminobenzene sulphuric acid

(C) Para- aminobenzene sulphonamide

(D) Para-aminobenzene slphonyl chloride

10. Which of the following statement is not true?

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(A) Some disinfectants can be used as antiseptics at low

concentration

(B) Sulphadiazine is a synthetic antibacterial

(C) Ampicillin is natural antibiotic

(D) Aspirin is both analgesic and antipyretic

11. Which one of the following can work as mordant?

(A) NaCl (B) K2SO4

(C) Alum (D) Plaster of pairs

12. Dyes can bind to fibers by

(A) Ionic bond

(B) Covalent bond and co-ordinate bond

(C) Hydrogen bond

(D) All of these

13. Which one of the following pairs are correctly matched?

(A) Dettol, chloroxylenol (B) Tranquilizer, aspirin

(C) Antibiotic, brufen (D) Anesthetic, penicillin

14. Which of the following is the sex hormone of natural silk worm?

(A) Muscular (B) Undecame

(C) Bomolykol (D)_Hepta-2-one

15. Which of the following statements is correct for pheromones?

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(A) They are to mark the trail to fund

(B) To spread an alone

(B) To attract members of the opposite sex

(D) All of the above

16. The following compounds is

SO3NaC12H25

(A) Anionic detergent (B) Cationic detergent

(C) Non-ionic detergent (D) None

17. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) Synthetic detergents are prepared from the hydrocarbons

obtained from petroleum

(B) Synthetic detergents are less soluble in water than soaps.

(C) Synthetic detergents have a weaker cleansing action than soaps

(D) All of the above are correct

18. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) Soaps are sodium salts of lower fatty acid

(B) Soaps are prepared form natural oils and fats

(C) Soaps are non-biodegradable

(D) Both (B) and (C)

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19. 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 216 16

A non ionic detergentsteanic acid

CH CH COOH HO (CH CH O) CH CH OH CH CH COO CH CH O CH CH OH The

above reaction is

(A) Polymerization (B) Condensation

(C) Saponifacation (D) None

20. Which one of the following is an example of composite rocket

propellant?

(A) Polyurethane, ammonium perchlorate and Al

(B) Polyurethane, ammonium chloride and Mg

(C) Polyurethane, ammonium hydroxide and Al

(D) All of these

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ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

Subjective:

Level - O

1. These are vehicle, fixative and odour producing substance.

2. In azo compounds photochemical reactions are possible hence the

colour of the dye fades when it is exposed to sunlight due to

photochemical decomposition.

3. Bithional is used as an antiseptic. It reduces the odour produced by

bacterial decomposition of organic matter on skin.

4. Because of having very little free water, 70% sugar syrup inhibit

bacterial growth, thus act as preservative.

5. pH adjusters adjust or stabilize the acidity or basicity of cosmetics.

Examples: citric acid, ammonium hydroxide.

6. (i) Chloramphenicol, tetracycline

(ii) Penicillin, streptomycin

(iii) Luminal, reserpine

(iv) Novalgin, phenacetin

(v) Chloroxylinol, bithional

(vi) 1% phenol

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(vii) Aspirin, morphine

(viii) Sulphadiazine, sulphaguanidine

7. To increases the stability of emulsions present in cold creams.

8. Aluminium salts of strong acids, such as AlCl3, Al2(SO4)3 etc along with

zirconium salts such as sodium zirconium lactate.

9. Preservatives protect the food against bacteria, yeasts and moulds but

anti oxidants prevent oxidation of fats in processed foods.

10. Phenol

0.2 % as antiseptic

1% as disinfectant

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Level – I

5. The dye which can not dye the fibre directly but required an additional

substance called mordant to bind the dye and fabric is called mordant

dye.

For acid mordant dyes, metal hydroxide (Fe(OH)3 or Cr(OH)3 etc] is

used as mordant and with basic mordant dye tannic acid is used as

mordant.

6. Acid dyes Orange – I or II

Basic dyes aniline yellow or butter yellow

Direct dyes Congo red

Ingrain dye para red

9. The role of antihistamine is to check the production of histamine and

combat the effect of allergy. Example benadryl and trimeton.

10. (i) N2Cl NH2 N N NH2

Aniline yellow

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(ii) N2ClO3SH N(CH 3)2H N N N(CH 3)2O3SH

NaOH

N N N(CH 3)2NaO 3S

Methyl orange

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Objective:

LEVEL - I

1. B 2. A 3. B

4. C 5. C 6. C

7. C 8. B 9. D

10. A 11. A 12. B

13. A 14. C 15. D

16. C 17. C 18. C

19. A 20. B

LEVEL - II

1. B 2. C 3. C

4. B 5. C 6. D

7. D 8. A 9. C

10. C 11. C 12. D

13. A 14. C 15. D

16. A 17. A 18. B

19. A 20. A

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