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Rohan Perera, PhD

Senior International Cooperation OfficerInternational Cooperation Branch

Chemical Safety and Security

Management:

Role of the OPCW

Université Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, Algérie

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Chemical Safety and Security

Management

Chemical safety and security is one of the

primary activities related to the

implementation of the Chemical Weapons

Convention (Article XI).

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Enhancing chemical safety and security in a wide spectrum of

activities including chemical production, transport, handling, trade,

supply chain, and end use of chemicals;

Familiarizing with the recent developments and risk factors in the

chemical activities which play a role in the growth of security threats

and identifying with best approaches to support the development of

national security policies, develop guidelines, and collect and share

best practices and support for the implementation of the Chemical

Weapons Convention;

Developing integrated training frameworks to strengthen national

capacities in dealing with chemical safety and security and release of

toxic chemicals and fostering implementation of the Convention

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Performance of chemical safety and security risk assessments to

identify safety and security risks through the chemical supply chain,

develop mitigation strategies and promote peaceful use of toxic

chemicals and;

Familiarize stakeholders with the latest technical solutions and

equipment for chemical safety and security available in the market

and to educate the stakeholders with various items of equipment and

training opportunities in these areas.

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Schedule 1 Chemicals

Chemicals include those that have been or can be easily used as chemical weapons and which have very limited, if any, uses for peaceful purposes.

Schedule 2 Chemicals

Chemicals include those that are precursors to, or that in some cases can themselves be used as, chemical weapons agents, but which have a number of other commercial uses (such as ingredients in resins, flame-retardants, additives, inks and dyes,

Schedule 3 ChemicalsChemicals include those that can be used to produce, or can be used as, chemical

weapons, but which are widely used for peaceful purposes (including plastics, resins,

mining chemicals, petroleum refining fumigants, paints, coatings, anti-static agents

and lubricants).

Discrete Organic Chemicals

Among those chemicals not specifically listed in the Schedules or anywhere in the Convention are discrete organic chemicals (DOCs). Manufacturing operations producing DOCs are referred to as “other chemical production facilities”.

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▪ Dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP)

▪ Flame retardant for: ▪ building materials, furnishings, transportation

equipment, electrical industry, upholstery

▪ Nerve agent precursor

▪ Thiodiglycol

▪ Dye carrier, ink solvent, lubricant, cosmetics, anti-arthritic drugs, plastics, stabilizers, antioxidants, photographic, copying, antistatic agent, epoxides, coatings, metal plating

▪ Mustard gas precursor

▪ Arsenic Trichloride

▪ Catalyst in CFC manufacture, semiconductor precursor, intermediate for pharmaceuticals, insecticides

▪ Lewisite precursor

Many lab/industrial chemicals have dual uses

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Physical Security

Transport /

Logistics

Precursor Storage

and nature of the

chemicals and quantity

Overall

assessment

Nature of the

chemicals in processes

and product

information

Chemical Safety & Security Best Practices

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Outer Layer of Protection

CCTV

Lightening

Fences

Trenches

Detection Sensors

Security Guards

Inner Layer of Protection

Alert Personnel

Visitor escort policies

Network firewall and

Password

Employee Training

CCTV

Employee Training

Middle Layer of Protection

Receptionist

Lock Doors

Badge Checks

Parcel Inspection

Assets or Chemicals of Interest

Layer of Protection

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Operating Procedures

Process Hazard Analysis

Process Safety

Information

Emergency Planning and

Response Operating

Procedures

Incident Investigation /

Lessons Learnt

Training

Hot Work

Mechanical Integrity

Contractors

Employee Participation

Compliance Audits

Work Experience

Process Safety Elements

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Chemical Data

Toxicity Information

Thermal and chemical

stability data

Physical data

Permissible exposure

limit

Hazardous effects of

inadvertent mixing

Corrosivitydata

Reactivity data

Chemical Data Material Safety

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The AZF explosion of Toulouse, France

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Case Study

30 people died in the explosion; 2,500 were seriously wounded, and

30,000 homes were devastated.

September 2001

The explosion of 350 tons of ammonium nitrate

NH4NO3

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Safety Incompatible Chemicals

2HOCl

NH3

C

l

O

H

Cl

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Accidents related to release of chlorine from TCA

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CHEMICAL IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH

Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds,

ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides,

permanganates

Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury

Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures

Alkali and alkaline earth

metals (such as powdered

aluminum or magnesium,

calcium, lithium, sodium,

potassium)

Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated

hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens

Ammonia (anhydrous) Mercury (in manometers, for example), chlorine,

calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric

acid (anhydrous)

Ammonium nitrate Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates,

nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible

materials

Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide

Arsenical materials Any reducing agent

Azides Acids

Bromine See Chlorine

Calcium oxide Water

Carbon (activated) Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents

Carbon tetrachloride Sodium

Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur,

finely divided organic or combustible materials

Chromic acid and

chromium trioxide

Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol,

flammable liquids in general

Examples of Safety Incompatible ChemicalsChlorine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane,

propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium

carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide

Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide

Cumene hydroperoxide Acids (organic and inorganic)

Cyanides Acids

Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide,

nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens

Fluorine Everything

Hydrocarbons (such as

butane, propane, benzene)

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium

peroxide

Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkali

Hydrofluoric acid

(anhydrous)

Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrohydrous)

Hydrogen peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts,

alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline,

nitromethane, combustible materials

Hydrogen sulfide Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases

Hypochlorites Acids, activated carbon

Iodine Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen

Mercury Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia

Nitrates Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid (concentrated) Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid,

hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases,

copper, brass, any heavy metals

Nitrites Acids

Nitroparaffins Inorganic bases, amines

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Chemicals are being used as Weapons - Free Access

through the Supply Chain

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Thionyl ChlorideTriethanolamine

Nitrogen Mustard

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https://ehs.unc.edu/files/2015/09/coi_list.pdf

Chemicals of Interest

National Chemical Profile of

Control Substances

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Customs Customs

License Agency

Import/Export Control

Customs

Logistics

Distributor 1/Warehouse

Distributor 2

End User

• Acquired precursor chemicals from black market

Hired chemist produced tabun (Iraq 2003)

• Stole precursor chemicals and equipment from his former laboratory

Chemist produced mustard gas to sell to crime ring (Russia 1997)

• Precursor chemicals purchased from suppliers

Recruited chemist aimed to produce multiple chemical weapons (Afghanistan 2001)

• Precursor chemicals stolen from supply routes and from warehoused supplies

Former military leader aimed to produce multiple chemical weapons (Chechnya 2001)

• Explosive chemicals

• purchased from legitimate supplier

Bali Explosion 2002 and 2005

Bali Explosion

2002 / 2005

Tokyo Subway attack

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What are the chemicals could be easily

diverted into toxic/explosive materials ?

Common laboratory/industrial chemicals

that would be targeted by someone for

illegal reasons such as making explosives,

illegal drugs, or chemical weapons.

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Which chemicals could easily be diverted

into toxic/explosive materials ?

Common laboratory/industrial chemicals

that would be targeted by someone for illegal

reasons such as: making explosives,

illegal drugs, weapons or chemical weapons.

More than 300 chemicals are characterized as “high

risk”.

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Critical

Assets

Employee

Involvement

Site and

Process

Security

Emergency

Preparedness

Information and

Information

Management

Systems

Transport and

Distribution

Stakeholder

Engagement

Security

Training

Document

Management

Systems

Organisation

and

Responsibilities

Threats

Security Elements

Security Policy Security Policy

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Emerging Threats

Emerging Threats

Emerging Threats

Emerging Threats

Emerging Threats

Emerging Threats

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We cannot improve what we cannot

measure ?

Disaster Loss Data

Disaster Risk Management

Knowledge Approach

Investment

on Safety to

avoid loss

Damage

Human Loss

Economic Loss

Direct, indirect

and intangible

loss

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Involvement in Chemical Safety and Security Initiative

▪ Safety and Security Stakeholders

meeting ▪ Safety and Security Vulnerability Assessment

➢ Survey of Chemical Risk Mitigation

Capabilities

▪ Organized several Workshops in

Member States on Specific AreasRisk Assessment /Risk Mitigation

Processes Safety /Lessons Learnt

Plant Security / Security Vulnerability

Custom Security / Layer of Protection

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Scope of the Chemical Safety and Security Management Programme by the OPCW

The chemical safety and security training programmes intend to provide a platform for

chemical industries specially focusing on small and medium enterprises to discuss specific

safety and security management issues

Chemical processes

safety

Chemical safety and

security risk

assessment

vulnerability studies for

chemical plants

Chemical threat

reduction and mitigation

measures

Responsible

Care ®

Chemical

transport security

Chemical safety &

Security – lessons

learnt

Layer of protection

analysis

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Training Material

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Improved the understanding on chemical threats/risk and risk mitigation

Improved the coordination of the inter governmental agencies support from policy makers

Identification of National Need National Action Plan

Development of some new national legislation such as Chemical Law, Decree on Chemical hazardous substance, Decree on chemical Safety.

Institutional arrangement : revision of role and mandate of some organization and setting up new divisions

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MSc in Chemical Safety and Security

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CHEMICAL SAFETY AND SECURITY AUDIT FOR SMALL AND

MEDIUM CHEMICAL ENTERPRISES

http://e-test.byethost13.com

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https://www.facebook.com/groups/1243890738984349/

Working together for a world free of chemical weapons

www.opcw.org34

Safety and Security Programme in

Vietnam for ASEAN and SAARC Member

States

Oxiteno Chemical facility

Safety and Security Programme in

Brazil for GRULAC States Parties

Safety and Security Programme in

Sri Lanka for SAARC Member States

Industry Outreach and Safety and Security

Programme in Korea for Asian Member States

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Thank You

rohan.perera@opcw.org

Work to Learn

Not to Earn

Université Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, Algérie