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Chemical Reactions:Reactions can actually be categorized in the following 3 main groupings:
1) The Precipitation
2) The Redox
3) The Acid/Base
Synthesis and Decomposition (special case acid/base OR redox)
The PrecipitationYou don’t need to memorize solubility rules, but you may recall from our lab work and demos…….
Ex: Solutions of copper(II) nitrate and sodium phosphate are mixed
3Cu2+ + 2PO43- Cu3(PO4)2
The Precipitation: Now You Try
Solutions of iron(III) chloride and lithium carbonate are mixed, resulting in a visible precipitate in a solution.
Ni2+ + 2OH- Ni(OH)2
Aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chloride are mixed, resulting in the formation of a precipitate in a solution.
Solutions of nickel(II) acetate and potassium hydroxide are mixed, resulting in visible precipitation in the solution.
Fe2(CO3)3
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
2Fe3+ + 3CO32-
Redox #11) Single replacementMagnesium metal is placed in a solution of iron(III) chloride
3Mg + 2 Fe3+ 3Mg2+ + 2Fe
Solid potassium is added to distilled water
2K + 2H2O 2K+ + 2OH- + H2
Solutions of fluorine and sodium chloride are mixed
F2 + 2 Cl- 2F- + Cl2
Redox #1: Now You Try
A solution of sodium iodide is place in bromine water
Sn2+ + Cd Cd2+ + Sn
A solution of silver nitrate is poured over copper metal
Cadmium metal is placed in a solution of tin(II) chloride
2I- + Br2 I2 + 2Br-
2Ag+ + Cu 2Ag + Cu2+
Solutions of tin(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride are mixed
Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ Sn4+ + 2Fe2+
Redox #2
Combustionbutanol (C4H10O) is burned in air
C4H10O + 6 O2 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
calcium is burned in air
2Ca + O2 2CaO
Redox #2: Now You TryPropane (C3H8 ) is burned in air
Ethyne (C2H2) is burned in air
C3H8 + 5O2 3 CO2 + 4H2O
Magnesium metal is burned in air
2Mg + O2 2MgO
2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
Synthesis and Decomposition As RedoxNow You Try
Hydrogen peroxide is left in light
2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O
Molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed
2Na+ + 2Cl- 2Na + Cl2
Lithium metal is strongly heated in nitrogen gas
3Li + N2 2Li3N
Aqueous sodium iodide is electrolyzed
2H2O + 2I- H2 + 2OH- + I2
Acid/Base #11) Traditional: Bronsted Lowry: H+ transfer
Solutions of ethanoic (CH3COOH) acid and sodium hydroxide are mixedCH3COOH + OH- H2O + CH3COO-
Look for stoichiometry“excess” or “equal volumes of equimolar”
A) equal volumes of equimolar solutions of sodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid are mixed H+ + PO4
3- HPO42-
B) excess hydrochloric acid is added to aqueous sodium phosphate 3H+ + PO4
3- H3PO4
Acid/Base #1: Now You Try
A solution of nitric acid was poured into an ammonia solution
2H+ + CaCO3 Ca2+ + H2O + CO2
Solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed
Hydroiodic acid is poured over solid calcium carbonate
H+ + NH3 NH4+
H+ + OH- H2O
Solutions of nitrous acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed
HNO2 + OH- H2O + NO2-
Solutions of hydrofluoric acid and methylamine are mixed
HF + CH3NH2 CH3NH3+ + F-
20. mL of 0.10 M hydrochloric acid is mixed with 5.0 mL of 0.2 M sodium phosphate
2H+ + PO43- H2PO4
-
Acid/Base #2 2) Anhydrides mixed in water
i) Base AnhydridesSolid sodium oxide is sprinkled in water
Na2O + H2O 2 Na+ + 2 OH-
(Could also have slightly soluble hydroxides: Ca, Mg)
ii) Acid anhydridesCarbon dioxide gas is bubbled through water
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
(Remember strong vs. weak acids)
Synthesis and DecompositionAs Anhydride Reaction
1) Decomposition: salt decomposed to acid and and base anhydrides
solid calcium carbonate is heatedCaCO3 CaO + CO2
2) Synthesis: salt synthesized when acid and base anhydrides react
carbon dioxide gas is blown over solid calcium oxide
CaO + CO2 CaCO3
Acid/Base #2: Now You Try
P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4
Solid lithium oxide is sprinkled in water
Solid tetraphosphorous pentoxide is added to water
Li2O + H2O 2Li+ + 2OH-
Iron(II) sulfite is heated strongly
FeSO3 FeO + SO2
Dintrogen pentoxide gas is bubbled through water
N2O5 + H2O 2H+ + 2NO3-
Acid/Base #33) Complex ion Formation (Technically Lewis Acid/Base)
Excess concentrated ammonia is added to solid silver chloride
AgCl + 2 NH3 Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl-
Hints“Excess concentrated”
Ligands we have seen in this class:NH3, CN-, Cl-, OH-, SCN-..
A common algorithm:2 times charge on metal ion
Acid/Base #3: Now You Try
Excess concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of cobalt(III) nitrate
Cu2+ + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)42+
Excess concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid is added to solid silver chloride
Excess concentrated ammonia is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride
Co3+ + 6Cl- CoCl63-
AgCl + Cl- AgCl2-
Solid aluminum hydroxide is added to concentrated potassium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 + OH- Al(OH)4-
Final ThoughtsWhen information is given pertaining to reactivity, a reaction ALWAYS occurs.
Use checklist approach to categorize reaction type
Remember unstable acids: H2CO3, H2SO3
and NH4OH
Sulfuric acid appears as either: H+ + HSO4
- (sometimes 2H+ + SO42-)