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8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
1/22
&
://.../JCES/CCA/CCA3/CONTENTS.HTM
L
()1
I) A/B R
A + MS + H2
A + CS + H2O+CO2
A + AS + H2O
A + BS + H2O
C A + MS + H2O +
O (HC, H3PO4, H2SO4, HNO3), ,
, . T
(II) ,
.
( ) + 4 +( ) + 42( )2+( ) + 2( ) + 2 2( )
C , ,
.
,
, , , ,
( ) + 4 +( ) + 2 3( )2+( ) + 2 2( ) + 2 2( )
R
(II) .
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
2/22
II) R R
T
34 ()+ 4 ()
3 () + 42 () (OS F=+8/3)
I(II,III) F3O4. I
, (II) (FO), , (III) (F2O3)
. I . I F2+
F3+ FO F2O3.
T . I
, . I
.
D,
.
C ,
. T :
3 2 ()+ 6 ()
5 () + 3 () + 3 2()
T 0. I , C
1, ,
CO3 +5, .
T
:
2 22 ()
2 2 () + 2 ()
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
3/22
III) A
. M
( , , , , )
.
(O)
I : O () + 2H+ ()
2+() + H2O()
I : O () + H2O () + 2OH ()
(OH)42 ()
A
B ( ): A(OH)3 ()+ 3 HC () AC3 () + 3H2O ()
A ( ): A(OH)3 ()+ NOH () NA(OH)4 ()
B
A: B(OH)2 ()+ 2HC ()
BC2 () + 2H2O ()
B: B(OH)2 ()+ 2NOH ()
N2B(OH)4 ()
A
: A2O3 () + 3 H2O () + 6 H3O+() 2 A(H2O)63+()
: A2O3 () + 3 H2O ()+ 2 OH() 2 A(OH)4()
L
: PO() + 2HC ()
PC2 ()+ H2O()
: PO ()+ C(OH)2 ()+H2O ()
C2+P(OH)42 ()
S , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
.
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
4/22
HCO3 ()+ H3O+ () H
O :
HCO3 ()+ OH () C
H2O ()+ HC ()
H3O+(
H2O () + NH3 ()
NH4+
I) A A
) R
A
. F
A
, ,
CCO3+ 2HC CC2+ H2
, :
2CO3() + H2O ()
32 ()+ H2O ()
,
) + C ()
:
) + OH()
()
+ CO2
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
5/22
'
. I :
, , ,
,
.
C
. T
. I , ,
.
T ,
.
()+ 2 2 ()3 ()
S CO . U L C' ,
, CO. A
CO ,
, , . E
,
.
T
. (H , ), , , (H , ),
. H,
.
F , . T ,
:
2+ 3 22 3 = 92 1
T ( ) . I
, . S
, . I , H ,
, ,
.
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
6/22
C . T
. H,
.
C :
2+ 3 22 3 = 92 1
4 2
N
. , . I
,
, . T
. S, ,
,
. I
,
, .
T,
. A
. T
.
A ( )
. A
. T
. ,
; ,
. I, ,
,
.
A (). A
,
. T
, . H,
. T
. ,
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
7/22
I) T C B S
T B E
J 1,
B
C M:
C D:
A:
. I
98 K.
,
:
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
8/22
N:
N O:
Nitrogen Dioxide:
S D:
S T:
H O :
- - - - - resonance structure
SO3 2
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
9/22
()
2
)
5(4)3 ()
52+ () + 3(4)3 () + ()
+ () + ()
2 () +
F , , C5(PO4)3OH,
OH. I ,
:
5(4)3 () + ()
5(4)3 () + ()
T :
. M S (NF);
S M SMFP (N2PO3F). .
() F
. C S L
S (SLS) .
T P (TSPP). P
, '
( ). P ,
.
. S
() ' .
P P
.
:C () (A2O3)
.
T S D ( SO2) T D. H
,
. B S (S ) . I
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
10/22
(
) .
: ,
, H P
S ( )
. .T , .
A , , , ,
. O ,
,
) ( )
NHCO3
. T :
CO2 ()+ 2 NOH ()
N2CO3 () + H2O ()
F ,
:
N2CO3 ()+ CO2 () + H2O ()
2 NHCO3 ()
S . A
:
HCO3 () + H2O ()
H2CO3 () + OH ()
S "" ,
. R
, :
NHCO3 () + HC ()
NC ()+ H2CO3 ()
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
11/22
H2CO3 ()
H2O() + CO2()
S ( ), , ,
: ( M
)
NHCO3 () + CH3COOH () CH3COON () + H2O() + CO2()
S :
NHCO3 ()+ NOH ()
N2CO3 ()+ H2O ()
A 70 C, ,
. T 200 C:9
2 NHCO3 ()
N2CO3 () + H2O ()+ CO2 ()
M . F
( . 1000 C):
N2CO3 ()
N2O () + CO2 ()
T NHCO3 ("BC ")
.
:
C , , .
D , ,
F
P
M
:
B ,
C
:
U
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
12/22
S
S
E 15 20
A , , ,
U
:
S , . I
( , )
.
()
B , , , .
C ( 36%
), , (
), ( ).
T , ,
:
C2() + H2O()H+() + C() + HOC ()
T H+ , :
C2() + H2O()2H+() + C() + CO()
H :
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
13/22
2CO ()2C () + O2 ()
C ,
. C :
A . T
,
.
A . T
.
S :
, , ,
. E
.
C (
) . I
. H ,
. B
, .
I , (
)
()
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
14/22
O . I
; . D
,
. T .
B H , ()
, , , .
D , . A
. T , ,
, .
F
A 83% ( 2004)
. ,
. C 1% ,
.
P
A .
. A
. T O
700850 C, 9 . N
:
3 ()+ 2 2 ()
3 ()+ 2 ()
N , ,
.
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
15/22
C
H NH3 (.., )
. B
, , . I
.H 5 10 .
F
S 16% 25%
H
()
P , ,
, , , . A
, , . I
.
M
. I
.
T ,
. H ,
.
C , 6%,
. S 6%
, , . R
.
M ,
.
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
16/22
B , . B
.
()+ 2 ()2 ()+ 2 ()
() + 2 ()2 () + 2 ()
T ( ).
T ,
.
T . T
.
O
. F,
. I
, 0.1 0.3%
. T ;
.
()
C
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
17/22
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
18/22
()
C
(H2CO3),
,
.
T L. ,
.
.
E .
.
T
23 (
(0.2%1.0%)
H 3
(NHCO3),
,
. H
(
,)
. T , , ,
CO2
,
,
)
2 () + 2 ()
4. A
H'
,
.
:
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
19/22
()
A
.
4+ () + 22() 3 ()+ 2+ () + 2 () (1)
3 () + 2 () 2+ () + 3 () + () (2)
L H+ C(OH)2 &
CO H . T
H
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
20/22
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
21/22
2 () + 1/22 ()3 () (4)
3 () + 2 ()24 () (5)
2 () + 1/22 () + 2 ()24 ()
S , , H+ HSO4
. U,
. I U S, H
3.0 , 1000 .
, , ,
.
8/11/2019 Chemical Reactions O Level Notes
22/22
E S