CHEMISTRY 161

Chapter 3

1. Structure of an Atomsubatomic particleselectrons(cloud)protons(nucleus)neutrons(nucleus)m(n) / m(e) 2000 m(n) > m(p)

2. Atomic & Mass Numberatomic number(number of protons)(number of electrons)mass number(number of protons plus neutrons)

Compounds & Chemical Reactions Compounds

2. The Chemical Formula

3. The Chemical Equation

4. The Name of Chemicals

1. Compoundsmolecular compoundsionic compoundsEXPI

Molecular Compounds1. consist of electrically neutral particles called molecules 2. each molecule consists of atoms3. atoms are connected via electrons 4. connections are called bonds(springs)EXPII

Molecular Compounds Group Period IVA VA VIA VIIA Noble Gas 2 CH4 NH3 H2O HF Ne 3 SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl Ar 4 GeH4 AsH3 H2Se HBr Kr 5 SbH3 H2Te HI Xelots of molecules contain hydrogenEXPIII

H2, HeJupiterPH3CH4EXPIV

H2, HeSaturnNH3/PH3CH4H2O (s)

atom(neutral)add electron(s)(reduction)anion(Cl-)(negative charge)(non-metal)take electron(s)(oxidation)cation(Na+)(positive charge)(metal)Ionic Compounds I1. consist of charged particles2. charged particles are called ions3. ions are formed by electron transfers from atoms

Ionic Compounds II4. ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forcesmetalnon-metalNaClMgOEXPV

Compounds & Chemical Reactions 1. Compounds

2. The Chemical Formula

3. The Chemical Equation

4. The Name of Chemicals

2. The Chemical Formulacollection of chemical symbols used to describe the composition of elements and compoundsNaClH2OFe2O3CaSO4 2 H2O

2. The Chemical Formulacollection of chemical symbols used to describe the composition of elements and compoundsEXPVI

F2EXPVII

O2

S8

N2

P4

H2

Compounds & Chemical Reactions 1. Compounds

2. The Chemical Formula

3. The Chemical Equation

4. The Name of Chemicals

3. The Chemical Equationchemical equation describes what happens in a chemical reactionchemical reaction is combination of elements and/or compoundsH2 + O2 H2Obalancing & mass conservation22

3. The Chemical Equation2 H2 + O2 2 H2Os = solid l = liquid g = gas aq = aqueous solution2 H2(g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (l)

phosphor with oxygen2. sulfur with oxygenExamples3. methane with oxygen

Compounds & Chemical Reactions 1. Compounds

2. The Chemical Formula

3. The Chemical Equation

4. The Name of Chemicals

Organic Compoundscompounds containing mostly hydrogen and carbonminor amount other elements (N, O, S, P)hydrocarbonsHCalkanes CnH2n+2

CO2COH2OH2COC4H10Organic Compounds?C4H10 combustionEXPVIII

Titan Saturns Largest Moon

Cassini-Huygens Mission

Cassini-Huygens Mission

Inorganic Compoundsbinary compoundscompounds consisting of ONLY TWO different elementsNaClCO2CaSO4nomenclaturenaming compoundsnomen (Latin) = name

symbol stem first element second element O ox- oxygen oxide S sulf- sulfur sulfide N nitr- nitrogen nitride P phosph- phosphorus phosphide F fluor- fluorine fluoride Cl chlor- chlorine chloride Br brom- bromine bromide I iod- iodine iodidepart one (metal)part twoEnglish name ofelementstem + ideNaClMgOBeSMetal (Main Group) + Non-Metal

ionic compounds(metal + non-metal)stem + ideNomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain groupmetal element +

ionic compounds(metal + non-metal)stem + ideNomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain groupmetal element +molecular compoundsprefix + element +prefix + stem + ide

Greek Prefixes mono- = 1 (often omitted) hexa- = 6 di- = 2 hepta- = 7 tri- = 3 octa- = 8 tetra- = 4 nona- = 9 penta- = 5 deca- = 10PF3PF5COCO2HClNONO2N2O5Molecular Compounds

ionic compounds(metal + non-metal)stem + ideNomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain groupmetal trans. groupmetal element +molecular compoundsprefix + element + prefix + stem + idestem + ideelement +oxstate +FeOFe2O3

ionic compoundscations & anionsMn+Em-metalstransition metalsnonmetalscompounds must be electrically neutralcharge state of ions

-/+3/5-2-10+1+2+3-/+2/4K2SCaCl2main group metals always start with cation

NiCl2CuOCuCltransition metals always start with anionsoxidation statesMn2O3B2O3

Chromium

Cr2+, Cr3+Zinc

Zn2+

Manganese

Mn2+, Mn3+Silver

Ag+

Iron

Fe2+, Fe3+CadmiumCd2+

Cobalt

Co2+, Co3+Gold

Au+, Au3+

Nickel

Ni2+

Mercury

Hg22+, Hg2+

Copper

Cu+, Cu2+

molecular compoundsionic compoundspolyatomic ionic compoundsammonium chloridesodium dichromatemagnesium carbonaterubidium sulfatecalcium phosphate

ion

name

ion

name

NH4+ammonium ionCO32-carbonate ion

OH-hydroxide ionH3O+hydronium ion

NO2-nitrite ion

SO32-sulfite ion

NO3-nitrate ion

SO42-sulfate ion

ClO2-chlorite ion

CrO42-chromate ion

ClO3-chlorate ion

Cr2O72-dichromate ion

PO43-phosphate ion

ionic compounds(metal + non-metal)stem + ideNomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain groupmetal trans. groupmetal element +molecular compoundsprefix + element + prefix + stem + idestem + ideelement +oxstate +

Mass Percentage Composition P4O10=X 100 %=X 100 %

Example

A sample was analyzed and contains 0.1417 g of nitrogen and 0.4045 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition.1. mass of whole sample2. percentages of elements=X 100 %

EMPIRICAL FORMULAH2OH2O2MOLECULAR FORMULAHOH2OH2OP4O10P2O5P2*2O2*5

Example A sample contains 0.522 g of nitrogen and 1.490 g of oxygen. Calculate its empirical formula.

N2O5

COMBUSTIONCxHyCO2H2OEXPIX

COMBUSTIONC3H8CO2+ H2O0.013068 g+ O2How many grams of oxygen are consumed?balance equationconvert to moles

The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a compound of C, H, and O gave 7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of H2O.

Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

How many grams of Al2O3 are produced when 41.5 g Al react?2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(s)

Compounds & Chemical Reactions Compounds

2. The Chemical Formula

3. The Chemical Equation

4. The Name of Chemicals

ionic compounds(metal + non-metal)stem + ideNomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain groupmetal trans. groupmetal element +molecular compoundsprefix + element + prefix + stem + idestem + ideelement +oxstate +