Chemistry Final ExamChemistry Final Exam

Test YourselfTest Yourself

DefinitionsDefinitions

When a stress is added to a chemical When a stress is added to a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the reaction shifts reaction at equilibrium, the reaction shifts so as to relieve the stress so as to relieve the stress

(Le Chatelier’s Principle)(Le Chatelier’s Principle)

This lowers the activation energy of a This lowers the activation energy of a reaction reaction

(Catalyst)(Catalyst)

The actual steps that occur in a chemical The actual steps that occur in a chemical reaction reaction

(Reaction Mechanism)(Reaction Mechanism)

A chemical reaction is this if it occurs A chemical reaction is this if it occurs naturallynaturally

(Spontaneous)(Spontaneous)

A reaction which takes in heat energy; A reaction which takes in heat energy; product has more potential energy (+∆product has more potential energy (+∆HH) )

(Endothermic)(Endothermic)

A reaction which gives off heat energy; A reaction which gives off heat energy; product has less potential energy (-∆product has less potential energy (-∆HH) )

(Exothermic)(Exothermic)

The kinetic energy necessary for a chemical The kinetic energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur reaction to occur

(Activation Energy)(Activation Energy)

When the maximum amount of solute has When the maximum amount of solute has dissolved in a solvent at a specific dissolved in a solvent at a specific temperature; increases with temperature temperature; increases with temperature

(Saturated Solution)(Saturated Solution)

A measure of the energy of disorder in a A measure of the energy of disorder in a substance substance

(Entropy)(Entropy)

A measure of the potential energy A measure of the potential energy associated with a substance associated with a substance

(Enthalpy)(Enthalpy)

A chemical reaction is at this when the A chemical reaction is at this when the concentrations of reactants and products concentrations of reactants and products remain constant. (Forward reaction rate remain constant. (Forward reaction rate = Reverse reaction rate.)= Reverse reaction rate.)

(Equilibrium)(Equilibrium)

Branch of chemistry that can be used to Branch of chemistry that can be used to determine how fast a reaction occursdetermine how fast a reaction occurs

(Kinetics)(Kinetics)

The branch of chemistry that can be used to The branch of chemistry that can be used to determine whether or not a reaction is determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous spontaneous

(Thermodynamics)(Thermodynamics)

The pressure that sits over any liquid The pressure that sits over any liquid

(Vapor pressure)(Vapor pressure)

The total pressure is equal to the sum of the The total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual pressures individual pressures

(Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures)(Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures)

Moles of solute per kilograms of solvent Moles of solute per kilograms of solvent

(Molality)(Molality)

A measure of the maximum amount of A measure of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at a given solute dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature temperature

(Solubility)(Solubility)

A homogenous mixture A homogenous mixture

(Solution)(Solution)

20% there!20% there!

A substance that is dissolved A substance that is dissolved (Solute)(Solute)

A substance that dissolves another A substance that dissolves another (Solvent)(Solvent)

Disorder is increasing in the universeDisorder is increasing in the universe(2(2ndnd Law of Thermodynamics) Law of Thermodynamics)

A substance that changes color in an acidic A substance that changes color in an acidic or basic environment or basic environment

(Indicator)(Indicator)

A molecule that accepts an H+ ion A molecule that accepts an H+ ion

(Base)(Base)

A molecule that donates an H+ ion A molecule that donates an H+ ion

(Acid)(Acid)

Used to indicate concentration (moles/liter) Used to indicate concentration (moles/liter)

(Molarity)(Molarity)

A molecule is this when the atoms in it share A molecule is this when the atoms in it share electrons. Composed of non-metals electrons. Composed of non-metals

(Covalent)(Covalent)

A compound is this when the atoms in it give A compound is this when the atoms in it give or take electrons. Composed of at least or take electrons. Composed of at least one non-metal and one metal one non-metal and one metal

(Ionic)(Ionic)

Short AnswerShort Answer

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of a reaction?a reaction?

(Concentration, surface area, temperature, (Concentration, surface area, temperature, and adding a catalyst)and adding a catalyst)

As the number of ions increases in a As the number of ions increases in a solution, the ____________ goes downsolution, the ____________ goes down

(Freezing point)(Freezing point)

As the number of ions increases in a As the number of ions increases in a solution, the ____________ goes upsolution, the ____________ goes up

(Boiling point)(Boiling point)

If the equilibrium constant (K) is much less If the equilibrium constant (K) is much less than one, are there more products or than one, are there more products or reactants at equilibrium?reactants at equilibrium?

(reactants)(reactants)

If the KIf the Kaa for an acid is for an acid is muchmuch greater than greater than

one, is it a strong or weak acid?one, is it a strong or weak acid?

(strong)(strong)

Which gas law includes pressure, volume, Which gas law includes pressure, volume, temperature, and the # of moles?temperature, and the # of moles?

(Ideal Gas Law – PV = nRT)(Ideal Gas Law – PV = nRT)

Whose law states that as the temperature of Whose law states that as the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also a gas increases, the volume also increases?increases?

(Charles’)(Charles’)

Whose law states that as the pressure of a Whose law states that as the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases?gas increases, the volume decreases?

(Boyles)(Boyles)

What are 4 units of pressure?What are 4 units of pressure?

(atm, torr, mm Hg, kPa)(atm, torr, mm Hg, kPa)

State the geometrical shape and whether State the geometrical shape and whether the following is purely covalent or polar the following is purely covalent or polar covalent: CClcovalent: CCl44

(Tetrahedral, purely covalent)(Tetrahedral, purely covalent)

If the central atom in a molecule pulls If the central atom in a molecule pulls ununevenly on the surrounding electrons, evenly on the surrounding electrons, what type of molecule is it?what type of molecule is it?

(polar covalent)(polar covalent)

What must be negative for a reaction to be What must be negative for a reaction to be spontaneous?spontaneous?

(∆G)(∆G)

What theory states that electron pairs in a What theory states that electron pairs in a molecule are as far apart from one molecule are as far apart from one another as possible? another as possible?

(VSEPR – Valence Shell Electron Pair (VSEPR – Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)Repulsion)

The change in enthalpy (The change in enthalpy (H) is negative for H) is negative for what type of reaction?what type of reaction?

(Exothermic)(Exothermic)

Which of the following substances contains Which of the following substances contains the greatest amount of disorder (S)?the greatest amount of disorder (S)?

A. 1.0 mole of COA. 1.0 mole of CO22 (s) (s)

B. 1.0 mole of COB. 1.0 mole of CO22 (l) (l)

C. 1.0 mole of COC. 1.0 mole of CO22(g)(g)

D. 0.5 mole of COD. 0.5 mole of CO22(s)(s)

(C)(C)

Which of the following pH values is Which of the following pH values is indicative of a strong acid?indicative of a strong acid?

A. pH -- 1.0A. pH -- 1.0B. pH -- 13.0B. pH -- 13.0C. pH -- 7.0C. pH -- 7.0D. pH -- 6.9D. pH -- 6.9

(A)(A)

An ____________ reaction that ________ An ____________ reaction that ________ entropy will always be spontaneous.entropy will always be spontaneous.

(exothermic; increases)(exothermic; increases)

Which is the acid and which is the base in Which is the acid and which is the base in the following: Hthe following: H22COCO3 3 + H+ H22O O → → HCOHCO33

-- + +

HH33OO++??

(acid – H(acid – H22COCO33; base – H; base – H22O)O)

2NO + I2NO + I22 → 2NOI This reaction is 2 → 2NOI This reaction is 2ndnd order with order with regard to NO and 1regard to NO and 1stst order with regard to I order with regard to I22. . What is the rate equation?What is the rate equation?

(R= k[NO](R= k[NO]22[I[I22] )] )

For the following reaction, NFor the following reaction, N22 (g) + O (g) + O22 (g) ↔ 2NO (g) ↔ 2NO (g), the equilibrium constant at a particular (g), the equilibrium constant at a particular temperature is 0.050. The concentrations of temperature is 0.050. The concentrations of each substance are the following: [N2] = 0.5 M, each substance are the following: [N2] = 0.5 M, [O2] = 1.7 M, [NO] = 0.010 M. Which way will [O2] = 1.7 M, [NO] = 0.010 M. Which way will the reaction shift so as to achieve equilibrium?the reaction shift so as to achieve equilibrium?

(Q = 1.2 x 10-4 Reaction will shift to the right)(Q = 1.2 x 10-4 Reaction will shift to the right)

Which arrow represents the activation energy of the catalyzed Which arrow represents the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction? reaction?

(6)(6)Which arrow represents the heat of reaction (∆Which arrow represents the heat of reaction (∆HH)? )? (2)(2)Which arrow represents the activation energy for the uncatalyzed Which arrow represents the activation energy for the uncatalyzed

reaction? reaction? (1)(1)Is the forward reaction exo- or endothermic? Is ∆Is the forward reaction exo- or endothermic? Is ∆HH neg. or positive? neg. or positive?(exothermic; (exothermic; ∆∆HH neg neg))

More than half-way!More than half-way!

2 SO2 SO22 (g) + O (g) + O22 (g) ↔ 2 SO (g) ↔ 2 SO33 (g) + energy (g) + energy

Which way would increasing the temp shift this Which way would increasing the temp shift this reaction at equilibrium?reaction at equilibrium?

(to the left)(to the left)

Which way would decreasing the [SOWhich way would decreasing the [SO33] shift this ] shift this

reaction at equilibrium?reaction at equilibrium?

(to the right)(to the right)

Increasing the pressure?Increasing the pressure?

(to the right)(to the right)

A ______ ______ is used in galvanic cells to A ______ ______ is used in galvanic cells to maintain charge balances between the 2 maintain charge balances between the 2 half-cells.half-cells.

(salt bridge)(salt bridge)

What is the electrolyte in lead-acid (car) What is the electrolyte in lead-acid (car) batteries?batteries?

(sulfuric acid)(sulfuric acid)

What is the oxidation number of Chromium in What is the oxidation number of Chromium in CrOCrO44

2-2-??

(+6)(+6)

Zn + 2MnOZn + 2MnO22 + 2NH + 2NH44++ + 2Cl + 2Cl-- → →

ZnZn2+2+ Mn Mn22OO33 + 2NH + 2NH33 +2Cl +2Cl-- + H + H22O O

What is the reducing agent? Oxidizing agent?What is the reducing agent? Oxidizing agent?

(Zn – reducing agent; (Zn – reducing agent; MnOMnO22 – oxidizing agent) – oxidizing agent)

What is the oxidation number of carbon in What is the oxidation number of carbon in HH22CC22OO44??

(+3)(+3)

What is the formula for carbon disulfide?What is the formula for carbon disulfide?

(CS(CS22))

Fe(s) + Ni2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Ni(s) What reaction is taking place at the anode?

(Fe(s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- )

What reaction is taking place at the cathode?(Ni2+(aq) + 2e- → Ni(s)

Where is the nitrate ion going?(to the anode)

Where is the K+ ion going?(to the cathode)

What is the formula for calcium carbonate?What is the formula for calcium carbonate?

(CaCO(CaCO33))

What is the formula for iron III oxide?What is the formula for iron III oxide?

(Fe(Fe22OO3 3 ))

What is the formula for dinitrogen What is the formula for dinitrogen monoxide?monoxide?

(N(N22O)O)

Which of the following conducts electricity? COWhich of the following conducts electricity? CO22, , Ne, Ag, CClNe, Ag, CCl44

(Ag)(Ag)

What is the molecular geometry of COWhat is the molecular geometry of CO22??

(linear)(linear)

What type of bond exists in HWhat type of bond exists in H22??

(purely covalent)(purely covalent)

Acids taste ___, donate__ ions.Acids taste ___, donate__ ions.

soursour H H++

Bases taste__, accept __ions, donate __ions, denature___.Bases taste__, accept __ions, donate __ions, denature___.

bitter Hbitter H++ OH OH--

proteinprotein

In a neutral solution, [HIn a neutral solution, [H++] is ___[OH] is ___[OH--]. In an acidic ]. In an acidic solution, [Hsolution, [H++] ____ [OH] ____ [OH--]. In a basic solution, [H]. In a basic solution, [H++] ] is ____ [OHis ____ [OH--]. ].

(equal to; greater than; less than)(equal to; greater than; less than)

What is the concentration of 20.0 g of NHWhat is the concentration of 20.0 g of NH33

dissolved in 130 mL of water?dissolved in 130 mL of water?

(6.5 M)(6.5 M)

A(n) ____ in temperature will help a solute A(n) ____ in temperature will help a solute that dissolves endothermically dissolve.that dissolves endothermically dissolve.

(increase)(increase)

A solution is a _______ mixture.A solution is a _______ mixture.

(homogeneous)(homogeneous)

If a saturated solution at 80If a saturated solution at 80ooC is cooled to C is cooled to 2525ooC, what will happen?C, what will happen?

(a precipitate will form)(a precipitate will form)

When you drink from a straw, you _____ the When you drink from a straw, you _____ the pressure inside the straw allowing the pressure inside the straw allowing the ______ ______ to push the liquid up.______ ______ to push the liquid up.

(decrease; atmospheric pressure)(decrease; atmospheric pressure)

When you heat up a gas in a closed When you heat up a gas in a closed container, what happens?container, what happens?

(temperature increased; pressure increased)(temperature increased; pressure increased)

1 atm = _____ mm Hg1 atm = _____ mm Hg

(760)(760)

Walking up a hill is an example of a Walking up a hill is an example of a ________ process; rolling a rock down a ________ process; rolling a rock down a hill is an example of a _______ process.hill is an example of a _______ process.

(nonspontaneous; spontaneous)(nonspontaneous; spontaneous)

List in order of least entropy to most entropy: List in order of least entropy to most entropy: 1 mol H1 mol H22O(l), 1 mol HO(l), 1 mol H22O(g), 1 mol HO(g), 1 mol H22O(s)O(s)

(solid – liquid – gas)(solid – liquid – gas)

An endothermic reaction feels ___ to the An endothermic reaction feels ___ to the touch. An exothermic reaction feels ___ to touch. An exothermic reaction feels ___ to the touch.the touch.

(cold; hot)(cold; hot)

What is the catalyst in the following:? What is the catalyst in the following:? 2NO(g) + O2NO(g) + O22(g)(g)→→ 2NO 2NO22(g) (g) 2NO2NO22(g) + SO(g) + SO2 2 →→ 2SO 2SO33(g) + 2NO(g)(g) + 2NO(g)

(NO(g))(NO(g))

Predict what will happen to the rate of a Predict what will happen to the rate of a reaction if “x” has the following values: 0, reaction if “x” has the following values: 0, 1, 21, 2

(no change; double; quadruple)(no change; double; quadruple)

A homogeneous catalyst is in the same A homogeneous catalyst is in the same _____ as one of the reactants; _____ as one of the reactants; heterogeneous, different ______ than any heterogeneous, different ______ than any of the reactants.of the reactants.

(phase; phase)(phase; phase)

Most household spills are ____; most Most household spills are ____; most cleaners are _____.cleaners are _____.

(acidic; basic)(acidic; basic)

You have a stock solution of 18 You have a stock solution of 18 MM H H22SOSO44 and would like to make 500.0 mL of 3.0and would like to make 500.0 mL of 3.0MM acid. How would you do it? acid. How would you do it?

(take 417 (420 SF) mL of water and add 83 (take 417 (420 SF) mL of water and add 83 mL of 18 M HmL of 18 M H22SOSO44))

What are the six strong acids? Everything What are the six strong acids? Everything else is _________!else is _________!

(HBr, HI, HCl, H(HBr, HI, HCl, H22SOSO44, HClO, HClO44, HNO, HNO33; weak) ; weak)

In a gas mixture of HIn a gas mixture of H22, He and Ar, the total , He and Ar, the total

pressure is 90.3 kPa. The partial pressure of Ar pressure is 90.3 kPa. The partial pressure of Ar is 40.7 kPa, and the partial pressure of He is 5.1 is 40.7 kPa, and the partial pressure of He is 5.1 kPa. What is the partial pressure of HkPa. What is the partial pressure of H22??

(44.5 kPa)(44.5 kPa)

The_______ ____ is when the vapor pressure of a The_______ ____ is when the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure.liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure.

(boiling point)(boiling point)

A gas has a volume of 20.0 L at 100.A gas has a volume of 20.0 L at 100.ooC and C and 500. mm Hg. What is its new volume at 500. mm Hg. What is its new volume at 60.60.ooC and 700. mm Hg?C and 700. mm Hg?

(13 L)(13 L)

Gasoline and water do not mix because Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is _____ and water is ______.gasoline is _____ and water is ______.

(purely covalent; polar)(purely covalent; polar)

2 SO2 SO22 (g) + O (g) + O22 (g) ↔ 2 SO (g) ↔ 2 SO33 (g) (g) What is the equilibrium constant for the above What is the equilibrium constant for the above

reaction?reaction?(K = (K = [SO[SO33]]2 2 (click one more time) (click one more time)

[SO[SO22]]22[O[O22]]

What is What is alwaysalways true when a reaction is at true when a reaction is at equilibrium?equilibrium?

[rate of forward rxn = rate of reverse rxn – NOT [rate of forward rxn = rate of reverse rxn – NOT that the concentrations of the products and that the concentrations of the products and reactant are ALWAYS equal (only when K = 1)]reactant are ALWAYS equal (only when K = 1)]

Under which of the following conditions Under which of the following conditions would you expect gases to behave would you expect gases to behave ideally?ideally?

A. T = 100 K, P = 1.0 atmA. T = 100 K, P = 1.0 atm

B. T = 300 K, P = 1.9 atmB. T = 300 K, P = 1.9 atm

C. T = 150 K, P = 1.0 atmC. T = 150 K, P = 1.0 atm

D. T = 273 K, P = 0.5 atmD. T = 273 K, P = 0.5 atm

(D)(D)

Almost there!!!Almost there!!!

When iron oxidizes, what is it called?When iron oxidizes, what is it called?

(Oxidation, rusting, corrosion)(Oxidation, rusting, corrosion)

If a reaction gets hot, it is an ________ rxn If a reaction gets hot, it is an ________ rxn and _________ heat to/from the and _________ heat to/from the surroundings.surroundings.

(exothermic; releases… to)(exothermic; releases… to)

A strong acid or base dissociates ___________ A strong acid or base dissociates ___________ into its constituent ions in an aqueous solution.into its constituent ions in an aqueous solution.

(Completely!)(Completely!)

CONGRATULATIONS!!! YOU’RE DONE!!!!!!CONGRATULATIONS!!! YOU’RE DONE!!!!!!