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Chemistry: An Introduction
Chapter 1
Why is Chemistry Important?
In Our Daily Lives
» New Materials
» New Pharmaceuticals
» New Energy Sources
» Food Supplies
» Can you think of others?
Why is Chemistry Important?
In Your Education» Help you learn to Gather and Organize Information
– Qualitative and Quantitative» Help you learn to find Patterns in Information» Help you learn to Analyze Complex Systems » Help you develop skills to Predict Future Events
based on Patterns of Behavior» Help you develop Problem-Solving Skills
– Systematic Approach
Chemistry
Chemistry is the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo.
Chemical Changes
What are examples of chemical changes?
steel rusting
wood burning
food cooking
grape juice fermenting
plant growing
How do we know that these are chemical changes?
The Work of Chemists
What type of jobs would chemists have?
FBI
FDA
EPA
Water Company
Chemical Company
Crime Lab
Cosmetic Company
Hospital
Education
Electric Power Co.
Research Lab
Pharmaceutical Co.
Science
Science is both a noun and a verb.
Science is a body of knowledge and a method of adding to that body of
knowledge.
Steps in the Scientific Method
1.1. ObservationsObservations
--quantitative - measurement involves a quantitative - measurement involves a number and a unit.number and a unit.
--qualitativequalitative
2.2. Formulating hypothesesFormulating hypotheses
-- possible explanation for the possible explanation for the observationobservation
3.3. Performing experimentsPerforming experiments
-- gathering new information to decidegathering new information to decide
whether the hypothesis is validwhether the hypothesis is valid
Qualitative & Quantitative Observations
red book
round tire
wooden desk
metal chair
aluminum foil
glass square
rough board
four quarters
six wheels
24 students
five atoms
65 oC
2” X 4” X 8’
two graduated cylinders
Make a list in your notes of qualitative & quantitative observations.
Qualitative Quantitative
Outcomes Over the Long-Term
Theory (Model)Theory (Model)
--A set of tested hypotheses that give anA set of tested hypotheses that give an overall explanation of some natural overall explanation of some natural
phenomenon.phenomenon.
Natural LawNatural Law
-- The same observation applies to many The same observation applies to many different systemsdifferent systems
-- Example - Law of Conservation of MassExample - Law of Conservation of Mass
Law vs. Theory
A A lawlaw summarizes what happens; summarizes what happens;a a theorytheory (model) is an attempt to (model) is an attempt to explain explain whywhy it happens. it happens.
01_03
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theory(model)
Experiment
Theorymodifiedas needed
Prediction
Law
The various parts of the scientific method.
Problems of the Scientific Method
Scientists must be objective when using the scientific method. The scientific method is affected by:
profit motives religious beliefs
wars misinterpretation of data
budgets emotions
fads prejudices
politics peer pressure
Scientific Terminology
What is the difference between a hypothesis & a theory?
What is the difference between an observation & a theory?
What is the difference between a natural law and a theory?
Why Take Chemistry?
Chemistry is the central science!Biology, physics, medicine, and engineering
depend upon chemical knowledge.
The critical thinking, study, & organizational skills learned in chemistry are invaluable in other fields of endeavor.
Chemical knowledge is invaluable in making sound choices in everyday life in using medications, pesticides, cleaning agents, etc.
Learning Chemistry
These skills are absolutely necessary for learning chemistry!
1. Math skills
2. Study skills
3. Note-taking skills
4. Listening skills
5. Organizational skills
6. Vocabulary skills
7. Critical thinking skills
The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry
Learn the Vocabulary of Chemistry
» Definitions of Terms
» How Common Vocabulary is Applied to Chemistry
Memorize Important Information
» Names, Formulas, and Charges of Polyatomic Ions
» Solubility Rules
The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry
Learn and Practice Processes
» Systematic Names and Formulas
» Dimensional Analysis
Do the Questions and Exercises at the End of the Chapter to Test your Understanding and help you See the Patterns
Three Steps to Success in Chemistry
1. Do not miss class!
2. Ask questions!
3. Complete all homework!
The Learning Process
It is no disaster to make a mistake as long as you learn from it!!
Each test, quiz, or lab is a learning exercise. You will be successful in chemistry if you learn from your mistakes!!!