Upload
norhafiza-hasimuddin
View
122
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
carbon compound
Citation preview
Carbon compounds are compounds which contain the element carbon. Carbon compounds can be classified into two groups: a)Organic compound b)Inorganic compound Hydrocarbon contains only two element, hydrogen and carbon. Non-hydrocarbon is organic compound that contain hydrogen, carbon with oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogen.
Hydrocarbon can classified into: a)Saturated hydrocarbon b)Unsaturated hydrocarbon Saturated hydrocarbon a is hydrocarbon contain carbon-carbon single bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon contain carbon-carbon double or triple bond. Natural sources of hydrocarbon are petroleum, coal and natural gas. Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Homologous General formula seriesAlkane CnH2n+2
Functional groupCarbon-carbon single bond, C-C
Alkene
CnH2n
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester
CnH2n+1OH CnH2n+1COOH
Carbon-carbon double bond, C=C Hydroxyl, -OHCarboxyl, -COOH
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 Carboxylate group, -COO-
Number Structural formula Molecular of formula carbon1 CH4
Name of alkaneMethane
Condition at room temperatureGas
2
C2H6
Ethane
Gas
3
C3H8
Propane
Gas
4
C4H10
Butane
Gas
5
C5H12
Pentane
Liquid
6
C6H14
Hexane
Liquid
7
C7H18
Heptane
Liquid
8
C8H18
Octane
Liquid
9
C9H20
Nonane
Liquid
10
C10H22
Decane
Liquid
i)General formula: CnH2n+2 ii)Physical properties: a)Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent b)Cannot conduct electricity c)Low melting and boiling point but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases d)Low density but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases e)neutral f)burn with sooty flame iii)Alkane is saturated hydrocarbon.
iv)Alkane burn with excess oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. v)Alkane undergo substitution reaction atom of H replaced with halogen atom with presence of sunlight or UV rays.
Number of carbon2
Structural formula
Molecular formulaC2H4
Name of alkeneEthene
Condition at room temperatureGas
3
C3H6
Propene
Gas
4
C4H8
But-1-ene
Gas
5
C5H10
Pent-1-ene
Liquid
6
C6H12
Hex-1-ene
Liquid
7
C7H14
Hept-1-ene
Liquid
8
C8H16
Oct-1-ene
Liquid
9
C9H18
Non-1-ene
Liquid
10
C10H20
Dec-1-ene
Liquid
i)General formula: CnH2n ii)Physical properties: a)Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent b)Cannot conduct electricity c)Low melting and boiling point but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases d)Low density but increases as the number carbon atom per molecule increases e)burn with more sooty flame than alkane of same number of carbon atom because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkene is higher. f)more reactive than alkane due to the presence of carbon-carbon double bond
iii)Alkene is unsaturated hydrocarbon. iv)Alkene burn with excess oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. v)Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using bromine water or acidified patassium manganate(VII) solution. Alkene decolourises both reagent while alkane does not. vi)Small alkene undergo addition reaction to join together to form a large molecule. This reaction is called polymerization.
O2 CO2 and H2O Polymerization Polyethene
H2 Ethane
Hydroxyl group Ethane-1,2diol
Ethene
Halogen 1,2dibromoeth ane
H2O Ethanol
Hydrogen halide Chloroethane
Comparing alkane and alkeneAlkane Aspect Alkene
Isomerism is a phenomenon whereby two or more molecules are found to have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
Isomer is the molecules that have the same number and types of atoms but differ in the arrangement of the atoms.Isomerism in alkane start with butane. Alkyl group is an alkane by dropping -ane from the name and replacing it with -yl Methane, ethane, propane, ethene and propene do not exhibit isomerism.
Molecular formula
Structural formula
Number of isomer
C4H10
2
Butane
2-methylpropane
C5H12
3
Pentane
2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylbutane
C4H8
3
But-1-ene
2-methylpropeneBut-2-ene
C5H10
5
Pent-1-ene
Pent-2-ene
2-methylbut-1-ene
3-methylbut-1-ene
2-methylbut-2-ene
n 1
Name Methanol
Molecular formula CH3OH
Structural formula
2
Ethanol
C2H5OH
3 Propan-1-ol
C3H7OH
4
Butan-1-ol
C4H9OH
General formula: CnH2n+1OH Physical properties: a)Colourless b)Soluble in water but solubility decreases as the number of carbon atom increases c)Melting and boiling point is higher than alkane and alkene due to the presence of -OH d)Non-hydrocarbon compound Alcohol is used as fuels, solvents, in medicine, in making cosmetics and as a main component in alcoholic drinks
Manufacture ethanol in industry: a)Fermentation of sugar or starch in the presence of yeast C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 b)Hydration of ethene in the presence of catalyst (phosphoric acid) at 300 C at 60atm. C2 H 4 + H 2 O C2H5OH Chemical properties of ethanol: a)Combustion C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O b)Oxidation C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O c)Dehydration C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
Functional group: Uses: a)Vinegar b)Coagulate latex c)Make soap d)Make paints Physical properties: a)Soluble in water b)High density
Carboxyl,-COOH General formula: CnH2n+1COOH
Carboxylic acidName end with -oic acid Normally prepared by oxidation of an alcohol
c)High boiling and melting pointd)Colourless e)Pungent smell
n0 1 2 3
NameMethanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
Molecular Boiling Solubility formula point ( C) in waterHCOOH CH3COOH C2H5COOH C3H7COOH 101 118 141 164 Very soluble Very soluble Very soluble Very soluble
REACTION :1) Reaction with bases/alkalis salt and water HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H2O 2C2H5COOH + ZnO (C2H5COO)2Zn + H2O2) Reaction with metal carbonates salt + water + carbon dioxide 2HCOOH + CaCo3 (HCOO)2Ca + H2O + CO2 3) Reaction with metals salt + hydrogen 2HCOOH + Mg (HCOO)2Mg + H2 4) Reaction with alcohol(esterification) esters HCOOH + C2H5OH HCOOC2H5 + H20
Product of an esterification reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol Uses: a)Cosmetics and perfumes b)Food additives
Contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
General formula:
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
Ester
Functional group: Carboxylate,
c)Solventd)Soaps and detergents Physical properties:
-COO-
a)Insoluble in waterb)Less dense than water c)Sweet pleasant smell e)Colourless and neutral f)Cannot conduct electricity
Name consist two words: First: alcohol (alkyl group) Second: carboxylic acid(change -oic to -oate
FormulaHCOOC2H5
NameEthyl methanoate
Carboxylic acidMethanoic acid
AlcoholEthanol
CH3COOCH3CH3COOC3H7 C2H5COOCH3 C3H7COOC3H7
Methyl ethanoate Propyl ethanoate Methyl propanoate Propyl butanoate
Ethanoic acidEthanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid
MethanolPropanol Methanol Propanol
Fats are product of reaction between glycerol and fatty acid. Fatty acid is long straight-chain containing between 12 to18 carbon atoms per molecule. Fats are important source of energy for our body. Saturated fat may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessel and making them harden. This can lead to stroke and heart attack.
Unsaturated fat can converted to saturated fat by hydrogenationMargarine is made by hydrogenating some of carbon-carbon double bond in vegetable oil.
ComparisonSource Melting point ( C) Physical state at room temperature Cholesterol content Examples
OilsPlant 20 / higher Solid High Butter, lard
Oil palm fruit bunches Sterilising the fruits Stripping the fruits from bunches
DigestionPressing out the oil Extracting oil from palm nuts Clarification Purification Vacuum Palm kernel oil Palm oil
Physical properties:Natural rubber is elastic . Natural rubber cannot withstand heat . Natural rubber is easily oxidised by air . Natural rubber is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent
AspectStructure Oxidation
Unvulcanised rubberMore carbon-carbon double bond, C=C Easy oxidised
Vulcanised rubberLess carbon-carbon double bond, C=C More resistant to oxidation
Resistance of heatStrength
Elasticity
Cannot withstand heat Soft and easy change shape Less
More heat-resistantStronger and harder
More
THE ENDHadib Jazmine Phang Jia Yin