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LECTURE 2: ALKENES
A HYDROGENATION
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM
B HALOGENATION
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM
1
C ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDE
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM
D HYDRATION
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM
2
E ADDITION OF BROMINE WATER
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
F ADDITION OF CONC. SULPHURIC ACID
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
G OXIDATION BY COLD, DILUTE ALKALINE KMnO4/ K2Cr2O7
(MILD OXIDATION)
EQUATION
OBSERVATION:
H OXIDATION BY HOT, CONC. ACIDIFIED KMnO4/ K2Cr2O7
PRODUCT:
3
LECTURE 3: BENZENE
A ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITION REACTIONS
1 FRIEDEL- CRAFT ALKYLATION OF BENZENE
In the presence of solid catalyst
MECHANISM
2 NITRATION
NITRATION OF BENZENE
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
formation of nitonium
MECHANISM
DISUBSTITUTION TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT: REAGENT:
COND COND
4
NITRATION OF METHYLBENZENE
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
MECHANISM
DISUBSTITUTION TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT: REAGENT:
COND COND
3 SULPHONATION
EQUATION:
FORMATION OF ELECTROPHILE:
MECHANISM
4 FRIEDEL- CRAFTS ACYLATION OF BENZENE
REAGENT:
MECHANISM
5
5 HALOGENATION
HALOGENATION OF BENZENE
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
FORMATION OF ELECTROPHILE
MECHANISM
DISUBSTITUTION TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT: REAGENT:
COND COND
5 HALOGENATION OF METHYLBENZEBE
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
FORMATION OF ELECTROPHILE
MECHANISM
DISUBSTITUTION TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT: REAGENT:
COND COND
6
B FREE- RADICAL SUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND:
EQUATION:
C OXIDATION
REAGENT:
COND:
EQUATION:
D HYDROGENATION
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
EQUATION:
7
LECTURE 4:HALOALKANES
A NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALOALKANES
GENERAL MECHANISM
EXPLANATION:
8
SN 1 MECHANISM
EXPLANATION:
SN 2 MECHANISM
EXPLANATION:
9
B HYDROLYSIS
1 REACTION WITH HYDROXIDE
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
NUCLEOPHILE:
BROMOETHANE+ NaOH
2 reaction with potassium cynide(KCN)
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
NUCLEOPHILE:
BROMOETHANE+ KCN
10
3 reaction with ammonia
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
NUCLEOPHILE:
BROMOETHANE+ conc. Ammonia in etanol
C ELIMINATION REACTION
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
NUCLEOPHILE:
EG: 2-BROMOBUTANE
11
LECTURE 5: ALCOHOL
1 COMBUSTION
COMPLETE:
REAGENT:
COND:
INCOMPLETE:
REAGENT:
COND:
2 REACTION WITH SODIUM SOLID
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
OBSERVATION:
EQUATION:
3 SUBSTITUTION OF ALCOHOL IN THE FORMATION OF ALKYL HALIDES
WITH HYDROGEN HALIDE/ PHOSPHURUS HALIDE
REAGENT:
COND:
EG:
WITH PHOSPHURUS HALIDE(PI3)
REAGENT:
COND:
EG:
WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE (SOCl2)
REAGENT:
COND:
EG:
WITH PCl5
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
EG:
12
4 OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL
PRIMARY
TYPE OF OXIDATION:
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
PRODUCT:
PRIMARY
TYPE OF OXIDATION:
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
PRODUCT:
SECONDARY
TYPE OF OXIDATION:
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
PRODUCT:
TERTIARY: NO REACTION!
REASON:
5 DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
6 ESTERIFICATION OF ALCOHOL
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
OBSERVATION:
13
PHENOLS
PHENOL FORM HYDROGEN BOND WITH OTHER PHENOL
I REACTION
A REACTION WITH BASES
B REACTION WITH SODIUM
C NITRATION OF PHENOL
REAGENT :
COND:
14
D BROMINATION OF PHENOLS
TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
EQUATION
MONOSUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
II PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL
A FROM ETHENE (CATALYTIC HYDRATION) FAST, PURE ETHANOL
a. REAGENT:
COND:
EQUATION:
ETHENE HYDRATING INDIRECTLY USING FUMING SULPHURIC ACID/ CONC SULPHURIC ACID
b. REAGENT:
EQUATION:
B FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE SLOW, IMPURE ALCOHOL
REAGENT:
COND:
EQUATION:
15
